View source for 2 cm FlaK 30

{{Infobox Weapon
|name=2 cm FlaK 30
|image=[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-301-1953-24, Seine-et-Oise, Soldaten mit Flak-Geschütz.jpg|300px]]
|caption=2 cm FlaK 30
|origin={{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|type=[[Anti-aircraft warfare|Anti-aircraft cannon]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=yes
|is_artillery=yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service=April 1934–1945
|used_by=[[Nazi Germany]], [[Finland]]
|wars=[[Second World War]]
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= 
|design_date=
|manufacturer=[[Rheinmetall-Borsig]],<br/>[[Mauser]]
|production_date=1934–
|number= 
|variants=FlaK 38
<!-- General specifications -->
|weight= 450 kg (992 lbs)
|length= 4.08 m (13.38 ft)
|part_length= 1.3 m (4.26 ft) '''(L/65)'''
|width= 1.81 m (6 ft)
|height= 1.6 m (5.24 ft)
|crew= 7
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> 
|cartridge=[[20 x 138B cartridge|20 × 138 mm. B]]
|caliber=20 mm (.79 in)
|action= 
|rate=280–450 rounds/min (cyclic)<br/> 120–180 rpm (practical)
|velocity=900 m/s (2,953 ft/s)
|range=2,200 m (2,406 yds)
|max_range= 
|feed= 20 round box magazine
|sights= 
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
|breech=
|recoil=
|carriage=
|elevation=-12°to ±90°
|traverse=360°
}}

The '''FlaK 30''' ''(Fliegerabwehrkanone 30)'' and improved '''FlaK 38''' were 20&nbsp;mm [[anti-aircraft gun]]s widely used by various German forces throughout the [[Second World War]]. It was the primary German light anti-aircraft gun and was produced in a variety of models, notably the '''Flakvierling 38''' which combined four FlaK 38's onto a single carriage. 

==Development==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-219-0597-15, Russland-Mitte-Süd, leichte Flak, Josef Niemitz.jpg|thumb|left|FlaK 38]]

The original FlaK 30 design was developed from the [[Solothurn ST-5]] as a project for the [[Kriegsmarine]], which produced the '''20&nbsp;mm C/30'''. The gun fired the "Long Solothurn", a 20&nbsp;×&nbsp;138&nbsp;mm belted cartridge that had been developed for the ST-5 and was one of the most powerful 20&nbsp;mm rounds in existence.<ref>[http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/an_introduction_to_collecting_20.htm An introduction to collecting 20 mm cannon cartridges]</ref>

The C/30 featured a barrel of 65 calibers<!-- ? -->, firing at a rate of about 120 rounds per minute. The C/30 also proved to have feeding problems and would often jam. This was offset to some degree by its undersized [[Magazine (firearm)|magazine]], which held only 20 rounds, which tended to make reloading a common requirement anyway. Nevertheless the C/30 became the primary shipborne light AA weapon, and equipped a large variety of German ships. The C/30 was also used experimentally as an aircraft weapon, notably on the [[Heinkel He 112]], where its high power allowed it to penetrate [[Armored car (military)|armored car]]s and the light tanks of the era during the [[Spanish Civil War]].

[[Rheinmetall]] then started an adaptation of the C/30 for Army use, producing the '''2&nbsp;cm FlaK 30'''. Generally similar to the C/30, the main areas of development were the mount, which was fairly compact. Set-up could be accomplished by dropping the gun to the ground off its two-wheeled carriage and leveling with hand cranks. The result was a triangular base that allowed fire in all directions.

The main problem with the design remained the fairly low rate of fire, which at 120 RPM was not particularly fast for a weapon of this caliber. Rheinmetall responded with the '''2&nbsp;cm FlaK 38''', which was otherwise similar but increased the rate of fire to 220 RPM and slightly lowered overall weight to 420&nbsp;kg. The FlaK&nbsp;38 was accepted as the standard Army gun in 1939, and by the Kriegsmarine as the '''C/38'''.

In order to provide airborne and mountain troops with AA capabilities, [[Mauser]] was contracted to produce a lighter version of the FlaK 38, which they introduced as the '''2&nbsp;cm Gebirgsflak 38''' ('''2&nbsp;cm GebF 38'''). It featured a dramatically simplified mount lacking towing capability and using a tripod that raised the entire gun off the ground, which had the side-effect of allowing it to be set up on more uneven ground. These changes reduced the overall weight of the gun to a mere 276.0&nbsp;kg. Production started in 1941 and entered service in 1942.

