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[[File:Asphalt concrete.JPG|thumb|300px|Asphalt concrete.]]
[[Image:Asphalt on concrete.jpg|thumb|right|300px|As shown in this cross-section, many older roadways are smoothed by applying a thin layer of '''asphalt concrete''' to the existing [[portland cement concrete]].]]
[[Image:asphalt base.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A layer of asphalt concrete. In road construction, a base layer of crushed rock is usually laid down first to increase durability (see photo below)]]
[[Image:AF-asphalt-laying-machine.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Machine laying asphalt concrete, fed from a dump truck.]]

'''Asphalt concrete''' is a [[composite material]] commonly used in construction projects such as [[road surface]]s, [[airport]]s and [[parking lot]]s.  It consists of [[asphalt]] (used as a  [[binder (material)|binder]]) and mineral [[construction aggregate|aggregate]] mixed together, then laid down in layers and compacted. 

The terms "asphalt (or asphaltic) concrete", "bituminous asphalt concrete" and the abbreviation "AC" are typically used only in [[engineering]] and construction documents and literature. Asphalt concrete pavements are often called just "[[asphalt]]" by laypersons who tend to associate the term concrete with [[Portland cement concrete]] only.  The engineering definition of concrete is any [[composite material]] composed of mineral aggregate glued together with a binder, whether that binder is [[Portland cement]], asphalt or even [[epoxy]]. Informally, asphalt concrete is also referred to as "blacktop", particularly in North America. 

==Mixture formulations==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2009}}
Mixing of asphalt and aggregate is accomplished in one of several ways:
* '''Hot mix asphalt concrete''' (commonly abbreviated as HMAC or HMA) is produced by heating the asphalt binder to decrease its viscosity, and drying the aggregate to remove moisture from it prior to mixing.  Mixing is generally performed with the aggregate at about 300&nbsp;°F (roughly 150&nbsp;°C) for virgin asphalt and 330 °F (166 °C) for polymer modified asphalt, and the asphalt cement at 200&nbsp;°F (95&nbsp;°C).  Paving and compaction must be performed while the asphalt is sufficiently hot.  In many countries paving is restricted to summer months because in winter the compacted base will cool the asphalt too much before it is packed to the optimal air content.  HMAC is the form of asphalt concrete most commonly used on highly trafficked [[pavement (roads)|pavements]] such as those on major [[highway]]s, [[racetracks]] and [[airfield]]s.
* '''Warm mix asphalt concrete''' (commonly abbreviated as WMA or WAM) is produced by adding either [[zeolite]]s, [[wax]]es, or asphalt [[emulsion]]s to the mix. This allows significantly lower mixing and laying temperatures and results in lower consumption of [[fossil fuel]]s, thus releasing less [[carbon dioxide]], [[particulate|aerosols]] and vapours. Not only are working conditions improved, but the lower laying-temperature also leads to more rapid availability of the surface for use, which is important for construction sites with critical time schedules. The usage of these additives in hot mixed asphalt (above) may afford easier compaction and allow cold weather paving or longer hauls.
*'''Cold mix asphalt concrete''' is produced by emulsifying the asphalt in water with (essentially) [[soap]] prior to mixing with the aggregate.  While in its emulsified state the asphalt is less viscous and the mixture is easy to work and compact.  The emulsion will break after enough water evaporates and the cold mix will, ideally, take on the properties of cold HMAC.  Cold mix is commonly used as a patching material and on lesser trafficked service roads.
*'''Cut-back asphalt concrete''' is produced by dissolving the binder in [[kerosene]] or another lighter fraction of [[petroleum]] prior to mixing with the aggregate.  While in its dissolved state the asphalt is less viscous and the mix is easy to work and compact. After the mix is laid down the lighter fraction evaporates.
*'''Mastic asphalt concrete''' or sheet asphalt is produced by heating hard grade blown [[bitumen]] ([[oxidation]]) in a green cooker (mixer) until it has become a viscous liquid after which the aggregate mix is then added.
:The bitumen aggregate mixture is cooked (matured) for around 6-8 hours and once it is ready the mastic asphalt mixer is transported to the work site where experienced layers empty the mixer and either machine or hand lay the [[Asphalt#Mastic_asphalt|mastic asphalt]] contents on to the road. Mastic asphalt concrete is generally laid to a thickness of around <small>{{frac|3|4}}</small>&ndash;1&thinsp;<small>{{frac|3|16}}</small>&nbsp;inches (20-30 mm) for footpath and road applications and around <small>{{frac|3|8}}</small> of an inch (10 mm) for flooring or roof applications.
:In addition to the asphalt and aggregate, additives, such as [[polymer]]s, and antistripping agents may be added to improve the properties of the final product.
*'''Natural asphalt concrete''' can be produced from bituminous rock, found in some parts of the world, where porous sedimentary rock near the surface has been impregnated with [[bitumen|upwelling bitumen]].

