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{{Redirect|Unabomber}}
{{Infobox criminal
| subject_name       = Ted Kaczynski
| image_name         = Unabomber free image.jpg
| image_alt          = A man in a jacket with handcuffs
| image_caption      = Ted Kaczynski, The Unabomber
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1942|5|22}}
| birth_place        = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| alias              = The Unabomber
| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment|Life in prison without the possibility of parole]]
| conviction_status  = [[Incarceration|Incarcerated]] at [[ADX Florence]], #04475–046
| occupation         = Former [[professor|assistant professor]] of [[mathematician|mathematics]]
}}
'''Theodore John "Ted" Kaczynski''' ({{pron-en|kəˈzɪnski}}; born May 22, 1942), also known as the '''Unabomber''' (University and Airline Bomber), is an [[United States|American]] [[mathematician]] and [[social criticism|social critic]], who engaged in a [[mail bomb]]ing spree that spanned nearly 20 years, killing three people and injuring 23 others.

He was born in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], where, as an intellectual [[child prodigy]], he excelled academically from an early age. Kaczynski was accepted into [[Harvard University]] at the age of 16, where he earned an undergraduate degree, and later earned a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in mathematics from the [[University of Michigan]]. He became an assistant professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] at age 25 but resigned two years later.

In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water, in [[Lincoln, Montana]], where he lived as a [[recluse]] while learning [[survival skills]] in an attempt to become [[self-sufficient]].<ref name="ef-interview"/> He decided to start a [[bombing]] campaign after watching the [[wilderness]] around his home being destroyed by development.<ref name="ef-interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.insurgentdesire.org.uk/tedk.htm|title=Interview with Ted Kaczynski, Administrative Maximum Facility Prison, Florence, Colorado, USA|date=June 1999 |work=Earth First Journal!|accessdate=March 14, 2009}}</ref> From 1978 to 1995, Kaczynski sent 16 bombs to targets including universities and airlines, killing three people and injuring 23. Kaczynski sent a letter to ''[[The New York Times]]'' on April 24, 1995 and promised "to desist from [[terrorism]]" if the ''Times'' or ''[[The Washington Post]]'' published his [[manifesto]]. In his ''[[s:Industrial Society and Its Future|Industrial Society and Its Future]]'' (also called the "Unabomber Manifesto"), he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human [[Liberty|freedom]] necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization.

The Unabomber was the target of one of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s (FBI) most costly investigations. Before Kaczynski's identity was known, the FBI used the handle "UNABOM" ("'''UN'''iversity and '''A'''irline '''BOM'''ber") to refer to his case, which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber. Despite the FBI's efforts, he was not caught as a result of this investigation. Instead, his brother recognized Ted's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto, and tipped off the FBI. Kaczynski's lawyers were court appointed, but he eventually dismissed them because they wanted to plead insanity in order to avoid the [[death penalty]], and Kaczynski did not believe he was insane. Once it was sure that he would be defending himself on national television the court entered a [[plea bargain|plea agreement]], under which he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to [[Life imprisonment#United States|life in prison with no possibility of parole]]. Theodore Kaczynski has been designated a "[[domestic terrorist]]" by the FBI.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/speeches/solomon020608.htm |title=Major Executive Speeches
|first=Jonathan |last=Solomon ([[Special Agent in Charge]], Miami Division)
|work= Federal Bureau of Investigation
|date=February 6, 2008}}</ref> Some [[anarchism|anarchist]] authors, such as [[John Zerzan]] and [[John Moore (anarchist)|John Moore]], have come to his defense, while holding some reservations about his actions and ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lemming.mahost.org/johnmoore/fragments.htm |first=John |last=Moore |title=Beyond the Fragments – A reaction to Industrial Society and Its Future |work=Green Anarchist |volume=#51 |issue=Spring 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insurgentdesire.org.uk/whoseunabomber.htm |title=InsurgentDesire.org.uk |publisher=InsurgentDesire.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crimethinc.com/texts/days/unabomber.php |title=CrimeThinc.com |publisher=CrimeThinc.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kaczynski was born on May 22, 1942, in [[Chicago, Illinois]], to second-generation [[Polish American]]s Wanda (née Dombek) and Theodore Richard Kaczynski.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/other/kaczynski.html|title=Ancestry of Ted Kaczynski |publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> At six-months of age, Ted's body was covered in hives. He was placed in isolation in a hospital where visitors were not allowed. Treatment continued for eight months. His mother wrote in March 1943, "Baby home from hospital and is healthy but quite unresponsive after his experience."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/fyi/school.tools/profiles/kaczynski/index.story.html |title=Ted Kaczynski: Evil man, or tortured soul? CNNFYI.com – retrieved November 28, 2009 7:06 pm EST |publisher=Cnn.com |date=1943-03-12 |accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref>

From grades one through four, Kaczynski attended Sherman Elementary School in Chicago. He attended grades five through eight at Evergreen Park Central School.<ref name="evaluation" /> As a result of testing conducted in the fifth grade which determined he had an [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]] of 167, he was allowed to skip the sixth grade and enroll in the seventh grade. Kaczynski described this as a pivotal event in his life. He recalled not fitting in with the older children and being subjected to their bullying. As a child, Kaczynski had a fear of people and buildings, and [[parallel play|played beside other children]] rather than interacting with them. His mother was so worried by his poor social development that she considered entering him in a study for [[Asperger syndrome|autistic]] children led by [[Bruno Bettelheim]].<ref name="evaluation">{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/trials/unabomber/documents/psychological.html|title=Pysychological Evaluation of Theodore Kaczynski |publisher=Court TV|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref>

He attended high school at [[Evergreen Park Community High School District 231|Evergreen Park Community High School]]. Kaczynski excelled academically, but found the mathematics too simple during his sophomore year. During this period of his life, Kaczynski became obsessed with mathematics, spending prolonged hours locked in his room practicing [[differential equations]] instead of socializing with his peers. Throughout secondary schooling Kaczynski had far surpassed his classmates, able to solve advanced [[Laplace Transform]]s before his senior year. He was subsequently placed in a more advanced mathematics class, yet still felt intellectually restricted. Kaczynski soon mastered the material and skipped the eleventh grade. With the help of a [[summer school]] course for English, he completed his high school education when he was 15 years old. He was encouraged to apply to [[Harvard University]], and was subsequently accepted as a student beginning in fall 1958 at the age of 16. While at Harvard, Kaczynski was taught by famed logician [[Willard Van Orman Quine]], scoring at the top of Quine's class with a 98.9% final grade.

He also participated in a multiple-year personality study conducted by Dr. [[Henry Murray]], an expert on stress interviews.<ref name=evaluation /> Students in Murray's [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA)-sponsored study were told they would be debating personal philosophy with a fellow student.<ref name="making" /> Instead they were subjected to a "purposely brutalizing psychological experiment"<ref name="making">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/06/chase.htm|title=Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber|work=The Atlantic|date=June 2000|author=Chase, Alston|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> stress test, which was an extremely stressful, personal, and prolonged psychological attack. During the test, students were taken into a room, strapped into a chair and connected to electrodes that monitored their physiological reactions, while facing bright lights and a [[two-way mirror]].  Each student had previously written an essay detailing their personal beliefs and aspirations: the essays were turned over to an anonymous attorney, who would enter the room and individually belittle each strapped-down student based in part on the disclosures they had made.  This was filmed, and students' expressions of impotent rage were played back to them several times later in the study. According to Chase, Kaczynski's records from that period suggest he was emotionally stable when the study began. Kaczynski's lawyers attributed some of his emotional instability and dislike of mind control to his participation in this study. <ref name="making">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/06/chase.htm|title=Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber|work=The Atlantic|date=June 2000|author=Chase, Alston|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref><ref name="shrinks">{{cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/ciashrinks.html|title=CIA Shrinks & LSD|work=CounterPunch|date=October 18, 1999|author=Cockburn, Alexander|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Young theodore kaczynski.jpeg|thumb|305px|Kaczynski as a young professor at [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], 1968|alt=A man in a suit faces the camera while he stands in front of a building.]]

