View source for List of benzodiazepines

{{Benzos}}
The below tables contain a '''list of benzodiazepines''' that are commonly prescribed, with their basic [[pharmacological]] characteristics such as half-life and equivalent doses to other [[benzodiazepines]] also listed, along with their trade names and primary uses. The [[elimination half life]] is how long it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated by the body. "Time to peak" refers to when maximum levels of the drug in the blood occur after a given dose. Benzodiazepines generally share the same pharmacological properties, such as [[anxiolytic]], [[sedative]], [[hypnotic]], [[skeletal muscle relaxant]], [[amnesic]] and [[anticonvulsant]], but some variation in potency of certain effects may exist among individual benzodiazepines. Some benzodiazepines produce [[active metabolites]]. Active metabolites are produced when a person's body metabolizes the drug into compounds that share a similar pharmacological profile to the parent compound and thus are relevant when calculating how long the pharmacological effects of a drug will last. Long-acting benzodiazepines with long-acting active metabolites such as [[diazepam]] and [[chlordiazepoxide]] are often prescribed for benzodiazepine or alcohol withdrawal or for [[anxiety]] if constant dose levels are required throughout the day. Shorter-acting benzodiazepines are often preferred for [[insomnia]] due to their lesser hangover effect.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Golombok S, Lader M |title=The psychopharmacological effects of premazepam, diazepam and placebo in healthy human subjects |journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=127–33 |year=1984 |month=August |pmid=6148956 |pmc=1463527 |doi= |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1463527&blobtype=pdf |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=de Visser SJ, van der Post JP, de Waal PP, Cornet F, Cohen AF, van Gerven JM |title=Biomarkers for the effects of benzodiazepines in healthy volunteers |journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12534639 |pmc=1884188 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.t01-10-01714.x|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118882375/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.non-benzodiazepines.org.uk/benzodiazepine-names.html| title=Benzodiazepine Names| accessdate=2009-04-05| publisher=non-benzodiazepines.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = C. Heather Ashton | title = Benzodiazepine Equivalence Table | url = http://www.benzo.org.uk/bzequiv.htm | publisher = benzo.org.uk | year = 2007 | month = March | accessdate = 2009-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Bob | first = Dr | title = Benzodiazepine Equivalence Charts | url = http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/bzd.html | publisher = dr-bob.org | year = 1995 | month = July | accessdate = 2009-04-05}}</ref>

