View source for Terrorism

{{Redirect|Terrorist}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{terrorism}}
'''Terrorism''' is the systematic use of [[fear|terror]] especially as a means of [[coercion]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrorism
|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/terrorism
|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
|year=1795}}</ref>
At present, the International community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law [[definition of terrorism#In international law|definition of terrorism]].<ref>Angus Martyn, [http://www.aph.gov.au/library/Pubs/CIB/2001-02/02cib08.htm The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September], Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002.</ref><ref>Thalif Deen. [http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=29633 POLITICS: U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism], [[Inter Press Service]], 25 July 2005.</ref> Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political or ideological goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of [[non-combatant]]s (civilians).{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Some definitions also include acts of [[Law|unlawful]] violence and war. The history of terrorist organizations suggests that they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness.<ref name="Abrahm">{{cite journal |last = Abrahms |first = Max |title = What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Counterterrorism Strategy| journal = [[International Security]] |volume = 32 |issue = 4 |pages = 86–89 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = Cambridge, MA |date = March 2008 |url = http://maxabrahms.com/pdfs/DC_250-1846.pdf |format = PDF 1933 [[KB]] |issn = 0162-2889 |accessdate = 2008-11-04 }}</ref> Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined.<ref name="Abrahm"/>

The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged,<ref name="Hoffman-1998-p31">Hoffman, Bruce "''Inside Terrorism''" [[Columbia University Press]] 1998 ISBN 0-231-11468-0. p. 32. See review in The [[New York Times]][http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html Inside Terrorism].</ref> and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. Studies have found over 100 definitions of “terrorism”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub207.pdf |title=Bounding the Global War on  Terrorism |last=Record |first=Jeffrey |date=December 2003 |publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]] (SSI) |quote=The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. |accessdate=2009-11-11}}</ref><ref>Schmid, Alex, and Jongman, Albert. Political Terrorism: A new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature. Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland ; New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1988.</ref> The concept of terrorism may itself be controversial as it is often used by state authorities to delegitimize political or other opponents,<ref name=tws11janx33225/> and potentially legitimize the state's own use of armed force against opponents (such use of force may itself be described as "terror" by opponents of the state).<ref name=tws11janx33225/><ref name=tws11jan757>{{cite news
|author= Elysa Gardner
|title= Harold Pinter: Theater's singular voice falls silent 
|quote= In 2004, he earned the prestigious Wilfred Owen prize for a series of poems opposing the war in Iraq. In his acceptance speech, Pinter described the war as "a bandit act, an act of blatant state terrorism, demonstrating absolute contempt for the concept of international law."
|publisher= USA Today
|date= 2008-12-25
|url= http://www.usatoday.com/life/theater/news/2008-12-25-pinter_N.htm
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref>

Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political organizations for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, [[nationalism|nationalistic]] groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071797 |title=Terrorism |accessdate= 2006-08-11 |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |page=3}}</ref> One form is the use of violence against [[noncombatant]]s for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asap-spssi.org/pdf/asap019.pdf |title=The Definition of Terrorism |format=PDF |year=2002 |first=Charles L. |last=Ruby |accessdate=2010-02-22}}</ref>

==Origin of term==
{{See also|State terrorism}}
"Terror" comes from a Latin ''terrere'' meaning "to frighten".<ref name=tws11janrdw>{{cite news
|author= Kim Campbell
|title= When is 'terrorist' a subjective term?
|quote= New York Times columnist William Safire wrote that the word "terrorist" has its roots in the Latin terrere, which means "to frighten."
|publisher= Christian Science Monitor
|date= September 27, 2001 
|url= http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0927/p16s2-wogi.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> The ''terror cimbricus'' was a panic and state of emergency in Rome in response to the approach of warriors of the [[Cimbri]] tribe in 105 BC. The [[Jacobin Club|Jacobins]] cited this precedent when imposing a [[Reign of Terror]] during the French Revolution.<ref name=tws11janr987>{{cite news
|author= Kim Campbell
|title= When is 'terrorist' a subjective term?
|quote= The French were the first to coin the term, he says.
|publisher= Christian Science Monitor
|date= September 27, 2001 
|url= http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0927/p16s2-wogi.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref><ref name=tws11jane435>{{cite news
|author= Geoffrey Nunberg
|title= Head Games / It All Started with Robespierre / "Terrorism": The history of a very frightening word
|quote= In 1792 the Jacobins came to power in France and initiated what we call the Reign of Terror and what the French call simply La Terreur.
|publisher= San Francisco Chronicle
|date= October 28, 2001
|url= http://articles.sfgate.com/2001-10-28/opinion/17622543_1_terrorism-robespierre-la-terreur
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> After the Jacobins lost power, the word "terrorist" became a term of abuse.<ref name=tws11janx33225>{{cite news
|author= Geoffrey Nunberg
|title= Head Games / It All Started with Robespierre / "Terrorism": The history of a very frightening word
|quote= For the next 150 years the word "terrorism" led a double life – a justifiable political strategy to some an abomination to others
|publisher= San Francisco Chronicle
|date= October 28, 2001
|url= http://articles.sfgate.com/2001-10-28/opinion/17622543_1_terrorism-robespierre-la-terreur
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> Although the Reign of Terror was imposed by a government, in modern times "terrorism" usually refers to the killing of innocent people<ref name=tws11jan1q22>{{cite news
|author= Robert Mackey
|title= Can Soldiers Be Victims of Terrorism?
|quote= Terrorism is the deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, in order to spread fear through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders.
|publisher= The New York Times
|date= November 20, 2009
|url= http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/define-terrorism/
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> by a private group in such a way as to create a media spectacle.<ref name=tws11janteer>{{cite news
|author= Jeremy Lott
|title= Suicide Blunderers: Terrorists kill selves, blame Jews.
|quote= The World Trade Center and Pentagon bombings were an unthinkable masterstroke, producing a media spectacle that rocked the world.
|publisher= Reason Magazine
|date= December 5, 2001
|url= http://reason.com/archives/2001/12/05/suicide-blunderers
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> This meaning can be traced back to [[Sergey Nechayev]], who described himself as a "terrorist".<ref name="Crenshaw77">Crenshaw, Martha, ''Terrorism in Context'', p. 77.</ref> Nechayev founded the Russian terrorist group "People's Retribution" (Народная расправа) in 1869.