Kaczynski graduated from Harvard University in 1962 and subsequently enrolled at the [[University of Michigan]], where he earned a [[PhD]] in mathematics.<ref name="evaluation" /> Kaczynski's specialty was a branch of [[complex analysis]] known as [[geometric function theory]]. His professors at Michigan were impressed with his intellect and drive. "He was an unusual person. He was not like the other graduate students," said Peter Duren, one of Kaczynski's math professors at Michigan. "He was much more focused about his work. He had a drive to discover mathematical truth." "It is not enough to say he was smart," said [[George Piranian]], another of his Michigan math professors. In fact, Kaczynski earned his Ph.D. with his thesis entitled "Boundary Functions" by solving a problem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=755308911&sid=1&Fmt=1&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD|title=BOUNDARY FUNCTIONS}}</ref> so difficult that Piranian could not figure it out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19960404&slug=2322396|title=Unabomber Suspect Is Charged – Montana Townsfolk Showed Tolerance For `The Hermit'|work=The Seattle Times|date=April 6, 1996|author=Ostrom, Carol M.|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> Maxwell Reade, a retired math professor who served on Kaczynski's [[dissertation]] committee, also commented on his thesis by noting, "I would guess that maybe 10 or 12 men in the country understood or appreciated it."<ref name=rage /> In 1967, Kaczynski won the University of Michigan's $100 Sumner B. Myers Prize, which recognized his dissertation as the school's best in mathematics that year.<ref name="rage">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E7D91139F935A15756C0A960958260&pagewanted=all|title= Prisoner of Rage – A special report.; From a Child of Promise to the Unabom Suspect |work=The New York Times|date=May 26, 1996|author=McFadden, Robert D. |accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> While a graduate student at Michigan, he held a [[National Science Foundation]] fellowship and taught undergraduates for three years. He also published two articles related to his dissertation in mathematical journals, and four more after leaving Michigan later.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meteoric Talent that Burned Out|work=Boston Globe|date=April 5, 1996|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8378920.html|authors=Howe, Peter J. and Dembner, Alice | accessdate=May 9, 2009}}</ref>

In the fall of 1967, Kaczynski became an assistant professor of mathematics at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he taught undergraduate courses in geometry and calculus. He was also noted as the youngest professor ever hired by the university. This position proved short-lived, however, as Kaczynski received numerous complaints and low ratings from the undergraduates he taught. Many students noted that he seemed quite uncomfortable in a teaching environment, often stuttering and mumbling during lectures, becoming excessively nervous in front of a class, and ignoring students during designated office hours. Without explanation, he resigned from his position in 1969, at age 26. The chairman of the mathematics department, J. W. Addison, called this a "sudden and unexpected" resignation,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E3DC1339F936A35757C0A960958260&pagewanted=all|title=On the Suspect's Trail: the Suspect; Memories of His Brilliance, And Shyness, but Little Else |work=The New York Times|date=April 5, 1996|author=Perez-Pena, Richard |accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> while vice chairman Calvin Moore said that given Kaczynski's "impressive" thesis and record of publications, "He could have advanced up the ranks and been a senior member of the faculty today."<ref>{{cite news|title=Kaczynski Ended Career in Math with no Explanation|work=Buffalo News|date=April 6, 1996|author=Morris, Willy}}</ref>

==Life in Montana==
[[File:unabomber-cabin.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The cabin that Kaczynski built and lived in, located outside of Lincoln, Montana|alt=A cabin in the woods]]

In summer 1971, Kaczynski moved into his parents' small residence in [[Lombard, Illinois|Lombard]], [[Illinois]]. Two years later, he moved into a remote cabin he built himself just outside [[Lincoln, Montana|Lincoln]], [[Montana]] where he lived a [[simple living|simple life]] on very little money, without electricity or running water. Kaczynski worked odd jobs and received financial support from his family, which he used to purchase his land and, without their knowledge, would later use to fund his bombing campaign. In 1978, he worked briefly with his father and brother at a foam-rubber factory,<ref name="rage" />  where he was fired by his brother, David, for harassing a female supervisor he had previously dated.

Kaczynski's original goal was to move out to a secluded place and become [[self-sufficient]] so that he could live [[autonomous]]ly. He began to teach himself [[survival skills]] such as [[tracking (hunting)|tracking]], [[edible plant]] identification, and how to construct primitive technologies such as [[bow drill]]s.<ref name="ef-interview"/> However, he quickly realized that it was not possible for him to live that way, as a result of watching the wild land around him get destroyed by [[real estate development|development]] and [[industrialism|industry]].<ref name="ef-interview"/> He performed isolated acts of [[sabotage]] initially, targeted at the developments near his cabin. The ultimate catalyst which drove him to begin his campaign of bombings was when he went out for a walk to one of his favorite wild spots, only to find that it had been destroyed and replaced with a road. About this, he said:

{{quote|The best place, to me, was the largest remnant of this plateau that dates from the tertiary age. It's kind of rolling country, not flat, and when you get to the edge of it you find these ravines that cut very steeply in to cliff-like drop-offs and there was even a waterfall there. It was about a two days hike from my cabin. That was the best spot until the summer of 1983. That summer there were too many people around my cabin so I decided I needed some peace. I went back to the plateau and when I got there I found they had put a road right through the middle of it" His voice trails off; he pauses, then continues, "You just can't imagine how upset I was. It was from that point on I decided that, rather than trying to acquire further wilderness skills, I would work on getting back at the system. Revenge.|Ted Kaczynski|<ref name="ef-interview"/>}}

He began dedicating himself to reading about [[sociology]] and books on [[political philosophy]], such as the works of [[Jacques Ellul]], and also stepped up his campaign of sabotage. He soon came to the conclusion that more violent methods would be the only solution to what he saw as the problem of industrial civilization. He says that he lost faith in the idea of [[reform]], and saw violent collapse as the only way to bring down the techno-industrial system.<ref name="ef-interview"/> About the idea of a reformist means of taking it down, he said:

{{quote|I don't think it can be done. In part because of the human tendency, for most people, there are exceptions, to take the path of least resistance. They'll take the easy way out, and giving up your car, your television set, your electricity, is not the path of least resistance for most people. As I see it, I don't think there is any controlled or planned way in which we can dismantle the industrial system. I think that the only way we will get rid of it is if it breaks down and collapses ... The big problem is that people don't believe a revolution is possible, and it is not possible precisely because they do not believe it is possible. To a large extent I think the eco-anarchist movement is accomplishing a great deal, but I think they could do it better... The real revolutionaries should separate themselves from the reformers… And I think that it would be good if a conscious effort was being made to get as many people as possible introduced to the wilderness. In a general way, I think what has to be done is not to try and convince or persuade the majority of people that we are right, as much as try to increase tensions in society to the point where things start to break down. To create a situation where people get uncomfortable enough that they’re going to rebel. So the question is how do you increase those tensions?|Ted Kaczynski|<ref name="ef-interview"/>}}

==Bombings==
[[File:Unibomber bomb.JPG|thumb|left|An FBI reproduction of a bomb created by Kaczynski on display at the [[Newseum]] in Washington, D.C.|alt=A bomb with wires in a wooden box]]

===Initial bombings===
Kaczynski's activities came to the attention of the FBI in 1978 with the explosion of his first, primitive homemade bomb. Over the next 17 years, he mailed or hand delivered a series of increasingly sophisticated explosive devices that killed three people and injured 24 more.

