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{{Infobox journalist
| name        = James Louis Garvin
| image       = [[File:James Louis Garvin.jpg|thumb]]
| imagesize   = 
| caption     = James Louis Garvin in 1913
| birthname   = 
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1868|4|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Birkenhead, Merseyside, England
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1947|1|23|1868|4|12|df=y}}
| death_place = Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England
| education   = 
| occupation  = Journalist and editor
| alias       = 
| title       = 
| family      = 
|spouse       =(1) Christina Ellen Wilson (1894-1918)<br/>(2) Viola Woods (1921-1947)
|children     =Roland Gerard Garvin<br/>[[Viola Garvin]]<br/>Una Garvin<br/>Katherine Garvin<br/>Ursula Garvin
| relatives   = 
| ethnicity      = 
| religion    = 
| credits     = 
}}

''For the basketball player, see [[James Garvin (basketball)]]''

'''James Louis Garvin''' (12 April 1868 - 23 January 1947), was an influential British journalist, editor, and author.

==Youth and early years in journalism==
The youngest of two children, Garvin was born in [[Birkenhead]]. His father, Michael Garvin, was an impoverished Irish laborer who died at sea when Garvin was two, leaving him to be raised by his mother Catherine. Though a voracious reader, he left school at the age of thirteen and worked first as a messenger, then as a clerk. His elder brother, Michael, became a teacher; his status as the family's primary source of income led them to move, first in 1884 to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], then to [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] five years later.

Though Garvin underwent examination to join the civil service, from an early age he yearned to become an editor. As a teenager he contributed letters and articles to the ''Eastern Morning News'' and the Dublin ''Weekly Freeman'', much of which reflected his early advocacy for [[Home Rule]]. In 1891, Garvin applied to [[Joseph Cowen]] for a position at the ''[[Newcastle Evening Chronicle]]''.  Given a position as a proof-reader and occasional contributor, Garvin spent the next eight years honing his skills as a journalist, with Cowen serving as his mentor and father-figure. Yet Garvin yearned for a larger stage, and by the end of the decade he became a regular (though anonymous) contributor to the ''[[Fortnightly Review]]'', then edited by [[William Leonard Courtney|W. L. Courtney]].

Garvin's ambition extended beyond Newcastle, however. Through his association with Courtney, Garvin gained a position as a leader-writer for the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1899. Moving to London, his writings on politics and literature soon earned him renown. By now his politics had changed, as he became a [[British unionism|unionist]] and a follower of [[Joseph Chamberlain]]. In 1904, Garvin accepted the editorship of ''[[The Outlook (London)|The Outlook]]'', a weekly publication which was being turned into a platform for the promotion of Chamberlain's scheme of [[Imperial Preference|tariff reform]]. Though ''The Outlook'' quickly saw a rise in circulation and influence, its failure to turn a profit led to the paper's sale and Garvin's exit two years later.

==Pre-war editorship of ''The Observer''==
Soon after his departure from ''The Outlook'', Garvin was approached by newspaper magnate [[Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe|Lord Northcliffe]]. Though he turned down a financially lucrative offer to write for Northcliffe's flagship publication, the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', in 1908 Garvin agreed to take over the editorship of the historic Sunday newspaper ''[[The Observer]]''. First published in 1791, the paper had recently faced financial troubles that led to its acquisition by Northcliffe.  Within eighteen months, Garvin had reshaped ''The Observer'', revolutionizing Sunday journalism and restoring the paper to profitability in the process.

With the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Unionist Party]] still recovering from its massive defeat in the [[United Kingdom general election, 1906|general election of 1906]], Garvin soon emerged as a dominant figure in Unionist politics. Using ''The Observer'' as a platform, he denounced the [[People's Budget|budget]] introduced by [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[David Lloyd George]] in 1909, and he encouraged the Unionist-dominated [[House of Lords]] to veto it. As the question of Home Rule for Ireland increasingly overshadowed British politics, Garvin advocated a [[federalism|federalist]] solution to the problem.

By 1911, a rift had emerged between Garvin and Northcliffe over the critical issue of tariff reform.  When their dispute became public, the press baron agreed to sell the paper to [[William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor|William Waldorf Astor]], who  accepted Garvin's proposal to assume ownership on condition that Garvin edit the Astor-owned ''[[Pall Mall Gazette]]'' as well. In 1915, Astor gave the two papers to his son, [[Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor|Waldorf]] as a birthday gift; Waldorf Astor then sold the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', which allowed Garvin to leave his position with that paper and focus on editing ''The Observer''.

==First World War==
Though a fan of German culture, Garvin was alarmed by the growing challenge the country posed to Britain in international politics. Through his friendship with [[First Sea Lord]] [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher|Admiral John Fisher]], he gained access to inside information on naval matters which he used to inform editorials calling for a greater naval construction program. When war broke out in 1914, Garvin embraced Britain's involvement in the conflict. He was close to many people in power, most notably Fisher (who though retired returned to the position as First Sea Lord soon after the start of the conflict), Lloyd George, and [[Winston Churchill]], and he enjoyed considerable influence during this period.

