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{{Chinese name|[[Li (surname)|李 (Li)]]}}

'''Li Shizhen''' ({{zh|t=李時珍|s=李时珍|p=Lǐ Shízhēn|w='''Li Shih-Chen'''}}, 1518–1593), [[courtesy name]] '''Dongbi''' (东璧), was one of the greatest [[physician]]s and [[pharmacologist]]s in Chinese history.  His major contribution to medicine was his forty-year work, which is found in his epic book the ''[[Bencao Gangmu]]'' (本草纲目 "Compendium of Materia Medica").  He is also considered to be the greatest naturalist of China, and was very interested in the proper classification of herb components.

The book has details about more than 1,800 drugs ([[Chinese Medicine]]), including 1,100 illustrations and 11,000 prescriptions.  It also described the type, form, flavor, nature and application in disease treatments of 1,094 [[herbs]].  His ''[[Materia Medica]]'' has been translated into many different languages, and remains as the premier reference work for herbal medicine.  His treatise included various related subjects such as [[botany]], [[zoology]], [[mineralogy]], and [[metallurgy]]. The book was reprinted frequently and five of the original edition still exist. <ref name="famouschinese">Original text from [http://www.famouschinese.com/virtual/Li_Shizhen Li Shizhen], licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.</ref>

== Biography ==
[[Image:Qichun-LiShizhenBust.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A bust of Li Shizhen in an herbal garden of [[Qizhou]].]]
In addition to the ''Bencao Gangmu'', Li wrote eleven other books, <ref name="dharmananda">Dharmananda, Subhuti. "Li Shizhen: Scholar Worthy of Emulation." Institute for Traditional Medicine. Institute for Traditional Medicine. 25 Apr. 2006 <http://www.itmonline.org/arts/lishizhen.htm>.</ref> including ''Binhu Maixue'' (瀕湖脈學 "A Study of the Pulse") and ''Qijing Bamai Kao'' (奇經八脈考 "An Examination of the Eight Extra Meridians").<ref name="planetherbs">"The Herbal Tradition." PlanetHerbs.Com. 2005. 24 Apr. 2006 <http://www.planetherbs.com/articles/herbhist.html>.</ref>  He lived during the [[Ming Dynasty]] and was influenced by the [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] beliefs of the time.  He was born in what is today Qizhou<ref>[http://panyutiger.blogspot.com/2008/06/li-shizhen.html Panyu Tiger: Li Shizhen 李時珍<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, [[Qichun|Qichun County, Hubei]] in 1518 AD and died 75 years later, in 1593.<ref name="dharmananda" />

Li's grandfather had been a doctor who traveled the countryside and was considered relatively low on the social scale of the time.  His father was a traditional physician and scholar who had written several influential books.  He tried to move up in society and encouraged his son to seek a government position. Li took the national [[Imperial Examination|Civil Service Exam]] three times, but after failing each one, he turned to medicine.  At 78, his father took him on as an apprentice.  When he was 27, and a practicing physician, he cured the son of a [[Chu]] prince and was invited to be an official there.  A few years after, he got a government position as assistant president at the Imperial Medical Institute in [[Beijing]].  However, even though he had climbed up the social ladder, as his father had originally wanted, he left a year later to return to being a doctor.<ref name="dharmananda" />

In his government position, Li was able to read many rare medical books; he also saw the disorder, mistakes, and conflicting information that were serious problems in most medical publications of the time and soon began the ''Bencao Gangmu'' to compile correct information with a [[logical system]] of organization. A small part was based on another book which had been written several hundred years earlier, ''Jingshi Zhenglei Beiji Bencao'' ("Classified Materia Medica for Emergencies") – which, unlike many other books, had formulas and recipes for most of the entries.  In the writing of the ''Bencao Gangmu'', he travelled extensively, gaining first-hand experience with many herbs and local remedies and consulted over 800 books – nearly every medical book in print at the time.<ref name="dharmananda" />

Altogether, the writing of the ''Bencao Gangmu'' took 27 years, which included three revisions.  Ironically, writing the book allegedly took a considerable toll on his health. <ref name="dharmananda" />  It was rumored that he stayed indoors for ten consecutive years during the writing of the ''Bencao Gangmu''.<ref name="tan">  Tan, S Y. "Medicine in Stamps -- Li Shih-Chen (1518-1593) -- Herbalist of Renown." Singapore Medical Association. 2003. University of Hawaii. 24 Apr. 2006 <http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/4407/4407ms1.pdf>.</ref>  After he had completed it, a friend “reported that Li was emaciated.”<ref name="dharmananda" />

Li died before the book was officially published, and the current emperor paid it little regard.<ref name="dharmananda" />  However, it remained one of the most important [[materia medica]] of traditional [[China]].