In November 2004, a [[United Nations Secretary General]] report described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act".<!-- ''(Note that this report does not constitute [[international law]])'' --><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Reform |publisher=United Nations |date=2005-03-21 |url=http://www.un.org/unifeed/script.asp?scriptId=73 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070427012107/http://www.un.org/unifeed/script.asp?scriptId=73|archivedate=2007-04-27 |accessdate=2008-07-11 |quote=The second part of the report, entitled "Freedom from Fear backs the definition of terrorism – an issue so divisive agreement on it has long eluded the world community – as any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act"}}</ref>

==Definition==
{{Main|Definition of terrorism}}
The [[definition of terrorism]] has proved controversial. Various legal systems and government agencies use different [[Anti-terrorism legislation|definitions of terrorism in their national legislation]]. Moreover, the International community has been slow to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding definition of this crime. These difficulties arise from the fact that the term "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged.<ref name="Hoffman-1998-p32">Hoffman (1998), p. 32, See review in The [[New York Times]][http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html Inside Terrorism].</ref> In this regard, Angus Martyn, briefing the Australian Parliament, stated that "The international community has never succeeded in developing an accepted comprehensive definition of terrorism. During the 1970s and 1980s, the United Nations attempts to define the term floundered mainly due to differences of opinion between various members about the use of violence in the context of conflicts over national liberation and [[self-determination]]."<ref>Martyn (2002)</ref> These divergences have made it impossible for the [[United Nations]] to conclude a [[Definition of terrorism#Proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism|Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism]] that incorporates a single, all-encompassing, legally binding, criminal law definition terrorism.<ref>Diaz-Paniagua (2008),  p. 47.</ref> Nonetheless, the [[international community]] has adopted a series of [[Definition of terrorism#The sectoral approach|sectoral conventions]] that define and criminalize various types of terrorist activities. Moreover, since 1994, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] has repeatedly condemned terrorist acts using the following political description of terrorism: "Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them."<ref>1994 United Nations Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism annex to UN General Assembly resolution 49/60 ,"Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism," of December 9, 1994, [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r060.htm  UN Doc. A/Res/60/49].</ref>

[[Bruce Hoffman]], a well-known scholar, has noted that: 

{{quote|It is not only individual agencies within the same governmental apparatus that cannot agree on a single definition of terrorism. Experts and other long-established scholars in the field are equally incapable of reaching a [[consensus]]. In the first edition of his magisterial survey, “Political terrorism: A Research Guide,” Alex Schmid devoted more than a hundred pages to examining more than a hundred different definition of terrorism in a effort to discover a broadly acceptable, reasonably comprehensive explication of the word. Four years and a second edition later, Schimd was no closer to the goal of his quest, conceding in the first sentence of the revised volume that the “search for an adequate definition is still on” Walter Laqueur despaired of defining terrorism in both editions of his monumental work on the subject, maintaining that it is neither possible to do so nor worthwhile to make the attempt.”<ref>Bruce Hoffman, ''Inside terrorism'', 2 ed., Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 34.</ref>}}

Nonetheless, Hoffman himself believes it is possible to identify some key characteristics of terrorism. He proposes that:

{{quote|By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and terrorism from other forms of crime, we come to appreciate that terrorism is :
* ineluctably [[political]] in aims and [[Base motive|motive]]s
* violent – or, equally important, threatens [[violence]]
* designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target
* conducted by an organization with an identifiable [[chain of command]] or [[Clandestine cell system|conspiratorial cell structure]] (whose members wear no [[uniform]] or identifying insignia) and
* perpetrated by a subnational group or [[Non-state actor|non-state]] entity.<ref>Bruce Hoffman, ''Inside terrorism'', 2 ed., Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 41.</ref>}}

A definition proposed by Carsten Bockstette at the [[George C. Marshall Center for European Security Studies]], underlines the psychological and tactical aspects of terrorism:

{{quote|Terrorism is defined as political violence in an [[asymmetrical conflict]] that is designed to induce terror and psychic [[fear]] (sometimes indiscriminate) through the violent [[victimisation|victimization]] and destruction of [[noncombatant]] [[Targeting (warfare)|targets]] (sometimes iconic symbols). Such acts are meant to send a message from an illicit clandestine organization. The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the [[Media (communication)|media]] in order to achieve maximum attainable [[publicity]] as an amplifying force multiplier in order to influence the targeted audience(s) in order to reach short- and midterm [[political]] goals and/or desired long-term end states."<ref name=Bockstette2008>{{cite journal |author = Bockstette, Carsten |year = 2008 |title = Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication Management Techniques |issue = 20 |url = http://www.marshallcenter.org/mcpublicweb/MCDocs/files/College/F_ResearchProgram/occPapers/occ-paper_20-en.pdf  |accessdate = 2009-01-01 |journal = George C. Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series |issn = 1863-6039 |format=PDF}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>}}

Walter Laqueur, of the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], noted that "the only general characteristic of terrorism generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence".{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} This criterion alone does not produce, however, a useful definition, since it includes many violent acts not usually considered terrorism: [[war]], [[riot]], [[organized crime]], or even a simple [[assault]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} Property destruction that does not endanger life is not usually considered a [[violent crime]],{{Whom?|date=March 2010}} but some have described property destruction by the [[Earth Liberation Front]]<ref name=tws11jangjh>{{cite news
|author= Ronald Bailey
|title= Earth Liberation Front Terrorist Gets 22 Years in Prison for Anti-Biotech Arson
|quote= Marie Mason decided to "elevate her grievances beyond the norms of civilized society" through fire and destruction, U.S. District Judge Paul Maloney said. The case _ which was prosecuted as domestic terrorism ...
|publisher= Reason Magazine
|date= February 6, 2009
|url= http://reason.com/blog/2009/02/06/earth-liberation-front-terrori
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> and [[Animal Liberation Front]]<ref name=tws11jan4132>{{cite news
|author= Daniel Schorn
|title= Ed Bradley Reports On Extremists Now Deemed Biggest Domestic Terror Threat
|quote= The biggest act of eco-terrorism in U.S. history was a fire ... Animal Liberation Front, whose masked members have been known to videotape themselves breaking into research labs, ...
|publisher= 60 Minutes
|date= June 18, 2006
|url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/10/60minutes/main1036067.shtml
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> as violence and terrorism; see [[eco-terrorism]].

Terrorist attacks are usually carried out in such a way as to maximize the severity and length of the psychological impact.<ref name=tws11janjlk>{{cite news
|author= Bruce Hoffman
|title= The Logic of Suicide Terrorism
|quote= ...terrorism is meant to produce psychological effects that reach far beyond the immediate victims of the attack.
|publisher= The Atlantic
|date= June 2003
|url= http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/hoffman
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> Each act of terrorism is a “performance” devised to have an impact on many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols,<ref name=tws11janbgfv>{{cite news
|author= Rick Hampson
|title= Statue of Liberty gets her view back
|quote= On Saturday, the statue, closed above its base since the terror attacks, will reopen to visitors — a relative few, in small groups, specially ticketed, carefully screened and escorted by a park ranger.
|publisher= USA Today
|date= 2009-07-06
|url= http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-07-01-statue-of-liberty-crown_N.htm
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> to show power and to attempt to shake the foundation of the country or society they are opposed to. This may negatively affect a government, while increasing the prestige of the given [[terrorist organization]] and/or [[ideology]] behind a terrorist act.<ref>{{cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |title=Terror in the Mind of God |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2000 |pages=125–135}}</ref>