The first mail bomb was sent in late May 1978 to [[materials science|materials engineering]] professor Buckley Crist at [[Northwestern University]]. The package was found in a parking lot at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]], with Crist's return address. The package was "returned" to Crist. However, when Crist received the package, he noticed that it was not addressed in his own handwriting. Suspicious of a package he had not sent, he contacted campus policeman Terry Marker, who opened the package, which exploded immediately. Although Marker only received minimal injuries, he required medical assistance at [[Evanston Hospital]] for his left hand.<ref name="chrono 1978">{{cite web|accessdate=July 5, 2008|url=http://www.courttv.com/trials/unabomber/chronology/chron_7882.html|title=The Unabomber: A Chronology (1978–1982) |publisher=Court TV }}</ref>

The bomb was made of metal that could have come from a home workshop. The primary component was a piece of metal pipe, about {{convert|1|in}} in diameter and {{convert|9|in}} long. The bomb contained smokeless explosive powders, and the box and the plugs that sealed the pipe ends were handcrafted from wood. In comparison, most [[pipe bomb]]s usually use threaded metal ends sold in many hardware stores. Wooden ends lack the strength to allow significant pressure to build within the pipe, explaining why the bomb did not cause severe damage. The primitive trigger device that the bomb employed was a nail, tensioned by rubber bands designed to slam into six common match heads when the box was opened. The match heads would immediately burst into flame and ignite the explosive powders. However, when the trigger hit the match heads, only three ignited. A more efficient technique, later employed by Kaczynski, is to use batteries and heat filament wire to ignite the explosives faster and more effectively.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=July 6, 2008|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE4DF1E39F935A25757C0A960958260&pagewanted=all|title=Cabin's Inventory Provides Insight |work=The New York Times|date=April 16, 1996|author=Johnston, David }}</ref>

The initial 1978 bombing was followed by bombs sent to airline officials, and in 1979 a bomb was placed in the cargo hold of [[American Airlines Flight 444]], a [[Boeing 727]] flying from Chicago to Washington, D.C. The bomb began smoking, forcing the pilot to make an [[emergency landing]]. Some passengers were treated for [[smoke inhalation]]. Only a faulty timing mechanism prevented the bomb from exploding. Authorities said it had enough firepower to "obliterate the plane."<ref name="chrono 1978" />

As bombing an airliner is a [[federal crime]] in the United States, the FBI became involved after this incident and derived the code name UNABOM (UNiversity and Airline BOMber). U.S. Postal Inspectors, who initially had the case, called the suspect the Junkyard Bomber because of the material used to make the mail bombs. In 1979, an FBI-led task force that included the ATF and U.S. Postal Inspection Service was formed to investigate the case. The task force would grow to more than 150 full-time investigators, analysts, and others. This team made every possible [[forensics|forensic]] examination of recovered components of the explosives and studied the lives of victims in minute detail. These efforts proved of little use in identifying the suspect, who built his bombs essentially from "scrap" materials available almost anywhere. The victims, investigators later learned, were chosen irregularly from library research.

In 1980, chief agent [[John E. Douglas|John Douglas]], working with agents in the FBI's [[Behavioral Analysis Unit|Behavioral Sciences Unit]], issued a psychological [[criminal profiler|profile]] of the unidentified bomber which described the offender as a man with above-average intelligence with connections to academia. This profile was later refined to characterize the offender as a [[Neo-Luddism|neo-Luddite]] holding an academic degree in the hard sciences, but this psychologically based profile was discarded in 1993 in favor of an alternative theory developed by FBI analysts concentrating on the physical evidence in recovered bomb fragments. In this rival profile, the bomber suspect was characterized as a blue-collar airplane mechanic.<ref>{{cite web|author= Franks, Lucinda|title=Don't Shoot|work=The New Yorker|date=July 22, 1996|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1996/07/22/1996_07_22_026_TNY_CARDS_000375118|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> A 1-800 hot line was set up by the UNABOM Task Force to take any calls related to the Unabomber investigation, with a $1 million reward for anyone who could provide information leading to the Unabomber's capture.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=February 4, 2009|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D81530F934A35753C1A965958260&pagewanted=all|title= Clue and $1 Million Reward In Case of the Serial Bomber |work=The New York Times|date=October 7, 1993|author=Labaton, Stephen }}</ref>

===Casualties===
The first serious injury occurred in 1985, when John Hauser, a graduate student and Captain in the [[United States Air Force]], lost four fingers and vision in one eye.<ref name="chronology 1985">{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/trials/unabomber/chronology/chron_8587.html|title=The Unabomber: A Chronology (1985–1987)|publisher=Court TV|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> The bomb, like others of Kaczynski's, was handcrafted and made with wooden parts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kaczynski Beard May Confuse Witness|work=The Washington Post|date=April 11, 1996|author=Claiborne, William|page=§A, p. A11}}</ref>

In 1985, a California computer store owner, 38-year-old Hugh Scrutton, was killed by a nail-and-splinter-loaded bomb, placed in the parking lot of his store. A similar attack against a computer store occurred in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] on February 20, 1987. The bomb, which was disguised as a piece of lumber, injured Gary Wright when he attempted to remove it from the store's parking lot. The explosion severed nerves in Wright's left arm and propelled more than 200 pieces of shrapnel into his body. Kaczynski's brother, David—who would play a vital role in Ted's looming capture by alerting federal authorities to the prospect of his brother being involved in the Unabomber cases— sought out and became friends with Wright after Ted was detained in 1996. David Kaczynski and Wright have remained friends and occasionally conduct speaking engagements on reconciliation together.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/06/06/unabomber.brother/index.html|title= Unabomber's brother, victim forge unique friendship|publisher=CNN|date=June 6, 2008|author=Lavandera, Ed|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref>

After a six-year hiatus, Kaczynski struck again in 1993, mailing a bomb to [[David Gelernter]], a [[computer science]] professor at [[Yale University]]. Though critically injured, Gelernter eventually recovered. Another bomb mailed in the same weekend was sent to the home of[[ geneticist]] Charles Epstein from [[University of California, San Francisco]], who lost multiple fingers upon opening it. Kaczynski then called Gelernter's brother, Joel Gelernter, a behavioral geneticist, and told him, "You are next."<ref>{{cite news | first=Elizabeth | last=Shogren | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Mail Bomb Attack Leaves Yale Computer Scientist in Critical Condition | date=1993-06-25 | publisher= | url =http://articles.latimes.com/1993-06-25/news/mn-7044_1_mail-bomb | work =[[The Los Angeles Times]] | pages = | accessdate = 2009-09-20 | language = }}</ref> Geneticist [[Phillip Sharp]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] also received a threatening letter two years later.<ref name="chronology 1988">{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/trials/unabomber/chronology/chron_8895.html|title=The Unabomber: A Chronology (1988–1995)|publisher=Court TV|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> Kaczynski wrote a letter to ''The New York Times'' claiming that his "group", called FC, was responsible for the attacks.

