View source for Polymer turbulence drag reduction

In 1948 Toms discovered by experiments that the addition of a small amount of [[polymer]] into a [[turbulent]] [[Newtonian]] solvent ([[parts per million]] by weight), which
results in a [[Non-Newtonian fluid]] solution, can reduce the skin fictional drag on a stationary
surface by up to 80% . This technology has been successfully
implemented to reduce pumping cost for oil pipelines, to increase the flow rate in
fire fighting equipments and to help irrigation and drainage (Sellin & Ollis, 1980;
Khalil et al., 2002). It also has potential applications in the design of ship and submarine
hulls to achieve an increased speed and reduced energy cost.

== See also ==
[[Drag reducing agent]]

[[FENE-P]]

[[Direct numerical simulation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.alyeska-pipe.com/default.asp Alyeska Pipe Line]
* [http://www.ph.unito.it/~smusacch/tesi/ EFFECTS OF FRICTION AND POLYMERS ON 2D TURBULENCE]

== References ==
Toms, B. 1948 Observation on the flow of linear polymer solutions through
straight tubes at large Reynolds numbers. Proc. Int’l Rheological Congress 2,
135–141

Sellin, R. H. J. & Ollis, M. 1980 Polymer drag reduction in large pipes and
sewers: Results of recent field trials. Journal of Rheology

Khalil, M. F., Kassab, S. Z., Elmiligui, A. A. & Naoum, F. A. 2002
Applications of drag-reducing polymers in sprinkler irrigation systems: Sprinkler
head performance. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

Jin S 2007 Numerical simulations of a dilute polymer solution in isotropic turbulence PhD Thesis Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Liberzon A., Guala M., Lüthi B., Kinzelbach W. and Tsinober A. Dilute polymers in turbulence Physics of Fluids, 17, 031707, 2005 [http://pof.aip.org/phfle6/v17/i3/p031707_s1 link]

Liberzon A., Guala M., Kinzelbach W., and Tsinober A. On turbulent kinetic energy production and dissipation in dilute polymer solutions Physics of Fluids 18, 125101, 2006 [http://pof.aip.org/phfle6/v18/i12/p125101_s1 link]

Liberzon A., Guala M., Holzner M., Lüthi B., and Kinzelbach W. On turbulent entrainment and dissipation in dilute polymer solutions, Physics of Fluids, 21, 035107, 2009 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2009PhFl...21c5107L&link_type=EJOURNAL link]

[[Category: Polymers]]
[[Category:2Fix]]