==Benzodiazepine half life and equivalent dose table==
{{See also|Benzodiazepine drug misuse#Risk factors for misuse}}
It is important to note that the [[elimination half life]] of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide as well as other long half-life benzodiazepines is twice as long in the elderly compared to younger individuals. Individuals with an impaired liver also metabolise benzodiazepines more slowly. Many doctors make the mistake of not adjusting benzodiazepine dosage according to age in elderly patients. Thus the equivalent doses below may need to be adjusted accordingly in individuals on short acting benzodiazepines who metabolise long-acting benzodiazepines more slowly and vice versa. The changes are most notable with long acting benzodiazepines as these are prone to significant accumulation in such individuals. For example the equivalent dose of diazepam in an elderly individual on lorazepam may be up to half of what would be expected in a younger individual.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salzman |first1=Carl |title=Clinical geriatric psychopharmacology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=RXvpjJ1Un2gC |edition=4th |date=15 May 2004 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=USA |isbn=978-0781743808 |pages=450–453}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2165/00002018-200528060-00005 |author=Delcò F, Tchambaz L, Schlienger R, Drewe J, Krähenbühl S |title=Dose adjustment in patients with liver disease |journal=Drug Saf |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=529–45 |year=2005 |pmid=15924505 }}</ref> Awareness of the differences in equivalencies between individual benzodiazepines can differ by 20 fold on a mg per mg basis, is necessary for the safe and effective use of benzodiazepines.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Riss | first1 = J. | last2 = Cloyd | first2 = J. | last3 = Gates | first3 = J. | last4 = Collins | first4 = S. | title = Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. | journal = Acta Neurol Scand | volume = 118 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–86 | month = Aug | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x | pmid = 18384456 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; margin-left:3px;text-size:100%; text-align:right"
|-
|'''Drug Name''' || '''Common Brand Names*'''||'''Time to Peak (Onset of action in hours)'''||'''[[elimination half-life|Elimination Half-Life]] ([[Hour|h]])<sup>†</sup> [active metabolite]'''|| '''Therapeutic use''' || '''Approximate Equivalent Dose<sup>‡</sup>'''
|-
|[[Alprazolam]] ||Ksalol, Xanax, Xanor, Tafil, Alprox, Frontal (Brazil)||1-2||6-12 hours ||[[anxiolytic]]||0.5 mg
|-
|[[Bretazenil]]<ref>{{cite journal | author= van Steveninck AL ''et al.''| title= Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of bretazenil and diazepam with alcohol. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2042631/pdf/bcp_0385.pdf | format = PDF | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | year=1996 | volume=41(6) | pages=565–573 | pmid= 8799523 | issue= 6 | pmc= 2042631}}</ref> ||N/A||???||2.5 hours ||[[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||0.5 mg
|-
|[[Bromazepam]] ||Lexotanil, Lexotan, Lexomil, Somalium, Bromam||1-3||10-20 hours||[[anxiolytic]]||5-6 mg
|-
|[[Chlordiazepoxide]]||Librium, Tropium, Risolid, Klopoxid||1.5-4||5-30 hours [36-200 hours]||[[anxiolytic]]||25 mg
|-
|[[Cinolazepam]]||Gerodorm||.5-2||9 h||[[hypnotic]]||40 mg
|-
|[[Clonazepam]] ||Klonopin, Rivotril, Iktorivil||1-4||18-50 hours||[[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||0.5 mg
|-
|[[Cloxazolam]] ||Olcadil (Brazil)||2-5 (?)||18-50 hours||[[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||1 mg
|-
|[[Clorazepate]] ||Tranxene||Variable||[36-100 hours]||[[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||15 mg
|-
|[[Diazepam]] ||Valium, Pax (South Africa), Apzepam, Stesolid, Vival,  Apozepam, Hexalid, , Stedon, Valaxona||1-2||20-100 hours [36-200]||[[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]], [[muscle relaxant]]||10 mg
|-
|[[Estazolam]] ||ProSom||0.5-5||10-24 h||[[hypnotic]]||1-2 mg
|-
|[[Flunitrazepam]] ||Rohypnol, Fluscand, Flunipam, Ronal, Rohydorm (Brazil)||0.5-3||18-26 hours [36-200 hours]||[[hypnotic]]||1 mg
|-
|[[Flurazepam]] ||Dalmadorm, Dalmane||1-1.5||[40-250 hours]||[[hypnotic]]||15-30 mg
|-
|[[Flutoprazepam]] ||Restas||0.5-9||60-90 hours||[[hypnotic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||2-3 mg
|-
|[[Halazepam]] ||Paxipam||1-3||[30-100 hours]||[[anxiolytic]]||20-40 mg
|-
|[[Ketazolam]] ||Anxon||2.5-3||30-100 hours [36-200] ||[[anxiolytic]]||15-30 mg
|-
|[[Loprazolam]] ||Dormonoct||0.5-4||6-12 hours||[[hypnotic]]||1-2 mg
|-
|[[Lorazepam]] ||Ativan, Temesta, Tavor, Lorabenz||2-4||10-20 hours||[[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||1 mg
|-
|[[Lormetazepam]] ||Loramet, Noctamid, Pronoctan||0.5-2||10-12 hours||[[hypnotic]]||1-2 mg
|-
|[[Medazepam]] ||Nobrium||?||36-200 hours||[[anxiolytic]]||10 mg
|-
|[[Midazolam]]|| Dormicum, Versed, Hypnovel, Dormonid (Brazil)||0.5-1||3 hours (1.8-6 hours) ||[[hypnotic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||5 -8mg<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sostmann HJ, Sostmann H, Crevoisier C, Bircher J |title=Dose equivalence of midazolam and triazolam. A psychometric study based on flicker sensitivity, reaction time and digit symbol substitution test |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=181–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2721543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nimetazepam]] ||Erimin||0.5-3||14-30 hours||[[hypnotic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||5 mg
|-
|[[Nitrazepam]] ||Mogadon, Alodorm, Pacisyn, Dumolid||0.5-7||15-38 hours||[[hypnotic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||10 mg
|-
|[[Nordazepam]] ||Madar, Stilny||?||50-120 hours||[[anxiolytic]]||10 mg
|-
|[[Oxazepam]]||Seresta, Serax, Serenid, Serepax, Sobril, Oxascand, Alopam, Oxabenz, Oxapax||3-4||4-15 hours ||[[anxiolytic]]||20 mg
|-
|[[Phenazepam]]|| феназепам||1.5-4 ||60 hours ||[[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||1 mg
|-
|[[Pinazepam]] ||Domar||?||40-100 hours||[[anxiolytic]]||20 mg
|-
|[[Prazepam]] ||Lysanxia, Centrax||2-6||36-200 hours||[[anxiolytic]]||10-20 mg
|-
|[[Premazepam]] ||1||2-6||10-13 hours||[[anxiolytic]]||3.75 mg
|-
|[[Quazepam]] ||Doral||1-5||39-120 hours||[[hypnotic]]||20 mg
|-
|[[Temazepam]]||Restoril, Normison, Euhypnos, Temaze, Tenox||0.5-3||8-22 hours||[[hypnotic]], [[anticonvulsant]]||20 mg
|-
|[[Tetrazepam]]||Mylostan||1-3|| 3-26 hours ||[[Skeletal muscle relaxant]]||100mg
|-
|[[Triazolam]]||Halcion, Rilamir||0.5-2||2 hours ||[[hypnotic]]||0.25 mg
|}