Yet the conflict brought great personal tragedy to Garvin. At the start of the war his only son Roland Gerard Garvin (known to his family as "Ged") enlisted with the [[South Lancashire Regiment]] and was shipped to France. Though subsequently assigned a staff position, Ged transferred back to a combat posting soon after the start of the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme campaign]] and was killed in a night assault on German line in late July.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/sep/20/letters-garvin-first-world-war | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Letters to the editor… from his dear lad in the trenches | date=20 September 2009 | accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> Heartbroken at the loss, Garvin never recovered from Ged's death, and it shaped many of his attitudes to subsequent events.

Despite his bitterness towards the Germans, Garvin believed in the need for a just settlement of the war. Soon after the armistice he published his first book, ''The Economic Foundations of Peace'', in which he called for a lenient treaty and Anglo-American cooperation as the cornerstone for an effective [[League of Nations]]. When the punitive terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] were published, he denounced it in an editorial as leaving the Germans "no real hope except in revenge."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/newsroom/story/0,11718,735573,00.html Observer text timeline | Newsroom | guardian.co.uk<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.guardian.co.uk</ref>

==Later years==
In 1921, Garvin moved from London to [[Beaconsfield]]. From there, in a home once owned by [[Edmund Burke]]'s agent he continued to edit ''The Observer'', and he began work on a biography of his hero Joseph Chamberlain.  Though three volumes of the Chamberlain biography were published in the early 1930s, Garvin never wrote the final fourth volume, and the project was completed after his death by [[Julian Amery, Baron Amery of Lustleigh|Julian Amery]]. During this period Garvin also served as editor-in-chief of the fourteenth edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (1926–1932).

Yet Garvin's stature as a man of letters masked his declining influence during this period. Working from Beaconsfield cut him off from much of the political life of the British capital. A new generation of British politicians emerged with whom Garvin had few connections.  Alarmed by [[Adolf Hitler]]'s rise to power in Germany, he pushed for a program of rearmament.  He also became an advocate of [[appeasement]], both of Hitler in order to buy time for rearmament, and [[Benito Mussolini]] in an effort to win the Italian leader's support for an alliance.

Saddened by the outbreak of war in September 1939, Garvin nonetheless was a strong supporter of the war effort. Heartened by Churchill's return to the Admiralty, Garvin offered unflinching support for his old friend after he became Prime Minister in May 1940. Such support created a rift between Garvin and Astor. Though the two had been of like mind regarding appeasement, Astor opposed the concentration of war powers in Churchill's hands. Adding to the tension was Astor's son [[David Astor|David]], whose attempts to inject a more liberal tone into the newspaper were viewed by Garvin as an effort to criticize the Prime Minister. As a result, when Garvin published an editorial in February 1942 in support of Churchill remaining in office as Minister of Defence as well as Prime Minister, the Astors viewed it as a breach of their contract and requested Garvin's resignation.<ref>{{cite news
|author=
|title=Garvin Gets Out
|date=1942-03-16
|work=[[Time Magazine]]
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801405,00.html
|accessdate=2008-08-14
}}</ref>

Garvin quickly received an offer from [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook|Lord Beaverbrook]] to write a weekly column for his newspaper the ''Sunday Express''.  Switching to the ''Daily Telegraph'' in January 1945, Garvin continued to write a weekly column until just prior to his death from [[pneumonia]] at the age of 78.

==Personal life==
Garvin was married twice. In 1894 he married Christina Ellen Wilson, who bore him his son Ged and  four daughters: [[Viola Garvin|Viola]], Una, Katherine, and Ursula. After Christina's death in 1918, Garvin married Viola Woods (née Taylor), the former wife of Unionist politician Maurice Woods.

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=The Economic Foundations of Peace: or world partnership as the truer basis of the League of Nations|publisher=Macmillan and Co|year=1919}}
*{{cite book|title=The Life of Joseph Chamberlain|publisher=Macmillan and Co|year=1932-4}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Ayerst, David|title=Garvin of the Observer|publisher=Croom Helm}}, 1985
*{{cite book|author=Garvin, Katherine|title=J. L. Garvin: A memoir|publisher=W. Heinemann}}, 1948
*{{cite book|author=Gollin, A. M.|title=The Observer and J. L. Garvin, 1908-1914: A study in a great editorship|publisher=Oxford University Press}}, 1960
*{{cite book|author=Pottle, Mark and Ledingham, John|title=We Hope to Get Word Tomorrow: The Garvin Family Letters, 1914-1916|publisher=Frontline Books}}, 2009

==External links==
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp01734 Portraits of James Garvin] at the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]]
* {{findagrave|31733527}}

{{start box}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box | before=[[Frederick Higginbottom]] | title=Editor of The ''[[Pall Mall Gazette]]''| years=1912 - 1915| after=[[D. M. Sutherland]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Austin Harrison]] | title=Editor of ''[[The Observer]]''| years=1908 - 1942| after=[[Ivor Brown]] }}
{{end box}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              =Garvin, James Louis
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH     =12 April 1868
| PLACE OF BIRTH    =Birkenhead, Merseyside, England
| DATE OF DEATH     =23 January 1947
| PLACE OF DEATH    =Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garvin, James Louis}}
[[Category:British journalists]]
[[Category:British newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Encyclopædia Britannica]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]

[[pt:James Louis Garvin]]
[[Category:2Fix]]