[[File:Aeropuerto de Madrid-Barajas - Exterior 01.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Airport|landing strip]], one of the uses of asphalt concrete]]

Asphalt concrete is often touted as being ''100% recyclable''. Several in-place recycling techniques have been developed to rejuvenate oxidized binders and remove cracking, although the recycled material is generally not very water-tight or smooth and should be overlaid with a new layer of asphalt concrete.  Asphalt concrete that is removed from a pavement is usually stockpiled for later use as a [[base course]] material. This reclaimed material, commonly known by the acronym 'RAP' for recycled or reclaimed asphalt pavement, is crushed to a consistent gradation and added to the HMA mixing process. Very little asphalt concrete is actually disposed of in [[landfill]]s. Sometimes waste materials, such as [[rubber]] from old [[tire]]s, are added to asphalt concrete as is the case with [[rubberized asphalt]], but there is a concern that the hybrid material may not be [[recyclable]]. 
[[Image:Ground frost damages.JPG|thumb|right|Asphalt damaged by [[cryoturbation]], or freezing of groundwater.]]
Asphalt deterioration can include alligator cracks, [[pothole]]s, upheaval, raveling, rutting, shoving, stripping, and grade depressions. In cold climates, freezing of the groundwater underneath can crack asphalt even in one winter (by [[cryoturbation]]). Filling the cracks with bitumen can temporarily fix the cracks, but only proper construction, i.e. allowing water to drain away from under the road, can slow this process.

Asphalt concrete pavements&mdash;especially those at [[airfield]]s&mdash;are sometimes called [[tarmac]] for historical reasons, although they do not contain [[tar]] and are not constructed using the [[macadam]] process.

==Performance characteristics==
Asphalt concrete has different performance characteristics in terms of surface durability, tire wear, braking efficiency and [[roadway noise]]. The appropriate asphalt performance characteristic is obtained by the traffic level amount in categories A,B,C,D,E, and friction coarse (FC-5). Asphalt concrete generates less roadway noise than Portland cement concrete surfacing, and is typically less noisy than [[chip seal]] surfaces.  Tire noise effects are amplified at higher operating speeds.  The sound energy is generated through [[rolling friction]] converting [[kinetic energy]] to [[sound wave]]s.  The idea that highway design could be influenced by acoustical engineering considerations including selection of surface paving types arose in the very early 1970s.<ref>John Shadely, ''Acoustical analysis of the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] widening project between Raritan and East Brunswick'', Bolt Beranek and Newman, 1973</ref><ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/] C Michael Hogan, ''Analysis of Highway Noise'', Journal of Soil, Air and Water Pollution, Springer Verlag Publishing, Netherlands, Vol. 2, Number 3 / September, 1973</ref>

==See also==
*[[Free floating screed]]
*[[Plastic armour]]
*[[Tarmac]]

==External links==
*[http://www.surface-engineering.net/learn.php Common types of asphalt distress]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Road types}}

[[Category:Building materials]]
[[Category:Concrete]]
[[Category:Road construction]]
[[Category:Pavements]]

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