In 1994, [[Burson-Marsteller]] executive Thomas J. Mosser was killed by a mail bomb sent to his North Caldwell, New Jersey home. In another letter to ''The New York Times'' Kaczynski claimed that FC "blew up Thomas Mosser because [...] Burston-Marsteller{{sic}} helped [[Exxon]] clean up its public image after the [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|Exxon Valdez incident]]" and, more importantly, because "its business is the development of techniques for manipulating people's attitudes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/trials/unabomber/transcripts/012298.html|title=U.S. v. Kaczynski Trial Transcripts |publisher=Court TV|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> This was followed by the 1995 murder of [[Gilbert Murray (lobbyist)|Gilbert Murray]], president of the [[timber industry]] lobbying group California Forestry Association, by a mail bomb actually addressed to previous president William Dennison, who had retired.<ref name="chronology 1988" />

In all, 16 bombs—which injured 23 people and killed three—were attributed to Kaczynski. While the devices varied widely through the years, all but the first few contained the initials "FC".  Inside his bombs, certain parts carried the inscription "FC", which Kaczynski later asserted stood for "Freedom Club". Latent fingerprints on some of the devices did not match the fingerprints found on letters attributed to Kaczynski. As stated in the FBI affidavit:

{{quote|203. Latent fingerprints attributable to devices mailed and/or placed by the UNABOM subject were compared to those found on the letters attributed to Theodore Kaczynski. According to the FBI Laboratory no forensic correlation exists between those samples.<ref name=Affidavit>{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/archive/casefiles/unabomber/documents/affidavit.html|title=Affidavit of Assistant Special Agent in Charge|publisher=Court TV|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref>}}

One of Kaczynski's tactics was leaving false clues in every bomb. He would make them hard to find so as to purposely mislead investigators into thinking they had a clue. The first clue was a metal plate stamped with the initials "FC" hidden somewhere (usually in the pipe end cap) in every bomb.<ref name=Affidavit/> One false clue he left was a note in a bomb that did not detonate which reads "Wu—It works! I told you it would—RV".<ref name="tracking" /> A more obvious clue was the [[Eugene O'Neill]] $1 stamps used to send his boxes.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=July 5, 2008|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/lrb/articles/0,6109,537856,00.html|title=The end of anon: literary sleuthing from Shakespeare to Unabomber |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=August 16, 2001 | location=London}}</ref> One of his bombs was sent embedded in a copy of [[Sloan Wilson]]’s novel, ''Ice Brothers''.<ref name="chrono 1978" />

The FBI theorized that Kaczynski had a theme of nature, trees and wood in his crimes.  He often included bits of tree branch and bark in his bombs.  Targets selected included Percy Wood, Professor Leroy Wood Bearson and Thomas Mosser.  Crime writer Robert Graysmith noted "In the Unabomber's case a large factor was his obsession with wood."<ref>Graysmith, Robert Unabomber: A Desire to Kill (1997) Berkely Publishing ISBN 0-425-16725-9</ref>

===List of bombings===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Date
! Location
! Victims
! Injuries
|-
| 1978
| May 25–26
| [[Northwestern University]], Evanston, Illinois
| Terry Marker, campus police officer
| minor
|-
|rowspan="2"|1979
| May 9
| Northwestern University
| John Harris, graduate student
| slight
|-
| November 15
| Chicago, Illinois
| 12 [[American Airlines]] passengers
| smoke inhalation
|-
| 1980
| June 10
| Chicago
| Percy Wood, [[United Airlines]] President
| cuts and burns
|-
| 1981
| October 8
| [[University of Utah]], Salt Lake City, Utah
| none—bomb defused
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1982
| May 5
| [[Vanderbilt University]], Nashville, Tennessee
| Janet Smith, university secretary
| severe injury to hands requiring extensive rehabilitative treatment
|-
| July 2
| [[University of California, Berkeley]], California
| [[Diogenes Angelakos]], professor
| right hand and face; near complete recovery
|-
|rowspan="4"|1985
| May 15
| University of California, Berkeley
| John Hauser, graduate student
| partial loss of vision in left eye, loss of four fingers on right hand
|-
| June 13
| Auburn, Washington
| none—bomb defused
|
|-
| November 15
| Ann Arbor, Michigan
| [[James V. McConnell]] and Nicklaus Suino
| McConnell: hearing loss; Suino: shrapnel wounds
|-
| December 11
| Sacramento, California
| Hugh Scrutton, computer rental store owner
| first fatality
|-
| 1987
| February 20
| Salt Lake City, Utah
| Gary Wright, computer store owner
| Severe nerve damage to left arm, reconstructive surgery required.
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993
| June 22
| Tiburon, California
| Charles Epstein, University of California geneticist
| destroyed both eardrums, lost parts of three fingers
|-
| June 24
| [[Yale University]], New Haven, Connecticut
| [[David Gelernter]], computer science professor
| right hand and right eye
|-
| 1994
| December 10
| North Caldwell, New Jersey
| Thomas J. Mosser, advertising executive
| second fatality
|-
| 1995
| April 24
| Sacramento, California
| [[Gilbert Murray (lobbyist)|Gilbert P. Murray]], timber industry lobbyist
| third fatality
|-
!colspan="5"|References:<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=February 4, 2009|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1997/unabomb/victims/|title=The Unabomber's Targets: An Interactive Map |publisher=CNN|year=1997 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080613131220/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1997/unabomb/victims/ |archivedate = June 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|accessdate=February 4, 2009|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/bkgrdstories.victims.htm|title=To Unabomb Victims, a Deeper Mystery |work=The Washington Post|date=April 14, 1996|page=A01|author=Lardner, George; Adams, Lorraine }}</ref>
|}

==Manifesto==
In 1995 Kaczynski [[anonymity|anonymously]] mailed several letters, including some to his former victims and others to major media outlets, outlining his goals and demanding that his 50-plus page, 35,000-word essay ''[[s:Industrial Society and Its Future|Industrial Society and Its Future]]'' (also called the "Unabomber Manifesto") be printed verbatim by a major newspaper or journal.  He stated that if this demand was met, he would then end his bombing campaign.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-30/news/mn-18891_1_los-angeles-international-airport "Unabomber Sends New Warnings"]</ref> The document was a densely written manifesto that called for a worldwide revolution against the effects of modern society's "industrial-technological system."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.summary.htm "http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.summary.htm"]</ref><ref>{{cite news |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0D6103CF935A15757C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Excerpts From Letter by 'Terrorist Group,' FC, Which Says It Sent Bombs |work=The New York Times |date=April 26, 1995 }}</ref> There was a great deal of controversy as to whether the document should be published. A further letter threatening to kill more people was sent,<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.ethics.htm "Manifesto Poses Ethical Dilemma for Two Newspapers"]</ref> and the [[United States Department of Justice]], along with FBI Director [[Louis Freeh]] and Attorney General [[Janet Reno]], recommended publication out of concern for public safety and in hopes that a reader could identify the author.  The pamphlet was then published by ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' on September 19, 1995.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.decsn.htm "Unabomber Manuscript is Published Public Safety Reasons Cited in Joint Decision by Post, N.Y. Times"]</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.pubs.htm "Statement by Papers' Publishers"]</ref>  Prior to ''The New York Times''' decision to publish the manifesto, [[Bob Guccione]] of ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' volunteered to publish it, but Kaczynski replied that, since ''Penthouse'' was less "respectable" than the other publications, he would in that case "reserve the right to plant one (and only one) bomb intended to kill, after our manuscript has been published."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,983142,00.html|title=Murderer's Manifesto|work=Time|date=July 10, 1995|author=Elson, John|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref>

Throughout the manuscript, produced on a typewriter without the capacity for italics, Kaczynski capitalizes entire words in order to show emphasis. He always refers to himself as either "we" or "FC" (Freedom Club), though he appears to have acted alone.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} [[Donald Wayne Foster|Donald Foster]], who analyzed the writing at the request of Kaczynski's defense, notes that the manuscript contains instances of irregular spelling and hyphenation, as well as other consistent linguistic idiosyncrasies (which led him to conclude that it was indeed Kaczynski who wrote it).<ref name="Crain">{{cite journal| journal = Lingua Franca| year = 1998|pages = 29–39| title = The Bard’s fingerprints| last = Crain|first = Craig }}</ref>