Terrorist acts frequently have a political purpose.<ref name=tws11janwq32>{{cite news
|title= Number of Terrorist Attacks, Fatalities
|quote= The nation's deadliest terrorist acts – attacks designed to achieve a political goal 
|publisher= Washington Post
|date= June 12, 2009
|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2009/06/12/GR2009061200051.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
| first1=<Div
| last1=Style="Border-Top;">Source
}}</ref> Terrorism is a political tactic, like letter-writing or protesting, which is used by activists when they believe that no other means will effect the kind of change they desire.{{Whom?|date=March 2010}} The change is desired so badly that failure to achieve change is seen as a worse outcome than the deaths of civilians.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} This is often where the inter-relationship between [[religious terrorism|terrorism and religion]] occurs. When a political struggle is integrated into the framework of a religious or "cosmic"<ref>{{cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |title=Terror in the Mind of God |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000}}</ref> struggle, such as over the control of an ancestral homeland or holy site such as Israel and Jerusalem, failing in the political goal (nationalism) becomes equated with spiritual failure, which, for the highly committed, is worse than their own death or the deaths of innocent civilians.<ref name=tws11jang555>{{cite news
|author= Alexander Stille
|title= Historians Trace an Unholy Alliance; Religion as the Root Of Nationalist Feeling
|quote= ''Now the context in which we see nationalism has completely changed,'' he said. Faced with the threat of Islamic fundamentalism, the West is more open to looking at the role of religion in the formation of nationalism.
|publisher= The New York Times
|date= May 31, 2003
|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/31/arts/historians-trace-an-unholy-alliance-religion-as-the-root-of-nationalist-feeling.html?pagewanted=1
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> 

Very often, the victims of terrorism are targeted not because they are threats, but because they are specific "symbols, tools, animals or corrupt beings"{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} that tie into a specific view of the world that the terrorists possess. Their suffering accomplishes the terrorists' goals of instilling fear, getting their message out to an audience or otherwise satisfying the demands of their often radical religious and political agendas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark|title=Terror in the Mind of God |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |pages=127–128}}</ref>

Some official, governmental definitions of terrorism use the criterion of the illegitimacy or unlawfulness of the act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrorism in the United States 1999 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |url=http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terror99.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref>{{Better source|date=March 2010}} to distinguish between actions authorized by a government (and thus "lawful") and those of other actors, including individuals and small groups. Using this criterion, actions that would otherwise qualify as terrorism would not be considered terrorism if they were government sanctioned.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} For example, firebombing a city, which is designed to affect civilian support for a cause, would not be considered terrorism if it were authorized by a government.{{Or|date=March 2010}} This criterion is inherently problematic and is not universally accepted,{{Attribution needed|date=March 2010}} because: it denies the existence of [[state terrorism]];<ref name=tws11jan6yu>{{cite news
|title= Iraq accuses US of state terrorism
|quote= Iraq has accused the United States of state terrorism amid signs that the war of words between the two countries is heating up. 
|publisher= BBC News
|date= 2002-02-20
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1830640.stm
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> the same act may or may not be classed as terrorism depending on whether its sponsorship is traced to a "legitimate" government; "legitimacy" and "lawfulness" are subjective, depending on the perspective of one government or another; and it diverges from the historically accepted meaning and origin of the term.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=AskOxford Search Results – terrorist |encyclopedia=AskOxford |publisher=AskOxford |accessdate=2008-07-11 |url=http://www.askoxford.com/results/?view=dev_dict&field-12668446=terrorism&branch=13842570&textsearchtype=exact&sortorder=score%2Cname}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=82104&dict=CALD |title=Cambridge International Dictionary of English |publisher=Dictionary.cambridge.org |date= |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/terrorism |title=Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |date=1979-10-20 |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=terrorism |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date=1979-10-20 |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref>

Among the various definitions there are several that do not recognize the possibility of [[Right to resist occupation|legitimate use of violence]] by civilians against an invader in an [[occupied territory|occupied country]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} Other definitions would label as terrorist groups only the [[resistance movement]]s that oppose an invader with violent acts that undiscriminately kill or harm civilians and non-combatants, thus making a distinction between lawful and unlawful use of violence.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} According to Ali Khan, the distinction lies ultimatedly in a [[politics|political]] judgment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Ali |title=A Theory of International Terrorism |publisher=Social Science Research Network |year=1987 |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=935347 |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref>

An associated, and arguably more easily definable, but ''not equivalent'' term is [[violent non-state actor]].<ref name=tws11jan4eer>{{cite news
|author= Barak Mendelsohn
|title= Sovereignty under attack: the international society meets the Al Qaeda network (abstract)
|quote= This article examines the complex relations between a violent non-state actor, the Al Qaeda network, and order in the international system. Al Qaeda poses a challenge to the sovereignty of specific states but it also challenges the international society as a whole.
|publisher= Cambridge Journals
|date= 2005-01
|url= http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=14A39C376E92196BB12E57159E36C7DF.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=274626
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> The semantic scope of this term includes not only "terrorists", but while excluding some individuals or groups who have previously been described as "terrorists", and also explicitly excludes [[state terrorism]].

==Pejorative use==
The terms "terrorism" and '''"terrorist"''' (someone who engages in terrorism) carry strong negative connotations.<ref name=tws11jangkll>{{cite news
|author= Bob Thompson
|title= Hollywood on Crusade
|quote= ... terrorism. He was widely chastised for using a word that carries major negative connotations ...
|publisher= Washington Post
|date=  May 1, 2005
|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/29/AR2005042900744.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> These terms are often used as political labels, to condemn violence or the threat of violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, unjustified or to condemn an entire segment of a population.<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/english/Special/20080113_Response_to_Head_of_GSS_Statement.asp B'Tselem] Head of ISA defines a terrorist as any Palestinian killed by Israel.</ref> Those labeled "terrorists" by their opponents rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other terms or terms specific to their situation, such as [[separatist]], [[freedom fighter]], liberator, [[revolutionary]], [[vigilante]], [[militant]], [[paramilitary]], [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]], [[rebellion|rebel]], patriot, or any similar-meaning word in other languages and cultures. [[Jihad]]i, [[mujaheddin]], and [[fedayeen]] are similar Arabic words which have entered the English lexicon. It is common for both parties in a conflict to describe each other as terrorists.<ref name=tws11janbcvc>{{cite news
|author= Paul Reynolds, quoting David Hannay, Former UK ambassador
|title= UN staggers on road to reform
|quote= This would end the argument that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter...
|publisher= BBC News
|date= 14 September 2005
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4244842.stm
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> 

On the question of whether particular terrorist acts, such as killing civilians, can be justified as the lesser evil in a particular circumstance, philosophers have expressed different views: while, according to David Rodin, [[utilitarian]] philosophers can (in theory) conceive of cases in which the evil of terrorism is outweighed by the good which could not be achieved in a less morally costly way, in practice the "harmful effects of undermining the convention of non-combatant immunity is thought to outweigh the goods that may be achieved by particular acts of terrorism".<ref name="Robin">Rodin, David (2006). Terrorism. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge.</ref> Among the non-utilitarian philosophers, [[Michael Walzer]] argued that terrorism can be morally justified in only one specific case: when "a nation or community faces the extreme threat of complete destruction and the only way it can preserve itself is by intentionally targeting non-combatants, then it is morally entitled to do so".<ref name="Robin"/><ref name=tws11jannmllk>{{cite news
|author= Peter Steinfels
|title= Beliefs; The just-war tradition, its last-resort criterion and the debate on an invasion of Iraq.
|quote= For those like Professor Walzer who value the just-war tradition as a disciplined way to think about the morality of war...
|publisher= The New York Times
|date= March 1, 2003
|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/01/us/beliefs-just-war-tradition-its-last-resort-criterion-debate-invasion-iraq.html?pagewanted=1
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> 

