View source for Mark 24 Mine

The '''Mark 24 Mine''' (also known as '''FIDO''' or '''Fido''') was a [[United States|US]] air-dropped passive acoustic homing anti-[[submarine]] [[torpedo]] used during the [[Second World War]] against [[Germany|German]] and [[Japan]]ese submarines. It entered service in March 1943 and continued in service with the US Navy until 1948. Approximately 4,000 torpedoes were produced, sinking 37 and damaging a further 18 submarines out of a total of 204 fired. The torpedo was also supplied to the [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] forces.

==Development==
The US Navy began studies into an air dropped anti-submarine torpedo in the autumn of 1941. Based on a formal set of requirements, Harvard Underwater Sound Lab (HUSL) and [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Labs]] began development in December 1941. These later projects later became Office of Scientific Research and Development project 61 (FIDO). 

Both Bell Labs and HUSL proceeded with parallel development of torpedoes, with a complete exchange of information between them. [[Western Electric]] were to develop a lightweight, shock resistant, 48 volt [[Lead-acid battery]] capable of providing 110 amps for 15 minutes. [[General Electric]] were to design and fabricate propulsion and steering motors and to investigate an active acoustic homing system. [[David Taylor Model Basin]] was to assist with hydrodynamics and propulsion.

The guidance system consisted of four [[hydrophones]] placed around the mid-section of the torpedo connected to a [[vacuum tube]]-based sound processing array. A Bell Labs proportional and HUSL non-proportional steering system had been demonstrated by July 1942. 

An existing Mark 13 torpedo provided the body of the torpedo, it was modified by shortening the hull, reducing the diameter, reducing the weight, and designing a hemispherical nose section to carry the explosive charge, and a conical tail section with four stabilizing fins and rudders and a single propeller. The effect of these modifications was to produce a relatively short "fat" torpedo.

In June 1942 the US Navy decided to take the torpedo into production even though there was still major testing work remaining on the project, including air-drop testing. The Bell Labs version of the guidance system was selected for production with proportional homing. Testing of the pre-production prototypes continued on into December 1942 and the US Navy received the first production models in March 1943.

Initially 10,000 torpedoes were ordered, but FIDO proved so effective the order was reduced to 4,000. The torpedoes ended up costing $1,800 each.

==Description==
Upon water entry, FIDO performed a circular search at a predetermined depth controlled by a [[Pendulum and hydrostat control|bellows and pendulum system]]. This continued until the potential target's 24 kHz acoustic signal detected by the hydrophones exceeded a predetermined threshold level, at which point control was then shifted to the passive acoustic proportional homing system.  Initially the torpedoes were set to search for a target at a depth of 50 feet (15 m), this was later changed to 150 feet (45 m). To prevent the torpedo accidentally attacking surface ships, it resumed its circling search if it rose above a depth of 40 feet (12 m).

The torpedo's relatively low speed was kept secret since, while [[Unterseeboot|U-boats]] could not outrun the torpedo underwater, they could outrun it on the surface.

==Combat history==
The first sinking with FIDO occurred in May 1943 and was possibly [[Unterseeboot 640|''U-640'']] or [[Unterseeboot 657|''U-657'']]. During its career, the torpedo sank a total of 37 submarines, achieving an effectiveness of about 22%, compared with about 9% for depth charges.

''from US Navy OEG Study No. 289, 12 August 1946 provides the following data related to Mark 24 effectiveness:''

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| Number of attacks in which Mark 24s were launched
|264
|-
| Total number of Mark 24 torpedoes launched - all targets
|340
|-
| Number of Mark 24s launched against submarines
|204
|-
| Number of Mark 24 attacks on submarines by US aircraft
|142
|-
|  Number of submarines sunk by FIDO
|31
|-
|  Number of submarines damaged by FIDO
|15
|-
| Number of Mark 24 attacks on subs by Allies (primarily British)
|62
|-
|  Number of submarines sunk by FIDO
|6
|-
|  Number of submarines damaged by FIDO
|3
|-
| Total number of submarines sunk by FIDO (German & Japanese)
|37
|-
|  Total number of submarines damaged
|18
|}

==General characteristics==
*'''Diameter''': 19 inches (46 cm).
*'''Length''': 84 inches (2.13 m).
*'''Weight''': 680 lb (308 kg).
* '''Warhead''': 92 lb (41.7 kg) [[Torpex]] [[high explosive]].
* '''Propulsion''': 5 hp (3.7 kW) electric motor driving a single propeller, powered by a 48 volt lead acid battery.
* '''Speed and endurance''': 12 knots for 10 minutes, giving a range of about 4,000 yards (3,700 m)
* '''Homing system''': 4 [[piezoelectric]] hydrophones operating at 24 kHz and vacuum tube signal processing system with proportional steering. 
* '''Maximum drop altitude''': 200 to 300 ft (60 m to 90 m)
* '''Maximum aircraft launch speed''': 120 knots (220 km/h).

==Variants==
* '''[[Mark 27 torpedo]]''' (''Cutie'') was developed for submarine use against surface vessels. It saw service in the Pacific war from the summer of 1944. Lieutenant Commander [[Carter L. Bennett]]'s [[USS Sea Owl (SS-405)|''Sea Owl'']] achieved the Mark 27's first combat success, damaging a Japanese patrol vessel in the Yellow Sea in November.<ref>Blair, Clay, Jr. ''Silent Victory'' (Bantam, 1976),  p.788.</ref>

==Notes==
{{refs}}
==Sources==
* http://uboat.net/allies/technical/fido.htm
* http://www.navytorpedo.com/html/legacy/USNT4.htm
* Blair, Clay, Jr. ''Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters, 1939-1942''. ISBN 0-679-64032-0
* Blair, Clay, Jr. ''Silent Victory''. Bantam, 1976.
{{Mark-series torpedoes}}
[[Category:Torpedoes]]
[[Category:Torpedoes of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II naval weapons]]
[[Category:Aerial torpedoes]]


[[Category:2Fix]]