''Industrial Society and Its Future'' begins with Kaczynski's assertion that "the Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race."<ref name="isf-intro">F.C. 1995, §Introduction</ref> The first sections of the text are devoted to psychological analysis of various groups—primarily leftists and scientists—and of the psychological consequences for individual life within the "industrial-technological system",<ref name="isf-intro" /> which has robbed contemporary humans of their autonomy, diminished their rapport with nature, and forced them "to behave in ways that are increasingly remote from the natural pattern of human behavior." The later sections speculate about the future evolution of this system, argue that it will inevitably lead to the end of human freedom, call for a "revolution against technology", and attempt to indicate how that might be accomplished.<ref name="manifesto strategy" />

===Psychological analysis===
In his opening and closing sections, Kaczynski addresses [[Left-wing politics|Leftism]] as a movement and analyzes the psychology of leftists, arguing that they are "[[The True Believer|True Believers]] in [[Eric Hoffer]]'s sense" who participate in a powerful social movement to compensate for their lack of personal power. He further claims that leftism as a movement is led by a particular minority of leftists whom he calls "oversocialized":

{{quote|The moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, feel and act in a completely moral way. [...] Some people are so highly socialized that the attempt to think, feel and act morally imposes a severe burden on them. In order to avoid feelings of guilt, they continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and find moral explanations for feelings and actions that in reality have a non-moral origin. We use the term "oversocialized" to describe such people.<ref>F.C. 1995, §Oversocialization</ref>}}

He goes on to explain how the nature of leftism is determined by the psychological consequences of "oversocialization." Kaczynski "attribute[s] the social and psychological problems of modern society to the fact that society requires people to live under conditions radically different from those under which the human race evolved and to behave in ways that conflict with the patterns of behavior that the human race developed while living under the earlier conditions." He further specifies the primary cause of a long list of social and psychological problems in modern society as the disruption of the "[[power process]]", which he defines as having four elements:

{{quote|The three most clear-cut of these we call goal, effort and attainment of goal. (Everyone needs to have goals whose attainment requires effort, and needs to succeed in attaining at least some of his goals.) The fourth element is more difficult to define and may not be necessary for everyone. We call it autonomy and will discuss it later.<ref>F.C. 1995, §The Power Process</ref> [...] We divide human drives into three groups: (1) those drives that can be satisfied with minimal effort; (2) those that can be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort; (3) those that cannot be adequately satisfied no matter how much effort one makes. The power process is the process of satisfying the drives of the second group.<ref>F.C. 1995, §Disruption of the Power Process in Modern Society</ref>}}

Kaczynski goes on to claim that "[i]n modern industrial society natural human drives tend to be pushed into the first and third groups, and the second group tends to consist increasingly of artificially created drives." Among these drives are "surrogate activities", activities "directed toward an artificial goal that people set up for themselves merely in order to have some goal to work toward, or let us say, merely for the sake of the 'fulfillment' that they get from pursuing the goal". He argues that these surrogate activites are not as satisfactory as the attainment of "real goals" for "many, if not most people".<ref>F.C. 1995, §Surrogate Activities</ref>

He claims that scientific research is a surrogate activity for scientists, and that for this reason "science marches on blindly, without regard to the real welfare of the human race or to any other standard, obedient only to the psychological needs of the scientists and of the government officials and corporation executives who provide the funds for research."<ref>F.C. 1995, §The Motives of Scientists</ref>

====Analysis of control methods====
As mentioned above, the result of the "disruption of the power process" is the primary cause of various maladies in society (e.g. crime, depression, etc.). Kaczynski maintains that rather than recognizing that humans currently live in "conditions that make them terribly unhappy", "the system" (i.e. industrial society) develops ways of controlling human responses to the overly stressful environment they find themselves in.

The following are current examples (according to Kaczynski) of this trend:

<blockquote>
Imagine a society that subjects people to conditions that make them terribly unhappy, then gives them the drugs to take away their unhappiness. Science fiction? It is already happening to some extent in our own society. It is well known that the rate of clinical depression had been greatly increasing in recent decades. We believe that this is due to disruption of the power process...<ref>The Unabomber Manisfesto: Industrial Society and It's Future 1995, §Control of Human Behavior (paragraph 145)</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
The entertainment industry serves as an important psychological tool of the system, possibly even when it is dishing out large amounts of sex and violence. Entertainment provides modern man
with an essential means of escape. While absorbed in television, videos, etc., he can forget stress, anxiety, frustration, dissatisfaction.<ref>The Unabomber Manisfesto: Industrial Society and It's Future 1995, §Control of Human Behavior (paragraph 147)</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Sylvan Learning Centers, for example, have had great success in motivating children to study, and psychological techniques are also used with more or less success in many conventional schools. "Parenting" techniques that are taught to parents are designed to make children accept fundamental values of the system and behave in ways that the system finds desirable.<ref>The Unabomber Manisfesto: Industrial Society and It's Future 1995, §Control of Human Behavior (paragraph 148)</ref>
</blockquote>

===Historical analysis===
In the last sections of the manifesto, Kaczynski carefully defines what he means by freedom<ref>F.C. 1995, §The Nature of Freedom</ref> and provides an argument that it would "be hopelessly difficult [...] to reform the industrial system in such a way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing our sphere of freedom".<ref>F.C. 1995, §Industrial-Technological Society Cannot be Reformed</ref> He says that "in spite of all its technical advances relating to human behavior the system to date has not been impressively successful in controlling human beings" and predicts that "[i]f the system succeeds in acquiring sufficient control over human behavior quickly enough, it will probably survive. Otherwise it will break down" and that "the issue will most likely be resolved within the next several decades, say 40 to 100 years." He gives various dystopian possibilities for the type of society which would evolve in the former case.<ref>F.C. 1995, §The Future</ref> He claims that revolution, unlike reform, is possible, and calls on sympathetic readers to initiate such revolution using two strategies: to "heighten the social stresses within the system so as to increase the likelihood that it will break down" and to "develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology".<ref>F.C. 1995, §Human Race At A Crossroads</ref> He gives various tactical recommendations, including avoiding the assumption of political power, avoiding all collaboration with leftists, and supporting free trade agreements in order to bind the world economy into a more fragile, unified whole.<ref name="manifesto strategy">F.C. 1995, §Strategy</ref>

He concludes by noting that his manifesto has "portrayed leftism in its modern form as a phenomenon peculiar to our time and as a symptom of the disruption of the power process" but that he is "not in a position to assert confidently that no such movements have existed prior to modern leftism" and says that "[t]his is a significant question to which historians ought to give their attention."<ref>F.C. 1995, §Final Note</ref>

===Related works===
As a critique of technological society, the manifesto echoed contemporary critics of technology and industrialization, such as [[John Zerzan]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Fredy Perlman]], [[Jacques Ellul]] (whose book ''The Technological Society'' was referenced in an [[s:Unnamed Essay (1971)|unnamed Kaczynski essay]], written in 1971),<ref>{{cite book|title=Unnamed Essay|author= Kaczynski, Theodore|year=1971}}</ref> [[Lewis Mumford]], [[Neil Postman]], and [[Derrick Jensen]].<ref name="unabomber's secret treatise">{{cite web|accessdate=April 23, 2009|url=http://w2.eff.org/Censorship/Terrorism_militias/sale_unabomber.analysis|title=Unabomber's Secret Treatise |work=Nation|date=September 25, 1995|author=Sale, Kirkpatrick }}</ref> Its idea of the "disruption of the power process" similarly echoed social critics emphasizing the lack of meaningful work as a primary cause of social problems, including Mumford, [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]], and [[Eric Hoffer]] (whom Kaczynski explicitly references).<ref name="unabomber's secret treatise"/><ref>F.C. 1995, §The danger of leftism</ref> The general theme was also addressed by [[Aldous Huxley]] in his dystopian novel ''[[Brave New World]]'', which Kaczynski references.<ref>F.C. 1995, §Human suffering</ref> The ideas of "oversocialization" and "surrogate activities" recall [[Freud]]'s ''[[Civilization and Its Discontents]]'' and his theories of [[rationalization (psychology)|rationalization]] and [[sublimation (psychology)|sublimation]] (the latter term being used three times in the manifesto, twice in quotes, to describe surrogate activities).<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=July 6, 2008|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983355,00.html|title=The Evolution of Despair |work=Time|date=August 28, 1995|author=Wright, Robert }}</ref>