In his book ''Inside Terrorism'' [[Bruce Hoffman]] offered an explanation of why the term ''terrorism'' becomes distorted:
{{cquote|On one point, at least, everyone agrees: ''terrorism'' is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore. 'What is called terrorism,' [[Brian Michael Jenkins|Brian Jenkins]] has written, 'thus seems to depend on one's point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgment; and if one party can successfully attach the label ''terrorist'' to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded others to adopt its moral viewpoint.' Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization ''terrorist'' becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person/group/cause concerned. If one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is terrorism. If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive (or, at the worst, an ambivalent) light; and it is not terrorism.<ref name=tws11jant5r4>{{cite news
|author= Bruce Hoffman
|title= Inside Terrorism
|quote= Google cached copy
|publisher= Columbia University Press
|isbn= 0-231-11468-0
|page= 32
|year= 1998
|url= http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:RPT6zpTtE08J:www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html+%22everyone+agrees:+terrorism+is+a+pejorative+term%22&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=1&lr=lang_en
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref><ref name=tws11jant5r555>{{cite news
|author= Bruce Hoffman
|title= Inside Terrorism
|publisher= The New York Times
|year= 1998
|url= http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref><ref name=tws11jangbbjj>{{cite news
|author= Raymond Bonner
|title= Getting Attention: A scholar's historical and political survey of terrorism finds that it works.
|quote= ''Inside Terrorism'' falls into the category of ''must read,'' at least for anyone who wants to understand how we can respond to international acts of terror.
|publisher= ''The New York Times: Books''
|date= November 1, 1998
|url= http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/01/reviews/981101.01bonnert.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref>}}

The pejorative connotations of the word can be summed up in the [[aphorism]], "One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter".<ref name=tws11janbcvc/> This is exemplified when a group using [[irregular military]] methods is an ally of a [[Sovereign state|state]] against a mutual enemy, but later falls out with the state and starts to use those methods against its former ally. During [[World War II]], the [[Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army]] was allied with the British, but during the [[Malayan Emergency]], members of its successor (the [[Malayan Races Liberation Army]]), were branded "terrorists" by the British.<ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371060/Malayan-People's-Anti-Japanese-Army Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army] Britannica Concise.</ref><ref>Dr Chris Clark ''{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/malaya/index.htm |title= Malayan Emergency, 16 June 1948 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608150502/http://awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/malaya/index.htm |archivedate=2007-06-08}}'', 16 June 2003.</ref> More recently, [[Ronald Reagan]] and others in the American administration frequently called the [[mujaheddin#Afghan Mujahideen|Afghan Mujahideen]] "freedom fighters" during [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|their war]] against the [[Soviet Union]],<ref>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAreagan.htm Ronald Reagan, speech to National Conservative Political Action Conference] 8 March 1985. On the [[Spartacus Educational]] web site.</ref> yet twenty years later, when a new generation of Afghan men are fighting against what they perceive to be a regime installed by foreign powers, their attacks are labelled "terrorism" by [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020128-13.html |title=President Meets with Afghan Interim Authority Chairman |publisher=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |date=2002-01-29 |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref><ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060209-2.html President Discusses Progress in War on Terrorism to National Guard] [[White House]] web site February 9, 2006.</ref> Groups accused of terrorism understandably prefer terms reflecting legitimate military or ideological action.<ref>Sudha Ramachandran ''[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FK12Ak01.html Death behind the wheel in Iraq]'' [[Asian Times]], November 12, 2004, "Insurgent groups that use suicide attacks therefore do not like their attacks to be described as suicide terrorism. They prefer to use terms like "martyrdom ..."</ref><ref>Alex Perry [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1109554,00.html How Much to Tip the Terrorist?] [[Time Magazine]], September 26, 2005. "The Tamil Tigers would dispute that tag, of course. Like other guerrillas and suicide bombers, they prefer the term “freedom fighters.”</ref><ref name="TCCACR">[http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dtra/terrorism_concepts.doc Terrorism: concepts, causes, and conflict resolution] [[George Mason University]] [[Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution]], Printed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, January 2003.</ref> Leading terrorism researcher Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's [[Carleton University]], defines "terrorist acts" as attacks against civilians for political or other ideological goals, and said:
{{cquote|There is the famous statement: 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.' But that is grossly misleading. It assesses the validity of the cause when terrorism is an act. One can have a perfectly beautiful cause and yet if one commits terrorist acts, it is terrorism regardless.<ref>Humphreys, Adrian. [http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=a64f73d2-f672-4bd0-abb3-2584029db496 "One official's 'refugee' is another's 'terrorist'"], ''[[National Post]]'', January 17, 2006.</ref>}}

Some groups, when involved in a "liberation" struggle, have been called "terrorists" by the Western governments or media. Later, these same persons, as leaders of the liberated nations, are called "statesmen" by similar organizations. Two examples of this phenomenon are the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureates [[Menachem Begin]] and [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>Theodore P. Seto ''[http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v35-issue4/seto.pdf The Morality of Terrorism]'' Includes a list in the [[Times]] published on July 23, 1946 which were described as Jewish terrorist actions, including those launched by Irgun which Begin was a leading member.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/israel_at_50/profiles/81305.stm BBC News: Profiles: Menachem Begin] BBC website "Under Begin's command, the underground terrorist group Irgun carried out numerous acts of violence."</ref><ref>Eqbal Ahmad ''"[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1328039/Straight-talk-on-terrorism.html Straight talk on terrorism]"'' [[Monthly Review]], January, 2002. "including Menachem Begin, appearing in "Wanted" posters saying, "Terrorists, reward this much." The highest reward I have seen offered was 100,000 British pounds for the head of Menachem Begin".</ref><ref>Lord Desai [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980903/text/80903-04.htm Hansard, House of Lords] 3 September 1998 : Column 72, "''However, Jomo Kenyatta, [[Nelson Mandela]] and [[Menachem Begin]] — to give just three examples — were all denounced as terrorists but all proved to be successful political leaders of their countries and good friends of the United Kingdom.''"</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4255106.stm BBC NEWS:World: Americas: UN reforms receive mixed response] BBC website "Of all groups active in recent times, the ANC perhaps represents best the traditional dichotomous view of armed struggle. Once regarded by western governments as a terrorist group, it now forms the legitimate, elected government of South Africa, with Nelson Mandela one of the world's genuinely iconic figures."</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1454208.stm BBC NEWS: World: Africa: Profile: Nelson Mandela] BBC website "Nelson Mandela remains one of the world's most revered statesman".</ref>

Sometimes states which are close allies, for reasons of history, culture and politics, can disagree over whether or not members of a certain organization are terrorists. For instance, for many years, some branches of the United States government refused to label members of the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) as terrorists while the IRA was using methods against one of the United States' closest allies (Britain) which Britain branded as terrorism. This was highlighted by the [[Quinn v. Robinson]] case.<ref>[http://www.law.syr.edu/faculty/arzt/icl/quinn.pdf Quinn v. Robinson (pdf), 783 F2d. 776 (9th Cir. 1986)](PDF), web site of the [[Syracuse University College of Law]].</ref><ref>Page 17, [http://www.law.du.edu/ilj/online_issues_folder/mccabe.final.4.26.03.pdf Northern Ireland: TP , T , S 11] (PDF) [[Queen's University Belfast]] School of Law.</ref>