== Bencao Gangmu ==
{{main|Bencao Gangmu}}
The ''Bencao Gangmu'' was a massive literary undertaking.  Li's bibliography included nearly 900 books.  Because of its size, it was not easy to use, though it was organized much more clearly than others that had come before,<ref name="dharmananda"/> which had classified herbs only according to strength.  He broke them down to animal, mineral, and plant and divided those categories by their source. Dr. S. Y. Tan<ref name="tan" /> says: “his plants were classified according to the habitat, such as aquatic or rock origins, or by special characteristics, e.g. all sweet-smelling plants were grouped together.”<ref name="tan" /> 

Li had exemplary recording techniques.  Seeking to fix the errors of previous works, the medicinal plants and substances in the ''Bencao Gangmu'' were clearly organized and categorized.  With every entry, he included: 

*“Information concerning a previously false classification;
*Information on secondary names, including the sources of the names;
*Collected explanations, commentaries and quotes in [[chronological]] order, including origin of the material, appearance, time of collection, medicinally useful parts, similarities with other medicinal materials;
*Information concerning the preparation of the material;
*Explanation of doubtful points;
*Correction of mistakes;
*Taste and nature;
*Enumeration of main indications;
*Explanation of the effects; and
*Enumeration of [[Medical prescription|prescriptions]] in which the material is used, including form and dosage of the prescriptions.”<ref name="dharmananda" />

The ''Bencao Gangmu'' contained nearly 1,900 substances, which included 374 that had not appeared in other works.  Not only did it list and describe the substances, but it also included prescriptions for use – about 11,000 - 8,000 of which were not well known.<ref name="dharmananda" />
The ''Bencao Gangmu'' also had 1160 illustrated drawings to aid the text. <ref name="planetherbs" />

In addition to writing the ''Bencao Gangmu'', Li was one of the first to recognize [[gallstone]]s, use ice to bring down a fever, and to use steam and [[fumigants]] to prevent the spread of infection.  Li also emphasized preventative medicine.<ref name="tan" />
He said that “‘To cure disease is like waiting until one is thirsty before digging a well…’” and listed over 500 treatments to maintain good health and strengthen the body, 50 of which he invented himself.<ref name="planetherbs" />

The ''Bencao Gangmu'' still has scientific, medical, and historical significance today.  A plant or substance’s inclusion in the ''Bencao Gangmu'' is a sign of posterity.  Medical clinics and manufacturers use his name and image on their logos and products and there was even a movie made about his life in 1956.  His image can be found at almost every traditional medical college in China, as well as many books on Chinese medicine and there is even a Li Shi Zhen award for “doctors and researchers who have made valuable contributions to traditional Chinese medicine.”<ref name="dharmananda" />
   
While only six copies of the original edition remain – One in the US [[Library of Congress]],  two in [[China]], and three in [[Japan]] (another was destroyed during [[World War II]])<ref name="tan" /> – several new editions and numerous translations have been made throughout the centuries, and it was not replaced as ''the'' [[pharmaceutical]] [[materia medica]] of [[China]] until 1959: over 400 years after its first publication.<ref name="dharmananda" />

==See also==
*[[Chinese herbology]]
*[[Traditional Chinese medicine]]
*[[List of Chinese people]]
*[[List of Chinese physicians]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Wang, Zichun, [http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=19687&Query=1 "Li Shizhen"]. ''[[Encyclopedia of China]]'' (Biology Edition), 1st ed.
*"Classics of Traditional Chinese Medicine." National Library of Medicine. 12 Jan. 2005. National Library of Medicine,  National Institute of Health. 24 Apr. 2006 <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/chinese/chinesehome.html>.  
*"Tufts EBCAM." Tufts University. 09 Feb. 2006. Tufts University Medical School,  New England School of Acupuncture. 24 Apr. 2006 <http://www.tufts.edu/med/ebcam/eastAsianMed/transmissionThought2.html>.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Li, Shizhen}}
[[Category:Chinese physicians]]
[[Category:Traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:1518 births]]
[[Category:1593 deaths]]
[[Category:Ming Dynasty people]]
[[Category:Pharmacology]]
[[Category:Pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Mineralogists]]

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