In a ''[[Wired magazine|Wired]]'' article on the dangers of technology, titled "Why The Future Doesn't Need Us," [[Bill Joy]], cofounder of [[Sun Microsystems]], quoted [[Ray Kurzweil]]'s ''The Age of Spiritual Machines'', which quoted a passage by Kaczynski on types of society that might develop if human labor were entirely replaced by artificial intelligence. Joy wrote that, although Kaczynski's actions were "murderous, and, in my view, criminally insane", that "as difficult as it is for me to acknowledge, I saw some merit in the reasoning in this single passage. I felt compelled to confront it."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html | title= Why the future doesn't need us | work=Wired | year = 2000 | month = April |accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref>

==Search==
[[File:Unabomber-sketch.png|thumb|upright|The widely disseminated forensic sketch of the Unabomber, by Jeanne Boylan|alt=A pencil sketch of a man wearing a hood and sunglasses, with a mustache.]]

Before the publication of the manifesto, Theodore Kaczynski's brother, [[David Kaczynski]], was encouraged by his wife Linda to follow up on suspicions that Theodore was the Unabomber.<ref name=Whistleblowers>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/radio1/whistleblowers/1160076.html|title=Programme 9: September 9, 2007|publisher=[[RTÉ Radio 1]]|date=September 9, 2007|author= Kaczynski, David|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> David Kaczynski was at first dismissive, but progressively began to take the likelihood more seriously after reading the manifesto a week after it was published in September 1995. David Kaczynski browsed through old family papers and found letters dating back to the 1970s written by Ted and sent to newspapers protesting the abuses of technology and which contained phrasing similar to what was found in the Unabomber Manifesto.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=July 4, 2008|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E2DC1339F936A35757C0A960958260&pagewanted=all|title=On the Suspect's Trail: the Investigation; Long and Twisting Trail Led To Unabom Suspect's Arrest |work=The New York Times|date=April 5, 1996|author=Johnston, David }}</ref>

Prior to the publishing of the manifesto, the FBI held numerous press conferences enlisting the help of the public in identifying the Unabomber. They were convinced that the bomber was from the Chicago area (where he began his bombings), had worked or had some connection in Salt Lake City, and by the 1990s was associated with the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. This geographical information, as well as the wording in excerpts from the manifesto that were released prior to the entire manifesto being published, was what had persuaded David Kaczynski's wife, Linda, to urge her husband to read the manifesto.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=July 5, 2008|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E4D61339F934A35757C0A960958260&pagewanted=all|title= Tapestry of Links in the Unabom Inquiry |work=The New York Times|date=April 7, 1996|author=Perez-Pena, Richard }}</ref>

After the manifesto was published, the FBI received over a thousand calls a day for months in response to the offer of a $1 million reward for information leading to the identity of the Unabomber. There were also large numbers of letters mailed to the UNABOM Task Force that purported to be from the Unabomber, and thousands of suspect leads were sifted through. While the FBI was occupied with new leads, David Kaczynski first hired private investigator Susan Swanson in Chicago to investigate Ted's activities discreetly. The Kaczynski brothers had become estranged in 1990, and David had not seen Ted for ten years. David later hired Washington, D.C. attorney Tony Bisceglie to organize evidence acquired by Swanson and make contact with the FBI, given the likely difficulty in attracting the FBI's attention. He wanted to protect his brother from the danger of an FBI raid, like [[Ruby Ridge]] or the [[Waco Siege]], since he knew Ted would not take kindly to being contacted by the FBI and would likely react irrationally or violently.<ref name="pain">{{cite news|accessdate=July 5, 2008|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E3DB1039F933A25757C0A960958260&pagewanted=all|title= In Unabom Case, Pain for Suspect's Family |work=The New York Times | first=Pam | last=Belluck | date=April 10, 1996}}</ref>

In early 1996, former FBI hostage negotiator and criminal profiler Clinton R. Van Zandt was contacted by an investigator working with Tony Bisceglie. Bisceglie asked Van Zandt to compare the manifesto to typewritten copies of handwritten letters David had received from his brother. Van Zandt's initial analysis determined that there was better than a 60 percent chance that the same person had written the letters as well as the manifesto, which had been in public circulation for half a year. Van Zandt's second analytical team determined an even higher likelihood that the letters and the manifesto were the product of the same author. He recommended that Bisceglie's client immediately contact the FBI.<ref name="pain" />

In February 1996, Bisceglie provided a copy of the 1971 essay written by Ted Kaczynski to the FBI. At the UNABOM Task Force headquarters in San Francisco, Supervisory Special Agent Joel Moss immediately recognized similarities in the writings. Linguistic analysis determined that the author of the essay papers and the manifesto were almost certainly the same. When combined with facts gleaned from the bombings and Kaczynski’s life, that analysis provided the basis for a [[search warrant]].

David Kaczynski had attempted to remain anonymous at the outset but he was swiftly identified, and within a few days, an FBI agent team was dispatched to interview David and his wife with their attorney in Washington, D.C. At this and subsequent meetings with the team, David provided letters written by his brother in their original envelopes, so the use of postmark dates enabled the enhancement of the timeline of Ted Kaczynski's activities being developed by the Task Force. David developed a respectful relationship with the primary Task Force behavioral analyst, Special Agent Kathleen M. Puckett, with whom he met many times in Washington, D.C., Texas, Chicago, and [[Schenectady, New York]], over the nearly two months before the federal search warrant was served on Theodore Kaczynski's cabin.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=July 6, 2008|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E2DE1631F936A35756C0A96E958260&pagewanted=all|title= 17-Year Search, an Emotional Discovery and Terror Ends |work=The New York Times|date=May 5, 1998|author=Johnston, David }}</ref>

==Arrest==
[[File:Theodore Kaczynski.jpg|thumb|left|Kaczynski while being booked by the police|alt=A man in an orange shirt in front of a height scale.]]

<!-- The bomb is interesting - was Kaczynski breaking his promise? Surely he or somebody else has commented on it. -->
Agents arrested Theodore Kaczynski on April 3, 1996 at his remote cabin outside[[ Lincoln, Montana]], where he was found in an unkempt state. Combing his cabin, the investigators found a wealth of bomb components, 40,000 handwritten journal pages that included bomb-making experiments and descriptions of the Unabomber crimes; and one live bomb, ready for mailing. They also found what appeared to be the original typed manuscript of the manifesto.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/year.in.review/topten/unabomb/unabomb.index.html|title=Unabomber suspect is caught, ending eight-year man-hunt|publisher=CNN|year=1996|accessdate=January 25, 2009}}</ref> By this point, the Unabomber had been the target of one of the most expensive investigations in the FBI's history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1997/unabomb/|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060618112917/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1997/unabomb/|archivedate=2006-06-18|title=The Unabomb Trial|publisher=CNN|year=1997|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref>

Paragraphs 204 and 205 of the FBI search and arrest warrant for Kaczynski stated that "experts"—many of them academics consulted by the FBI—believed the manifesto had been written by "another individual, not Theodore Kaczynski".<ref name=Affidavit/> As stated in the affidavit, only a handful of people believed Theodore Kaczynski was the Unabomber before the search warrant revealed the cornucopia of evidence in Kaczynski's isolated cabin. The search warrant affidavit written by FBI Inspector Terry D. Turchie reflects this conflict, and is striking evidence of the opposition to Turchie and his small cadre of FBI agents that included Moss and Puckett—who were convinced Theodore Kaczynski was the Unabomber—from the rest of the UNABOM Task Force and the FBI in general:

{{quote|204. Your affiant is aware that other individuals have conducted analyses of the UNABOM Manuscript __ <!-- What is the meaning of the underscore??? -->determined that the Manuscript was written by another individual, not Kaczynski, who had also been a suspect in the investigation.