For these and other reasons, media outlets wishing to preserve a reputation for impartiality try to be careful in their use of the term.<ref name="GUSG">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/page/0,5817,184833,00.html |title=Guardian Unlimited style guide |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=2008-12-19 |accessdate=2010-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/assets/advice/guidanceontheuseoflanguagewhenreportingterrorism.doc |title=BBC editorial guidelines on the use of language when reporting terrorism |format=DOC}}</ref>

==Types of Terrorism==

In early 1975, the [[National Institute of Justice|Law Enforcement Assistant Administration]] in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was entitled ''Disorders and Terrorism'', produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction of H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff.<ref>Disorders and Terrorism, National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (Washington D.C.:1976).</ref>
The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.
* '''Civil disorder''' – A form of collective violence interfering with the [[peace]], [[security]], and normal functioning of the community.
* '''Political terrorism''' – [[Violence|Violent]] criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate [[fear]] in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
* '''Non-Political terrorism''' – Terrorism that is not aimed at [[politics|political]] purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for [[coercion|coercive]] purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”
* '''Quasi-terrorism''' – The activities incidental to the commission of [[crime]]s of [[violence]] that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction.<ref name=tws11janvccx>{{cite news
|title= 13 Beagles Stolen From Researchers
|quote= Animal-rights proponents have removed 13 beagles used for medical research ... A campus spokeswoman, Kathy Jones, called the theft a ''quasi-terrorist'' act. 
|publisher= The New York Times
|date= February 2, 1988
|url= http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/02/science/13-beagles-stolen-from-researchers.html?pagewanted=1
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> For example, the fleeing [[felony|felon]] who takes [[hostage]]s is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.
* '''Limited political terrorism''' – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a [[revolutionary]] approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for [[ideology|ideological]] or [[politics|political]] motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the [[Sovereign state|state]].
* '''Official or state terrorism''' –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon [[fear]] and [[oppression]] that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as '''Structural Terrorism''' defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.

Several sources<ref>Hudson, Rex A. Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why: The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists, Federal Research Division, The Lyons Press, 2002.</ref><ref>Barry Scheider, Jim Davis, ''Avoiding the abyss: progress, shortfalls and the way ahaed in combatting the WMD threat'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009 p. 60.</ref> have further defined the typology of terrorism:
* Political terrorism
**Sub-state terrorism
***Social revolutionary terrorism
***Nationalist-separatist terrorism
***Religious extremist terrorism
****Religious fundamentalist Terrorism
****New religions terrorism
***Right-wing terrorism
***Left-wing terrorism
***Single-issue terrorism
**State-sponsored terrorism
**Regime or state terrorism
*Criminal terrorism
*Pathological terrorism

===Democracy and domestic terrorism===
The relationship between domestic terrorism and democracy is very complex. Terrorism is most common in nations with intermediate political freedom, and is least common in the most democratic nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html |title=Freedom squelches terrorist violence: Harvard Gazette Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.aabadie.academic.ksg/povterr.pdf |title=www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html |title=Freedom squelches terrorist violence: Harvard Gazette Archives |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.aabadie.academic.ksg/povterr.pdf |title=Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism |year=2004 |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://titan.iwu.edu/~econ/uer/articles/kevin_goldstein.pdf |title=Unemployment, Inequality and Terrorism: Another Look at the Relationship between Economics and Terrorism |year=2005 |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-12-28| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080803020219/http://titan.iwu.edu/~econ/uer/articles/kevin_goldstein.pdf| archivedate = August 3, 2008}}</ref>
However, one study suggests that suicide terrorism may be an exception to this general rule. Evidence regarding this particular method of terrorism reveals that every modern suicide campaign has targeted a democracy–a state with a considerable degree of political freedom.<ref name=tws11janbhhj>{{cite news
|author= Bruce Hoffman
|title= The Logic of Suicide Terrorism
|quote= The terrorists appear to be deliberately homing in on the few remaining places where Israelis thought they could socialize in peace.
|publisher= The Atlantic
|date= June 2003 
|url= http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/hoffman
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> The study suggests that concessions awarded to terrorists during the 1980s and 1990s for suicide attacks increased their frequency.<ref>Pape, Robert A. "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism," American Political Science Review, 2003. 97 (3): pp. 1–19.</ref>

Some examples of "terrorism" in non-democracies include [[ETA]] in Spain under [[Francisco Franco]],<ref name=tws11janfjlk>{{cite news
|title= Basque Terrorist Group Marks 50th Anniversary with New Attacks
|quote= Europe's longest-enduring terrorist group. This week, ETA (the initials stand for Basque Homeland and Freedom in Euskera, the Basque language)
|publisher= Time Magazine
|date= July 31, 2009
|url= http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1913931,00.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> the [[Shining Path]] in Peru under [[Alberto Fujimori]],<ref name=tws11janaawsw>{{cite news
|title= Shining Path
|quote= The Shining Path, a faction of Peruvian militants, has resurfaced in the remote corners of the Andes. The war against the group, which took nearly 70,000 lives, supposedly ended in 2000. ... In the 1980s, the rebels were infamous for atrocities like planting bombs on donkeys in crowded markets, assassinations and other terrorist tactics.
|publisher= The New York Times
|date= March 18, 2009
|url= http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/organizations/s/shining_path/index.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
| first=Simon
| last=Romero
}}</ref> the [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] when [[Turkey]] was ruled by military leaders and the [[African National Congress|ANC]] in South Africa.<ref name=tws11jangvdf>{{cite news
|title= 1983: Car bomb in South Africa kills 16
|quote= The outlawed anti-apartheid group the African National Congress has been blamed for the attack ... He said the explosion was the "biggest and ugliest" terrorist incident since anti-government violence began in South Africa 20 years ago. 
|publisher= BBC
|date= 2005-05-20
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/20/newsid_4326000/4326975.stm
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> Democracies, such as the United Kingdom, United States, [[Israel]], [[Indonesia]], India, Spain and the [[Philippines]], have also experienced domestic terrorism.

While a democratic nation espousing civil liberties may claim a sense of higher moral ground than other regimes, an act of terrorism within such a state may cause a dilemma: whether to maintain its civil liberties and thus risk being perceived as ineffective in dealing with the problem; or alternatively to restrict its civil liberties and thus risk delegitimizing its claim of supporting civil liberties.<ref name=tws11janetrr>{{cite news
|author= Rick Young
|title= PBS Frontline: 'Spying on the Home Front'
|quote= ... we and Frontline felt that it was important to look more comprehensively at the post-9/11 shift to prevention and the dilemma we all now face in balancing security and privacy.
|publisher= ''PBS: Frontline''
|date= May 16, 2007
|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/05/03/DI2007050301142.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> This dilemma, some social theorists would conclude, may very well play into the initial plans of the acting terrorist(s); namely, to delegitimize the state.<ref>shabad, goldie and francisco jose llera ramo. "Political Violence in a Democratic State," Terrorism in Context. Ed. Martha Crenshaw. University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1995. pp. 467.</ref>

==Religious terrorism==
{{Main|Religious terrorism}}
'''Religious terrorism''' is terrorism performed by groups or individuals, the motivation of which is typically rooted in the [[faith]] based tenets. Terrorist acts throughout the centuries have been performed on religious grounds with the hope to either spread or enforce a system of belief, viewpoint or opinion.<ref name=tws11jan>{{cite news
|author= Peter Rose
|title= Disciples of religious terrorism share one faith
|quote= Almost everyone Stern interviewed said they were doing God's will, defending the faithful against the lies and evil deeds of their enemies. Such testimonials, she suggests, "often mask a deeper kind of angst and a deeper kind of fear – fear of a godless universe, of chaos, of loose rules, and of loneliness."
|publisher= Christian Science Monitor
|date= August 28, 2003 
|url= http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0828/p15s02-bogn.html/(page)/2
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> Religious terrorism does not in itself necessarily define a specific religious standpoint or view, but instead usually defines an individual or a group view or interpretation of that belief system's teachings.