==Ammunition==

A wide variety of 20x138B ammunition was manufactured and used in 2cm FlaK weapons; some of the more commonly used types of ammunition are listed on the following table <ref name="bellum.nu">20mm Suomessa - Aseet ja ampumatarvikkeet (20mm in Finland - Weapons and Ammunition). Pitkänen S., Simpanen T, 2007. ISBN 9789525026597.</ref>. Ammunition types that existed, but is not listed in the table below, include numerous practise rounds (marked Übung or Üb. in German notation), and a number of different AP types. Even a high-velocity PzGr 40 round with a tungsten carbide core in an aluminum body existed in 20x138B caliber.


{| border="1" width="70%"
|-----
!width="150"| <font size="-2">German Designation</font>
! <font size="-2">US Abbreviation</font>
! <font size="-2">Projectile Weight [g]</font>
! <font size="-2">Bursting charge [g]</font>
! <font size="-2">Muzzle Velocity [m/s]</font>
!width="200"| <font size="-2">Description</font>
|-----
| Sprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger || HE-T || align="center" | 115 
| align="center" | 6.0 g HE (nitropenta)
| align="center" | ? || Nose fuzed tracer round, self-destruct at 5.5 seconds (2000m range) due to tracer burn-through.
|-----
| Sprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger || HE-T || align="center" | 120 
| align="center" | 6.6 g HE (nitropenta)
| align="center" | ? || Boat-tailed HE tracer round with nose fuze. Self-destruct at ca.2km range due to tracer burn-through.
|-----
| Brandsprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger || HEI-T|| align="center" | 120 
| align="center" | 2.4 g HE (RDX+wax) + <br>4.1 g incendiary (Zn)
| align="center" | ? || Nose fuze, tracer (5 second burn), with self-destruct
|-----
| Brandsprenggranatpatrone mit Zerleger || HEI || align="center" | 120 
| align="center" | 22 g total (HE and incendiary)
| align="center" | ? || Nose fuze, no tracer, with self-destruct. Lack of tracer and high density of incendiary allows heavy filling load.
|-----
| Panzergranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger || APHE-T || align="center" | 146 
| align="center" | ?
| align="center" | ? || Base-fuzed tracer round, with self-destruct due to tracer burn-through after 2 second flight (1000m range).
|-----
| Panzerbrandgranatpatrone (Phosphor) L'spur ohne Zerleger || API-T || align="center" | 148 
| align="center" | 3.0 g incendiary (WP)
| align="center" | ? || Tracer round, with no fuze or self-destruct function.
|-----
| Panzersprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger (Kriegsmarine) || APHE-T || align="center" | 121 
| align="center" | 3.6 g HE 
| align="center" | ? || Base-fuzed round, self-destruct after 4.5 second flight (1800m range) due to tracer burn-through.
|}

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:2 cm Gebirgsflak 38 3.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Flak 38 entered service in late 1940 and was the most common light anti-aircraft cannon used by the German army, navy and air force.]] -->

==2 cm Flakvierling 38==

{{Infobox Weapon
|name= 2 cm Flakvierling 38
|image=[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J08339, Ausbildung an der Vierlings-Flak.jpg|300px]]
|caption=2 cm Flakvierling 38
|origin= {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Nazi Germany]]
|type= [[Anti-aircraft warfare|Anti-Aircraft Gun]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=yes
|is_artillery=yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service= March 1940&ndash;1945
|used_by= [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
|wars= [[Second World War]]
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= 
|design_date=1940
|manufacturer=[[Mauser]]
|production_date=1940
|number= 
|variants= 
<!-- General specifications -->
|weight= 1,509 kg (3,327 lbs)
|length= 4.08 m (13.38 ft)
|part_length= 1.3 m (4.26 ft) '''(L/112.5)'''
|width= 1.81 m (6ft)
|height= 1.6 m (5.24 ft)
|crew= 8
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> 
|cartridge= [[20 x 138B cartridge|20 × 138 mm. B]]
|caliber= 20 mm (.78 in)
|action= 
|rate= 1,800 rpm ''(Cyclic)''<br/> 800 rpm ''(Practical)''
|velocity= 900 m/s (2,953 ft/s)
|range= 2,200 m (2,406 yds)
|max_range= 
|feed= 4x 20 round box magazines
|sights= 
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
|breech=
|recoil=
|carriage=
|elevation= - 10° - +100°
|traverse=360°
}}

Even as the FlaK 30 was entering service, the Luftwaffe and Army had doubts about its effectiveness, given the ever-increasing speeds of low-altitude [[fighter-bomber]]s and attack aircraft. The Army in particular felt the proper solution was the introduction of the 37&nbsp;mm caliber weapons they had been developing since the 1920s, which had a rate of fire about the same as the FlaK 38, but fired a round with almost eight times the volume. This not only made the rounds deadlier on impact, but their higher mass allowed them to travel to much longer distances, allowing the gun to engage targets at longer ranges and over longer periods of time.