205. Numerous other opinions from experts have been provided as to the identity of the unabomb subject. None of those opinions named Theodore Kaczynski as a possible author.<ref name=Affidavit/>}}

David Kaczynski had once admired and emulated his elder brother, but had later decided to leave the [[survivalism|survivalist]] lifestyle behind.<ref name="dubner-death">{{cite web | url=http://stephenjdubner.com/journalism/101899.html | title=I Don't Want To Live Long. I Would Rather Get The Death Penalty Than Spend The Rest Of My Life In Prison |work=Time|date=October 18, 1999|author=Dubner, Stephen J.|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> He had received assurances from the FBI that he would remain anonymous and that his brother would not learn who had turned him in, but his identity was leaked to [[CBS News]] in early April 1996. CBS anchorman [[Dan Rather]] called FBI director [[Louis Freeh]], who requested 24 hours before CBS broke the story on the evening news. The FBI scrambled to finish the search warrant and have it issued by a federal judge in Montana; afterwards, an internal leak investigation was conducted by the FBI, but the source of the leak was never identified.<ref name="dubner-death"/> David donated the reward money, less his expenses, to families of his brother's victims.<ref name="dubner-death"/>

After his arrest, Kaczynski was briefly among the several individuals who have been considered suspects of being the unidentified [[Zodiac Killer]]. However, he lived in Illinois during most of the killings, and was eliminated as a suspect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/zodiac/38.html |title=TruTV.com |publisher=TruTV.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/shows/haunting_evidence/mysterious_ways.html |title=TruTV.com |publisher=TruTV.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref> Among the links that raise suspicion were the fact that Kaczynski lived in the Bay Area from 1967 to 1969, the same period that most of the Zodiac's confirmed killings occurred in California, and both being highly intelligent with an interest in bombs and codes. [[Robert Graysmith]] of San Francisco, author of the book ''Zodiac'' in 1986, said the similarities are "fascinating" but undoubtedly purely coincidental.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/05/14/MN44704.DTL&type=printable|title=Kaczynski, Zodiac Killer – the Same Guy?|last=Fagan|first=Kevin|co-authors|Bill Wallace|date=14 May 1996|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=December 5, 2009}}</ref>

In 1996, a [[docudrama]] was produced titled "Unabomber: The True Story", featuring actors  [[Dean Stockwell]] as Ben Jeffries, [[Robert Hays]] as David Kaczynski and [[Tobin Bell]] as Theodore Kaczynski. In this film a determined postal inspector was followed as he tracked down the suspect and also centered on Kaczynski's brother, who played a key role in the investigation.

==Court proceedings==
Kaczynski's lawyers, headed by Montana federal defender Michael Donahoe, attempted to enter an [[insanity defense]] to save Kaczynski's life, but Kaczynski rejected this plea. A court-appointed psychiatrist diagnosed Kaczynski as suffering from [[paranoid schizophrenia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/1998/01/21news.html|title=Revolutionary suicide |publisher=Salon|author=Corey, Scott|date=January 21, 1998|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> but declared him competent to stand trial. Kaczynski's family said he would psychologically "shut down" when pressured.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1997/unabomb/accused/early/|title=A loner from youth|publisher=CNN|author=Ferguson, Paul|year=1997|accessdate=February 4, 2009 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080613131238/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1997/unabomb/accused/early/ |archivedate = June 13, 2008}}</ref> In the book, ''Technological Slavery'', Kaczynski recalls two prison psychologists, Dr. James Watterson and Dr. Michael Morrison, who visited him almost every day for a period of four years, who told him that they saw no indication that he suffered from any such serious mental illness, and that the diagnosis of his being paranoid schizophrenic was "ridiculous" and a "political diagnosis". Dr. Morrison made remarks to him about psychologists and psychiatrists providing any desired diagnosis if they are well paid for doing so.<ref name=technologicalslavery>{{cite book |title=Technological Slavery |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |publisher=Feral House|year=2010 |isbn=1932595805}}</ref>

A federal grand jury indicted Kaczynski in April 1996, on 10 counts of illegally transporting, mailing, and using bombs. He was also charged with killing Scrutton, Mosser, and Murray.<ref name="encarta">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761585870/Unabomber.html|title=Unabomber|publisher=MSN Encarta|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> On January 7, 1998, Kaczynski attempted to hang himself. Initially, the government prosecution team indicated that it would seek the death penalty for Kaczynski after it was authorized by United States Attorney General [[Janet Reno]]. David Kaczynski's attorney asked the former FBI agent who made the match between the Unabomber's manifesto and Kaczynski to ask for leniency—he was horrified to think that turning his brother in might result in his brother's death. Eventually, Kaczynski was able to avoid the death penalty by pleading guilty to all the government's charges, on January 22, 1998. Later, Kaczynski attempted to withdraw his guilty plea, arguing it was involuntary. Judge [[Garland Ellis Burrell Jr.]] denied his request. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] upheld that decision.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=July 5, 2008|url=http://www.courttv.com/trials/unabomber/chronology/|title=The Unabomber: A Chronology (The Trial) |publisher=Court TV }}</ref>

The early hunt for the Unabomber in the United States portrayed a perpetrator far different from the eventual suspect. The Unabomber Manifesto consistently uses "we" and "our" throughout, and at one point in 1993 investigators sought an individual whose first name was "Nathan", due to a fragment of a note found in one of the bombs.<ref name="tracking">{{cite news|title=Death in the Mail – Tracking a Killer|author= Blumenthal, Ralph; Kleinfield, N. R.|work=The New York Times|date=December 18, 1994|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06E0DC1238F93BA25751C1A962958260&pagewanted=all|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> However, when the case was finally presented to the public, authorities denied that there was ever anyone other than Kaczynski involved in the crimes. Explanations were later presented as to why Kaczynski targeted some of the victims he selected.<ref name=Whistleblowers/>

{{Update|type=section|date=May 2010}} <!-- presumably the auction is over by now -->
On August 10, 2006, Judge Garland Burrell Jr. ordered that personal items seized in 1996 from Kaczynski's Montana cabin should be sold at a "reasonably advertised Internet auction." Items the government considers to be bomb-making materials, such as writings that contain diagrams and "recipes" for bombs, are excluded from the sale. The auctioneer will pay the cost and will keep up to 10% of the sale price, and the rest of the proceeds must be applied to the $15 million in restitution that Burrell ordered Kaczynski to pay his victims.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=July 5, 2008|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/08/12/BAG1AKHEHF1.DTL|title=Unabomber's journal, other items to be put up for auction online
 |work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 12, 2006|author=Taylor, Michael }}</ref>

Included among Kaczynski's holdings to be auctioned are his original writings, journals, correspondences, and other documents allegedly found in his cabin. The judge ordered that all references in those documents that allude to any of his victims must be removed before they are sold. Kaczynski has challenged those ordered redactions in court on [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|first amendment]] grounds, arguing that any alteration of his writings is an [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]] violation of his [[freedom of speech in the United States|freedom of speech]].<ref name="halt" />

