View source for Akira Toriyama (ophthalmologist)

{{Japanese name|Toriyama}}

{{nihongo|'''Akira Toriyama'''|鳥山 晃|Toriyama Akira|1898&ndash;1994}} was a [[Japan]]ese [[ophthalmology|opthalmologist]] who rose to become president of [[Showa University]]; he was also an exhibited and published amateur [[photographer]].

==Biography and medical career==
Toriyama was born on 20 June 1898 in Shinagawa-machi, Ebara-gun (now [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa-ku]]), [[Tokyo]].<ref>Unless otherwise noted, biographical information in this article is from ''Toriyama Akira shashinshū'' ({{nihongo2|鳥山晃写真集}}) / ''Photographs by Akira Toriyama'' (Tokyo: Mitsumura Printing, BeeBooks, 1997), a work edited by Toriyama's successors in ophthalmology at Showa University.</ref> He studied medicine at [[Tokyo University|Tokyo Imperial University]], graduating in 1926. His own health was not good, and he is said to have been nudged toward ophthalmology by his own professor, who believed that the relatively stable working hours of an ophthalmologist would be better for Toriyama. In 1928 Toriyama became a professor of ophthalmology at Showa Medical School and he continued at the school as it became Showa Medical University and later [[Showa University]], whose president he became in 1969. Toriyama also became chairman of the university's board of directors; he retired from both positions in 1988 but continued as an adviser. He died on 30 November 1994.

Toriyama was awarded the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]], Second Class, in 1971, and Upper Fourth Rank ({{nihongo2|正四位}}), in 1994.<ref>Source for both awards: ''Biographic Dictionary of Japanese Photography.''</ref>

==Photography==
In 1934, Toriyama realized that his work as an ophthalmologist gave him some spare time, and his uncle the amateur photographer [[Yasunari Toriyama]] introduced him to the [[Japan Photographic Society (1924–)|Japan Photographic Society]] (JPS), where the skills of the younger man quickly developed. By 1937 his works were appearing in group shows in [[Paris]] and [[Amsterdam]] as well as Japan.<ref>Paris and Amsterdam: Certain photographs reproduced within ''Photographs by Akira Toriyama'' (1997) are identified on pp.&nbsp;150&ndash;51 of that book as having been exhibited in "International [sic] d'Art Photographique Paris, 1937" and "Amsterdam International Focus Photo Salon, 1937".</ref>

Toriyama's membership of JPS was central to his photography, and JPS retained (for example as the title of its magazine) [[Shinzō Fukuhara]]'s phrase from the 1920s, "Light with its harmony" ({{nihongo2|光と其諧調}}, ''Hikari to sono kaichō'').<ref>The description of JPS in the 1930s and Toriyama's photography is based on Ryuichi Kaneko, "Another View of 'Light with Its Harmony': Photographs by Akira Toriyama", in ''Photographs by Akira Toriyama,'' pp.&nbsp;9&ndash;11.</ref> [[Ryūichi Kaneko]] points out that the work of JPS changed with the times: from a start that rejected certain painterly influences on photography but that embraced the subject-matter and composition of traditional Japanese aesthetics, it moved to include the portrayal of urban scenes and fragments. Kaneko says that, influenced by [[Rosō Fukuhara]], Toriyama went further; for example, in his photography of plants "his emphasis on the sculptural qualities of leaves, stems, and branches is fresh even today"; further, that his style is similar to that of [[Shōji Ueda]], [[Akira Nomura]], and other photographers of the generation who emerged in the late 1930s and are thought of as modernists rather than pictorialists. Kaneko concludes that "[Toriyama's] work clearly testifies to [his] Modernist will to live his own life, to express himself, to the full."

As his medical career progressed, Toriyama's photography continued but went largely unremarked. Following his death, Tomio Yoshikawa ({{nihongo2|吉川富夫}}, ''Yoshikawa Tomio'') of Showa University visited his house and learned that he had left an enormous number of photographs. Yoshikawa soon had a collection of these published.<ref>Yoshinao Fukado, foreword to ''Photographs by Akira Toriyama.'' Fukado does not provide the title, and there is also no mention of this elsewhere in the book. (Fukado's wording may cover anything from a privately published booklet to an article in a university magazine.)</ref> Following this, Toriyama's family and ophthalmologists from Showa University discovered further large numbers of photographs and had selections of these published. First came ''Photographs by Akira Toriyama'' (1997), a lavish collection of well over a hundred [[Black-and-white|monochrome]] photographs from the late thirties, reproduced in [[Photographic print toning|sepia]]. This was followed by ''A Visit to Showa'' (1999), a smaller collection of reproductions of colour [[slide]]s thought to have been taken between 1962 and 1967. ("Showa" here refers to the [[Shōwa period]], which gave its name to the medical school where Toriyama worked.)

==Books==
*''Kyōmaku shikkan'' ({{nihongo2|鞏膜疾患}}, Scleral diseases). Nihon Ganka Zensho 18. Tokyo: Nihon Isho Shuppan, 1953. {{ja icon}}
*''Toriyama Akira shashinshū'' ({{nihongo2|鳥山晃写真集}}) / ''Photographs by Akira Toriyama.'' Tokyo: Mitsumura Printing, BeeBooks, 1997. ISBN 4-89615-929-2. {{ja icon}} {{en icon}} Captions and texts in Japanese and English.
*''Toriyama Akira shashinshū: Shōwa raikan'' ({{nihongo2|鳥山晃写真集 昭和来観}}) / ''A Visit to Showa.'' Tokyo: Mitsumura Printing, BeeBooks, 1999. ISBN 4-89615-953-5. {{ja icon}} {{en icon}} Captions in Japanese and English, most texts in both Japanese and English but some in Japanese only.

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
*''Nihon no shashinka'' ({{nihongo2|日本の写真家}}) / ''Biographic Dictionary of Japanese Photography.'' Tokyo: Nichigai Associates, 2005. ISBN 4-8169-1948-1. P.&nbsp;291. {{ja icon}} Despite the English-language alternative title, all in Japanese. 

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[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tokyo]]
[[Category:Japanese photographers]]
[[Category:Japanese physicians]]
[[Category:Ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:University and college presidents]]
[[Category:2Fix]]