The 20&nbsp;mm weapons had always been something of a stop-gap measure, improving just enough to keep them useful. It was something of a surprise when Rheinmetall was able to "pull a fast one" again, introducing the '''2&nbsp;cm Flakvierling 38''', which improved the weapon just enough to make it competitive once again. The name ''vierling'' means literally "quadruple" and refers to a four-barreled [[combination gun]].

The weapon consisted of quad-mounted 2&nbsp;cm Flak 38 AA guns with collapsing seats, folding handles, and [[ammunition]] racks. The mount had a triangular base with a jack at each leg for leveling the gun. The tracker traversed and elevated the mount manually using two handwheels. The gun was fired by a set of two footpedals&mdash;each of which fired two diametrically opposite Flak 38s&mdash;and could be operated either automatically or semi-automatically. When raised, the weapon measured 307&nbsp;cm (10 feet 1 inch) high.

Each of the four mounted guns fired from a 20-round magazine at a maximum combined rate of fire of 1,400 rounds per minute (reduced to 800 rounds per minute for combat use). The guns could be fired in pairs (diagonally opposite) or simultaneously, in either semi-automatic or fully automatic mode. Its effective vertical range was 2200 meters.  It was also used just as effectively against ground targets as it was against low-flying aircraft.<ref>[http://books.google.no/books?id=JZ9cSQNeK9cC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=flakvierling+ground+target&source=bl&ots=hwAjp_9f3i&sig=y-TFSuwzA51jHi9OGvO6Sl18itc&hl=no&ei=rEtBSsDjBYvA-Qa70ujACA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2 The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War 2]</ref>

The gun was normally transported on a Sd. Ah. 52 trailer, and could be towed behind a variety of [[half-track]]s or trucks, such as the [[Opel Blitz]], [[SdKfz 251]] and [[SdKfz 11]]. It was also mounted onto half-tracks and tank bodies to produce mobile anti-aircraft vehicles, such as the [[SdKfz 7/1]] (based on the [[SdKfz 7]] half-track) and the [[Wirbelwind]] and original [[Möbelwagen]] prototype (both based on the [[Panzer IV]] tank). In Kriegsmarine use, it was fitted to [[U-boat]]s and ships to provide short-range anti-aircraft defense, and was also employed in fixed installations around ports, harbors and other strategic naval targets. The Flakvierling was also a common fixture on trains, where it was mounted on a flatbed car and then covered to make it look like a boxcar.

==Notes==
The original source articles used to produce this single combined version state different companies for the manufacture of the various models. It suggested that Mauser produced all of the FlaK 38 and later variants.

The Germans also fielded the earlier 2&nbsp;cm FlaK 28 just after WWI, but the [[Treaty of Versailles]] outlawed these weapons and they were sold to [[Switzerland]].

== See also ==
* [[List of artillery]]
* [[List of artillery by type#Anti-aircraft guns|List of anti-aircraft guns]]
* [[List of artillery by country#Germany|List of artillery of Germany]]
* [[Quadmount]]

== References ==
<references/>
* Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. ''Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945''. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN 0-385-15090-3
* Hogg, Ian V. ''German Artillery of World War Two''. 2nd corrected edition. Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X

==External links==
{{Commons|Category:2 cm Flak 38}}
* [http://www.tarrif.net/wwii/guides/flak30_38.htm tarrif.net]
<!--*[http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/arm/arm27.htm National Museum of the United States Air Force]-->

{{WWIIGermanGuns}}

[[Category:20 mm artillery]]
[[Category:Automatic cannons]]
[[Category:Naval anti-aircraft guns]]
[[Category:Anti-aircraft guns of Germany]]
[[Category:Artillery of Switzerland]]
[[Category:World War II anti-aircraft guns]]
[[Category:World War II German guns]]


[[Category:2Fix]]