View source for Oliguria

{{SignSymptom infobox |
  Name        = Oliguria |
  ICD10       = {{ICD10|R|34||r|30}} |
  ICD9        = {{ICD9|788.5}} |
  MeshID      = D009846 |
}}
'''Oliguria''' is the low output of [[urine]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|/six/000074712|oliguria}}</ref> The decreased output of urine may be a sign of [[dehydration]], [[renal failure]], [[hypovolemic shock]], [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], or [[urinary obstruction]]/[[urinary retention]].

It can be contrasted with [[anuria]], which represents a decreased production of urine.

==Definition==
Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children, and less than 400 mL/day (equals 17mL/hour) in adults.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Klahr S, Miller S | title = Acute oliguria | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 338 | issue = 10 | pages = 671–5 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9486997 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199803053381007}} [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/10/671 Free Full Text].</ref>

Olig- (or oligo-) is a Greek prefix meaning small or few.<ref>http://biology.about.com/od/prefixesandsuffixeso/g/blo3.htm</ref>

Anuria is defined as less than 50mL urine output per day.

==Testing==
Perform ultrasound examination of the kidney to rule out obstructive processes.

==Pathophysiology==
The pathophysiologic mechanisms causing oliguria can be categorized globally in three different categories<ref>http://beavermedic.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/the-kidneys/</ref>:

*Prerenal: in response to [[hypoperfusion]] of the kidney (e.g. as a result of [[dehydration]] by poor oral intake, [[cardiogenic shock]], [[diarrhea]], massive [[bleeding]] or [[sepsis]])
*Renal: due to kidney damage (severe [[hypoperfusion]], [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[medication]])
*Postrenal: as a consequence of obstruction of the urine flow (e.g. [[enlarged prostate]], tumour compression urinary outflow, expanding [[hematoma]] or fluid collection)

===Postoperative oliguria===
Patients usually have decrease in urine output after a major operation that may be a normal physiological response to:
* fluid/ blood loss – decreased glomerular filtration rate secondary to hypovolemia and/or hypotension
* response of adrenal cortex to stress -increase in [[aldosterone]] (Na and water retention) and [[antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH) release

==Oliguria in infants==
Oliguria, when defined as less than 1 mL/kg/h, in [[infant]]s is not considered to be a reliable sign of renal failure.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Arant B | title = Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life | journal = Pediatr Nephrol | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 308–13 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3153294 | doi = 10.1007/BF00849229}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.redurine.com/illnesses/oliguria.html Oliguria]
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{{Urinary system symptoms and signs}}

[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Urinary system]]

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