=== Atypical benzodiazepine receptor ligands===

{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin-left:3px;text-size:100%; text-align:right"
|-
|'''Drug Name''' || '''Common Brand Names*'''||'''[[elimination half-life|Elimination Half-Life]] ([[Hour|h]])<sup>†</sup> [active metabolite]'''|| '''Primary Effects''' || '''Approximate Equivalent Dose<sup>‡</sup>'''
|-
|[[Clobazam]] ||Frisium, Urbanol||8-60 hours||[[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]]|| 20 mg
|-
|[[DMCM]] || ? || ? ||[[anxiogenic]], [[convulsant]] || Non-applicable
|-
|[[Flumazenil]] || Anexate, Lanexat, Mazicon, Romazicon || 1 hour || [[antidote]] || Typical dose 0.2 - 0.6 mg<sup>ð</sup>
|-
|[[Eszopiclone]]<sup>§</sup> || Lunesta || 6 hours || [[hypnotic]] || 3 mg
|-
|[[Zaleplon]]<sup>§</sup> || Sonata, Starnoc || 1 hours || [[hypnotic]] || 20 mg
|-
|[[Zolpidem]]<sup>§</sup> || Ambien, Nytamel, Stilnoct, Stilnox, Zoldem, Zolnod || 2.6 hours || [[hypnotic]] || 20 mg
|-
|[[Zopiclone]]<sup>§</sup> || Imovane, Rhovane, Ximovan; Zileze; Zimoclone; Zimovane; Zopitan; Zorclone, || 4-6 hours || [[hypnotic]] || 15 mg
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Not all trade names are listed.  Click on drug name to see a more comprehensive list.
<br>
<sup>†</sup> The duration of apparent action is usually considerably less than the half-life. With most benzodiazepines, noticeable effects usually wear off within a few hours. Nevertheless, as long as the drug is present it will exert subtle effects within the body. These effects may become apparent during continued use or may appear as withdrawal symptoms when dosage is reduced or the drug is stopped.
<br>
<sup>‡</sup> Equivalent doses are based on clinical experience but may vary between individuals.[http://www.benzo.org.uk/bzequiv.htm]
<br>
<sup>§</sup> The molecular structure of these drugs differs from the benzodiazepine molecule but they work on benzodiazepine receptors with the same or similar effects and are cross tolerant drugs.
<br>
<sup>ð</sup> Flumazenil is given to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines and similar drugs, and dosage range listed will vary depending on which drug is being counteracted, what dosage the first drug was given in, and whether the flumazenil is given to actually reverse overdose or just to reduce side effects.

==See also==
*[[Benzodiazepine]]
*[[Benzodiazepine dependence]]
*[[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Gitlow |first1=Stuart |title=Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide |url=http://books.google.com/?id=rbrSdWVerBUC |edition=2nd |date=1 October 2006 |publisher=Lippincott Williams and Wilkins |location=USA |isbn=978-0781769983 |pages=110}}
*{{cite book |last1=Galanter |first1=Marc |last2=Kleber |first2=Herbert D. |title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment |url=http://books.google.com/?id=6wdJgejlQzYC |edition=4th |date=1 July 2008 |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing Inc |location=United States of America |isbn=978-1585622764 |page=216 |chapter= |chapterurl= }}

{{Benzodiazepines}}
[[Category:Benzodiazepines|* ]]

[[es:Anexo:Benzodiazepinas]]
[[Category:2Fix]]