==Perpetrators==
The [[perpetrator]]s of acts of terrorism can be individuals, groups, or states. According to some definitions, clandestine or semi-clandestine state actors may also carry out terrorist acts outside the framework of a state of war. However, the most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by small and secretive [[Covert cell|cells]], highly motivated to serve a particular cause and many of the most deadly operations in recent times, such as the [[September 11 attacks]], the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|London underground bombing]], and the [[2002 Bali bombing]] were planned and carried out by a close clique, composed of close friends, family members and other strong social networks. These groups benefited from the free flow of information and efficient [[telecommunications]] to succeed where others had failed.<ref>{{cite book |last = Sageman |first = Mark |title = Understanding Terror Networks |publisher = U. of Pennsylvania Press |year = 2004 |location = Philadelphia, PA |pages = 166–67 |isbn = 978-0812238082}}</ref>

Over the years, many people have attempted to come up with a [[terrorist profile]] to attempt to explain these individuals' actions through their psychology and social circumstances. Others, like Roderick Hindery, have sought to discern profiles in the propaganda tactics used by terrorists. Some security organizations designate these groups as ''violent non-state actors''.<ref name=williams_isn>{{cite web |url=http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISFPub&fileid=8EEBA9FE-478E-EA2C-AA15-32FC9A59434A&lng=en |title=Violent Non-State Actors and National and International Security |accessdate=2009-02-14 |year=2008 |first=Phil |last=Williams}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> A 2007 study by economist [[Alan B. Krueger]] found that terrorists were less likely to come from an impoverished background (28% vs. 33%) and more likely to have at least a high-school education (47% vs. 38%). Another analysis found only 16% of terrorists came from impoverished families, vs. 30% of male Palestinians, and over 60% had gone beyond high school, vs. 15% of the populace.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Superfreakonomics: global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance
|author1=Steven D. Levitt
|author2=Stephen J. Dubner
|publisher=William Morrow
|year=2009
|isbn=9780060889579
|pages=62, 231}} citing Alan B. Krueger, ''What Makes a Terrorist'' (Princeton University Press 2007); Claude Berrebi, "Evidence About the Link Between Education, Poverty, and Terrorism among Palestinians," Princeton University Industrial Relations Section Working paper, 2003 and Krueger and Jita Maleckova, "Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?" ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 17 no. 4 (Fall 2003 / 63.</ref>

To avoid detection, a terrorist will look, dress, and behave normally until executing the assigned mission. Some claim that attempts to profile terrorists based on personality, physical, or sociological traits are not useful.<ref name=tws11janhfgf>{{cite news
|author= Sean Coughlan
|title= Fear of the unknown 
|quote= A passenger on the flight, Heath Schofield, explained the suspicions: "It was a return holiday flight, full of people in flip-flops and shorts. There were just two people in the whole crowd who looked like they didn't belong there." 
|publisher= BBC News
|date= 21 August 2006
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5270500.stm
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> The physical and behavioral description of the terrorist could describe almost any normal person.<ref name="Library of Congress">[http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Soc_Psych_of_Terrorism.pdf Library of Congress] – Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism.</ref> However, the majority of terrorist attacks are carried out by military age men, aged 16–40.<ref name="Library of Congress"/>

===Terrorist groups===
[[File:Daschle letter FBI.jpg.png|thumb|right|alt=Picture of the front of an addressed envelope to Senator Daschle.|There is speculation that [[anthrax]] mailed inside letters to U.S. politicians was the work of a ''lone wolf'' terrorist.]]
{{Main|List of designated terrorist organizations|Lone wolf (terrorism)}}

===State sponsors===
{{Main|State-sponsored terrorism}}
A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a terrorist organization. Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of state-sponsored terrorism vary widely. When states provide funding for groups considered by some to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such.

===State terrorism===
{{Main|State terrorism}}
{{Cquote2|Civilization is based on a clearly defined and widely accepted yet often unarticulated hierarchy. Violence done by those higher on the hierarchy to those lower is nearly always invisible, that is, unnoticed. When it is noticed, it is fully rationalized. Violence done by those lower on the hierarchy to those higher is unthinkable, and when it does occur is regarded with shock, horror, and the fetishization of the victims.|[[Derrick Jensen]]<ref>''Endgame: Resistance'', by Derrick Jensen, Seven Stories Press, 2006, ISBN 158322730X, p. IX.</ref>}}

As with "terrorism" the concept of "state terrorism" is controversial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000137/01/Primorat.pdf |title=Pds Sso |publisher=Eprints.unimelb.edu.au |date= |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref> The Chairman of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee has stated that the Committee was conscious of 12 international Conventions on the subject, and none of them referred to State terrorism, which was not an international legal concept. If States abused their power, they should be judged against international conventions dealing with [[war crimes]], international [[human rights]] and [[international humanitarian law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/SC7276.doc.htm |title=Addressing Security Council, Secretary-General Calls On Counter-Terrorism Committee To Develop Long-Term Strategy To Defeat Terror |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref> Former [[United Nations]] [[Secretary-General]] [[Kofi Annan]] has said that it is "time to set aside debates on so-called 'state terrorism'. The [[use of force by states]] is already thoroughly regulated under international law"<ref>{{cite web |last=Lind |first=Michael |url=http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2005/the_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime |title=The Legal Debate is Over: Terrorism is a War Crime &#124; The New America Foundation |publisher=Newamerica.net |date=2005-05-02 |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref> However, he also made clear that, "regardless of the differences between governments on the question of definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any deliberate attack on innocent civilians, regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/sg-teheran26.htm |title=Press conference with Kofi Annan & FM Kamal Kharrazi |publisher=Un.org |date=2002-01-26 |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref>