==Life in prison==
[[File:ADX Florence.jpg|thumb|[[Florence ADMAX USP]], where Kaczynski is incarcerated]]
[[File:Unibomber shack.JPG|thumb|Kaczynski's cabin at the [[Newseum]] in Washington, D.C.|alt=The interior of a wooden cabin]]

Kaczynski is serving a [[life sentence]] without the possibility of [[parole]] as [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] register number 04475–046 in [[ADX Florence]], the federal Administrative Maximum Facility [[supermax]] near Florence, Colorado.<ref name="halt">{{cite news|work=The New York Times|date=January 22, 2007|title=Unabomber Wages Legal Battle to Halt the Sale of Papers |author= Kovaleski, Serge F.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/us/22unabomber.html|accessdate=July 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=04475-046 Theodore John Kaczynski]." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref> When asked if he was afraid of losing his mind in prison, Kaczynski replied:
{{quote|No, what worries me is that I might in a sense adapt to this environment and come to be comfortable here and not resent it anymore. And I am afraid that as the years go by that I may forget, I may begin to lose my memories of the mountains and the woods and that's what really worries me, that I might lose those memories, and lose that sense of contact with wild nature in general. But I am not afraid they are going to break my spirit.|Ted Kaczynski|<ref name="ef-interview"/>}}

Kaczynski has been an active writer in prison. The [[Labadie Collection]], part of the [[University of Michigan Library|University of Michigan's Special Collections Library]], houses Kaczynski's correspondence from over 400 people since his arrest in April 1996, including carbon copy replies, legal documents, publications, and clippings. The names of most correspondents will be kept sealed until 2049.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/spec-coll/labadie/labadiemanuscripts.html#K | title=Labadie Manuscripts |publisher=University of Michigan Library|accessdate=February 4, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Kaczynski has also been battling in federal court in northern California over the auction of his journals and other correspondence.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=October 7, 2008|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/12/AR2008081202660.html|title=Unabomber Objects to Newseum's Exhibit |work=The Washington Post|date=August 13, 2008|author=Trescott, Jacqueline }}</ref> On January 10, 2009, however, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] in [[San Francisco]], [[California]] rejected Kaczynski's arguments that the government's sale of his writings violates his freedom of expression. His writings, books, and other possessions will be sold online, and the money raised will be sent to several of his victims.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/09/BABJ1573QM.DTL |title=Unabomber's items can be acutioned |work=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=January 11, 2009 |date=January 9, 2009 | first=Bob | last=Egelko}}</ref>

Kaczynski's cabin was removed and stored in a warehouse in an undisclosed location. It was to be destroyed, but was eventually given to Scharlette Holdman, an investigator on Kaczynski's defense team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20030505/ai_n14550345|title=Unabomber's|work=Oakland Tribune|date=May 5, 2003|author=Walsh, Denny|accessdate=February 4, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> It is on display at the [[Newseum]] in Washington, D.C. as of July 2008.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=February 4, 2009|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=5203272|title=Newseum Exhibit Features 'Unabomber' Cabin |publisher=ABC News|date=June 19, 2008|author=Zongker, Brett }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In a three-page handwritten letter to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]], Kaczynski objected to the public exhibition of the cabin, claiming it violated the victim's objection to be publicly connected with the UNABOM case.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/12/AR2008081202660.html "Unabomber Objects to Newseum's Exhibit"]</ref>

In a letter dated October 7, 2005, Kaczynski offered to donate two rare books to the [[Melville J. Herskovits]] Library of African Studies at [[Northwestern University]]'s campus in Evanston, Illinois, the location of the first two attacks. The recipient, David Easterbrook, turned the letter over to the university's archives. Northwestern rejected the offer, noting that the library already owned the volumes in English and did not desire duplicates.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=February 4, 2009|url=http://media.www.dailynorthwestern.com/media/storage/paper853/news/2005/10/31/Campus/Nu.Rejects.Unabombers.Offer.Of.Rare.African.Books-1919796.shtml|title=NU rejects Unabomber's offer of rare African books |work=The Daily Northwestern|date=October 31, 2005|author=Pond, Lauren }}</ref>

[[David Kaczynski]], Theodore's brother and the person who turned him in to the FBI, has never received a response to the monthly letters he sends to Theodore in prison, as of 2007.<ref name=Whistleblowers/>

Kaczynski has continued to write while in prison.  In 2010, a collection of his essays and a corrected version of the Manifesto were published by [[Feral House]], under the title ''Technological Slavery''.

==See also==
* [[Anarcho-primitivism]], an anarchist movement encompassing many of Kaczynski's views
* [[CLODO]], a 1980s group of neo-Luddite saboteurs from France
* ''[[Das Netz]]'', a film about Kaczynski
* ''[[Green Anarchy]]'', an anarchist magazine that published some of Kaczynski's writings, including the ''[[Ship of Fools (story)|Ship of Fools]]'' short story
* [[Propaganda by deed]], anarchist concept that sees action as being a form of propaganda
* [[Unabomber for President]], a political campaign which aimed to elect the Unabomber in the 1996 United States presidential election
* [[John Zerzan]], an anarcho-primitivist philosopher who defended Kaczynski's writings and was a confidant to him during his trial
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=The Unabomber Manifesto: Industrial Society & Its Future|author=F.C.|publisher=Jolly Roger Pr|date=October 1995|last=F.C.|isbn=0963420526|ref=CITEREFF.C.1995|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future}}
* {{cite book|title=The Road to Revolution: the complete writings of Theodore J. Kazcynski |author=Theodore Kaczynski|publisher=Xenia Books Pr|date=October 2008|isbn=978-2-88892-065-6}}
* Alston Chase. ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist''. Norton, 2003. ISBN 978-0393020021
* Theodore Kaczynski (May 2010).  ''Technological Slavery''.  Feral House.

==External links==
{{wikisource-author}}
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Mathgenealogy|5470}}
* [http://www.tatom.org/documents/Kaczynski's%20comments%20on%20McVeigh.htm Kaczynski's letter to the writers of the book, American Terrorist]
* [http://www.lectlaw.com/files/cur55.htm Text of Unabomber's Letter Received by N.Y. Times April 26, 1995]
* [http://www.montanaheritageproject.org/edheritage/1910/unabomber.htm Text of Letter from Unabomber to Dr. David Gelernter]
* [http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Ted_Kaczynski__Letter_to_a_Turkish_anarchist.html Letter to a Turkish anarchist]
* [http://www.rpi.edu/~bulloj/tjk/tjk.html Published Works of Theodore Kaczynski] — mathematical papers
* [http://cyber.eserver.org/unabom.txt  Theodore Kaczynski manifesto]
* [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-080302ted-photogallery,0,5690554.photogallery The Unabomber's family photo album – Chicago Tribune]
* [http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/february1/unabomber-ethics-question-020110.html Unabomber's writings raise uneasy ethical questions for Stanford scholar]

{{Good article}}

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|NAME = Kaczynski, Theodore John
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = the Unabomber
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American terrorist
|DATE OF BIRTH = May 22, 1942
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Chicago, Illinois, United States
|DATE OF DEATH =
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[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American activists]]
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[[Category:American anarchists]]
[[Category:Anarcho-primitivists]]
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]
[[Category:Green anarchists]]
[[Category:Individualist anarchists]]
[[Category:Prisoners at ADX Florence]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:People from Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Evergreen Park, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Montana]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government]]
[[Category:American people imprisoned on charges of terrorism]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by the United States federal government]]
[[Category:The FBI Files]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States]]
[[Category:People imprisoned on charges of terrorism]]

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