State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts by governmental agents or forces. This involves the use of state resources employed by a state's foreign policies, such as using its military to directly perform acts of terrorism. Professor of [[Political Science]] Michael Stohl cites the examples that include Germany’s bombing of London and the U.S. atomic destruction of [[Hiroshima]] during World War II. He argues that “the use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents." They also cite the [[First strike]] option as an example of the "terror of coercive diplomacy" as a form of this, which holds the world hostage with the implied threat of using nuclear weapons in "crisis management." They argue that the institutionalized form of terrorism has occurred as a result of changes that took place following [[World War II]]. In this analysis, state terrorism exhibited as a form of [[foreign policy]] was shaped by the presence and use of [[weapons of mass destruction]], and that the legitimizing of such violent behavior led to an increasingly accepted form of this state behavior.<ref name=tws11jangbhh>{{cite news
|author= Michael Stohl
|title= The Superpowers and International Terror
|publisher= International Studies Association, Atlanta
|date= April 1, 1984
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref><ref name=tws11jangbhhss>{{cite news
|author= Michael Stohl
|title= Terrible beyond Endurance? The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism
|publisher= International Studies Association, Atlanta
|year= 1988
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref><ref name=tws11jangbhhss>{{cite news
|author= Michael Stohl
|title= The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression
|publisher= International Studies Association, Atlanta
|year= 1984
|page=49
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-808-1238-05, Berlin, Reichstagssitzung, Rede Adolf Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Picture of a man in a suit with a mustache who looks like Hitler speaking behind a microphone.| Some theorists suggest [[genocide]] is a type of terrorism as committed by [[Adolf Hitler]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}]]
State terrorism has also been used to describe peacetime actions by governmental agents such as the bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]].<ref name=tws11janreqw>{{cite news
|author= Michael Slackman
|title= New Status in Africa Empowers an Ever-Eccentric Qaddafi 
|quote= Once vilified for promoting state terrorism, Colonel Qaddafi is now courted. 
|publisher= The New York Times
|date= March 22, 2009 
|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/23/world/africa/23libya.html
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref> [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] described [[William Ewart Gladstone]]'s [[Irish Coercion Act]] as terrorism in his "no-Rent manifesto" in 1881, during the [[Irish Land War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E6DF113CEE3ABC4951DFB667838A699FDE |title=The "No Rent" Manifesto.; Text Of The Document Issued By The Land Leag... – Article Preview – The |publisher=New York Times |date=2009-08-02 |accessdate=2009-08-10}}</ref> The concept is also used to describe [[political repression]]s by governments against their own civilian population with the purpose to incite fear. For example, taking and executing civilian [[hostage]]s or [[extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial elimination]] campaigns are commonly considered "terror" or terrorism, for example during the [[Red Terror]] or [[Great Purge|Great Terror]].<ref name="Black">Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, [[Stéphane Courtois]], ''The [[Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression'', [[Harvard University Press]], 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7</ref> Such actions are often also described as [[democide]] or [[genocide]] which has been argued to be equivalent to state terrorism.<ref name=Kisangani2007>{{cite journal |author = Kisangani, E. |year = 2007 |title = The Political Economy Of State Terror |volume = 18 |issue = 5 |pages = 405–414 |url = http://www.informaworld.com/index/781318312.pdf  |accessdate = 2008-04-02 |journal = Defence and Peace Economics |doi = 10.1080/10242690701455433 |format=PDF |last2 = Nafziger |first2 = E. Wayne}}</ref> Empirical studies on this have found that democracies have little democide.<ref>Death by Government By R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994. Online links: [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM][http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.FIG23.4.GIF][http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/POWER.FIG2.GIF]</ref><ref>''[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/genocide/  No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust?]{{Dead link|date=July 2008}}'', Barbara Harff, 2003.</ref>

==Funding==
[[State-sponsored terrorism|State sponsors]] have constituted a major form of funding; for example, [[PLO]], [[DFLP]] and some other terrorist groups were funded by the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=ncua/><ref name=tws11jan4r67>{{cite news
|author= Jeremy Lott
|title= Tripped Up
|quote= and before the Soviet Union fell, terrorist organizations were funding themselves through subsidies from Communist governments
|publisher= Reason Magazine
|date= October 6, 2004
|url= http://reason.com/archives/2004/10/06/tripped-up
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref>

"[[Revolutionary tax]]" is another major form of funding, and essentially a euphemism for "[[protection money]]".<ref name=ncua>[http://www.ncua.gov/letters/2002/02-CU-14.pdf Detection of Terrorist Financing], U.S. National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), 2002.</ref> Revolutionary taxes are typically extorted from businesses, and they also "play a secondary role as one other means of intimidating the target population".<ref name=ncua/>

Other major sources of funding include [[kidnapping]] for ransoms, [[smuggling]], [[fraud]] and [[robbery]].<ref name=ncua/>

==Tactics==
{{Main|Tactics of terrorism}}
[[File:WallStexplosion1920.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Wall Street bombing]] at noon on September 16, 1920 killed thirty-eight people and injured several hundred. The perpetrators were never caught.]]
Terrorism is a form of [[asymmetric warfare]], and is more common when direct [[conventional warfare]] won't be effective because forces vary greatly in power.<ref name=tws11jan1q21q>{{cite news 
|title= Hackers warn high street chains 
|quote= That's the beauty of asymmetric warfare. You don't need a lot of money, or an army of people.
|publisher= BBC News
|date= 25 April 2008
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7366995.stm
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref>

The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale, unresolved political [[conflict]]. The type of conflict varies widely; historical examples include:
* [[Secession]] of a territory to form a new sovereign state or become part of a different state
* Dominance of territory or resources by various [[ethnic groups]]
* Imposition of a particular form of government
* Economic deprivation of a population
* Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
* Religious fanaticism

Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity, usually using [[explosives]] or [[poison]].<ref>Suicide bombings are the most effective terrorist act in this regard. See the following works:
*{{cite news
 | last = Hoffman
 | first = Bruce
 | authorlink = Bruce Hoffman
 | title = The Logic of Suicide Terrorism
 | work = [[Atlantic Monthly]]
 | volume = 291
 | issue = 5
 | pages = 40–47
 | date = June 2003
 | url = http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/hoffman}}
*{{cite journal
 | last = Pape
 | first = Robert A.
 | authorlink = Robert Pape
 | title = The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism
 | journal = [[American Political Science Review]]
 | volume = 97
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 343–361
 | url = http://www.danieldrezner.com/research/guest/Pape1.pdf
 | format = reprint}}
*{{cite book
 | last = Ricolfi
 | first = Luca
 | year = 2005
 | contribution = Palestinians 1981–2003
 | editor-last = Gambetta
 | editor-first = Diego
 | editor-link = 
 | title = Making Sense of Suicide Missions
 | edition = 1st
 | publication-place = Oxford, UK
 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
 | pages = 76–130
 | isbn = 9780199276998}}
Cited in {{cite book
 | last = Richardson
 | first = Louise
 | authorlink = Louise Richardson
 | title = What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Terrorist Threat
 | publisher = [[Hodder Headline|John Murray]]
 | year = 2006
 | location = London, UK
 | page = 33
 | isbn = 0719563062}}</ref> There is concern about terrorist attacks employing [[weapons of mass destruction]]. Terrorist organizations usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train participants, plant undercover agents, and raise money from supporters or through [[organized crime]]. Communications occur through modern [[telecommunications]], or through old-fashioned methods such as [[courier]]s.

==Responses==
Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. They can include re-alignments of the [[political spectrum]] and reassessments of [[value system|fundamental values]]. 

Specific types of responses include:
* Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police powers
* Target hardening, such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers
* Preemptive or reactive military action
* Increased intelligence and surveillance activities
* Preemptive humanitarian activities
* More permissive interrogation and detention policies

The term '''[[counter-terrorism]]''' has a narrower connotation, implying that it is directed at terrorist actors. 

Some 1,271 government organizations and 1,931 private companies work on programs related to counterterrorism, homeland security and intelligence in about 10,000 locations across the United States.<ref>"[http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/a-hidden-world-growing-beyond-control/ A hidden world, growing beyond control]". The Washington Post. July 19, 2010.</ref>

==Mass media==
Media exposure may be a primary goal of those carrying out terrorism, to expose issues that would otherwise be ignored by the media. Some consider this to be manipulation and exploitation of the media.<ref>The Media and Terrorism: A Reassessment [[Paul Wilkinson (professor)|Paul Wilkinson]]. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol.9, No.2 (Summer 1997), pp.51–64 Published by Frank Cass, London.</ref>

The internet has created a new channel for groups to spread their messages. This has created a cycle of measures and counter measures by groups in support of and in opposition to terrorist movements. The United Nations has created its own online counter-terrorism resource.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/ |title= Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee |date= |accessdate=2009-06-17}}</ref> 

The mass media will, on occasion, censor organizations involved in terrorism (through self-restraint or regulation) to discourage further terrorism. However, this may encourage organizations to perform more extreme acts of terrorism to be shown in the mass media. Conversely [[James F. Pastor]] explains the significant relationship between terrorism and the media, and the underlying benefit each receives from the other.<ref>{{cite book |title=Terrorism & Public Safety Policing: Implications of the Obama Presidency |author=Pastor, James F. |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4398-1580-9 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

 {{epigraph
 | quote =There is always a point at which the terrorist ceases to manipulate the media [[wikt:gestalt|gestalt]]. A point at which the violence may well escalate, but beyond which the terrorist has become symptomatic of the media gestalt itself. Terrorism as we ordinarily understand it is innately media-related.
 | cite =Novelist [[William Gibson]]<ref>[http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2004_10_01_archive.asp his blog William Gibson's blog], October 31, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2007.</ref>
 }}

==History==
{{Main|History of terrorism}}
[[File:Number of terrorist incidents 2009.png|thumb|200px|Number of terrorist incidents 2009 (January–June)]]

The history of terrorism goes back to [[Sicarii Zealots]] — Jewish extremist group active in [[Iudaea Province]] at the beginning of CE. After [[Zealotry]] rebellion in the 1st century AD, when some prominent collaborators with Roman rule were killed,<ref>Hoffman, Bruce. ''Inside Terrorism''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. p. 83</ref><ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.56</ref> according to contemporary historian [[Josephus]], in 6 AD [[Judas of Galilee]] formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the '''[[Sicarii]]'''.<ref name="Chaliand, Gerard 2007. p.68">Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.68</ref> Their terror also was directed against Jewish "collaborators", including temple priests, Sadducees, Herodians, and other wealthy elites.<ref>Hoffman, Bruce. ''Inside Terrorism''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. p. 167</ref> 

The term "terrorism" itself was originally used to describe the actions of the [[Jacobin Club]] during the "[[Reign of Terror]]" in the [[French Revolution]]. "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible," said Jacobin leader [[Maximilien Robespierre]]. In 1795, [[Edmund Burke]] denounced the Jacobins for letting "thousands of those hell-hounds called Terrorists...loose on the people" of France.<ref name=tws11jan14432>{{cite news
|author= Edmund Burke
|title= Letter No. IV. To the Earl Fitzwilliam
|quote= Thousands of those Hell-hounds called Terrorists, whom they had shut up in Prison on their last Revolution, as the Satellites of Tyranny, are let loose on the people.
|publisher= Library of Economics and Liberty
|year= 1795
|url= http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Burke/brkSWv3c4.html
|pages=308–76, 371
|accessdate= 2010-01-11
}}</ref>

In January 1858, Italian patriot [[Felice Orsini]] threw three bombs in an attempt to assassinate French Emperor [[Napoleon III]].<ref name="Crenshaw38">Crenshaw, Martha, ''Terrorism in Context'', p. 38.</ref> Eight bystanders were killed and 142 injured.<ref name="Crenshaw38"/> The incident played a crucial role as an inspiration for the development of the early Russian terrorist groups.<ref name="Crenshaw38"/> [[Russians|Russian]] [[Sergey Nechayev]], who founded People's Retribution in 1869, described himself as a "terrorist", an early example of the term being employed in its modern meaning.<ref name="Crenshaw77"/> Nechayev's story is told in fictionalized form by [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] in the novel ''[[The Possessed (novel)|The Possessed]]''. German anarchist writer [[Johann Most]] dispensed "advice for terrorists" in the 1880s.<ref name="Crenshaw44">Crenshaw, p. 44.</ref>

==See also==

{{top}}
* [[Aircraft hijacking]]
* [[Airport security]]
* [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives]] (ATF)
* [[Christian Terrorism]]
* [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA)
* [[Communist terrorism]]
* [[Counter-terrorism]]
* [[Crimes against humanity]]
* [[Cyber-terrorism]]
* [[Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS)
* [[Domestic terrorism in the United States]]
* [[Eco-terrorism]]
* [[Extremism]]
* [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI)
* [[Federal Air Marshal Service]] (FAMS)
* [[Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism]]
* [[Hindu terrorism]]
* [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE)
* [[Insurgency]]
* [[Intimidation]]
{{middle}}
* [[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol)
* [[Islamic Terrorism]]
* [[Jewish Terrorism]]
* [[List of designated terrorist organizations]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents]]
* [[Narcoterrorism]]
* [[Patriot Act]]
* [[PDD-62]]
* [[Propaganda by deed]]
* [[S.W.A.T]]
* [[Special forces]]
* [[Strategy of tension]]
* [[Suicide attack]]
* [[Terrorism Information Awareness]] Program
* [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP)
* [[Unconventional warfare]]
* [[United States Secret Service]]
* [[VNSA]]
* [[War on Terrorism]]
* [[Palestinian political violence]]

{{bottom}}

'''[[State terrorism]]:'''
* [[Pakistani state terrorism]]
* [[State terrorism by Iran]]
* [[State terrorism and Russia]]
* [[State terrorism and the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Terrorism}}
;UN conventions
* [[United Nations]]:[http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism.asp Conventions on Terrorism]
* [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]: {{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_conventions.html |title= Conventions against terrorism |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070805001945/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_conventions.html |archivedate=2007-08-05}} "There are 12 major multilateral conventions and protocols related to states' responsibilities for combating terrorism. But many states are not yet party to these legal instruments, or are not yet implementing them."
* [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/index.html UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime – Terrorism Prevention]

;Terrorism and international humanitarian law
*[http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/terrorism Terrorism and international humanitarian law], International Committee of the Red Cross

;News monitoring websites specializing on articles on terrorism
* [http://insurgencyresearchgroup.wordpress.com/ Insurgency Research Group] – Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of terrorism, insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy.
* [http://osint.isria.com/ A reliable and daily updated Open Sources Center that includes a "Terrorism" section.] by [[ISRIA]].
* [http://www.jihadmonitor.org/ Jihad Monitor]
* [http://ctc.usma.edu/default.asp Combating Terrorism Center at Westpoint]

{{War on Terrorism|state=collapsed}}
{{abuse}}

[[Category:Terrorism| ]]
[[Category:Fear]]
[[Category:Abuse]]
[[Category:Dispositional beliefs]]
[[Category:Organized crime]]
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]

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