View source for Thermoplastic elastomer

'''Thermoplastic elastomers''' ('''TPE'''), sometimes referred to as '''thermoplastic rubbers''', are a class of [[copolymer]]s or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) which consist of materials with both [[thermoplastic]] and [[elastomer]]ic properties. While most elastomers are [[thermoset]]s, thermoplastics are in contrast relatively easy to use in manufacturing, for example, by [[injection molding]]. Thermoplastic elastomers show both advantages typical of rubbery materials and plastic materials. The principal difference between thermoset elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers is the type of [[crosslink]]ing bond in their structures. In fact, crosslinking is a critical structural factor which contributes to impart high elastic properties. The crosslink in thermoset polymers is a [[covalent bond]] created during the [[vulcanization]] process.  On the other hand the crosslink in thermoplastic elastomer polymers is a weaker [[Intermolecular force|dipole]] or [[hydrogen bond]] or takes place in one of the phases of the material. 

==Types==
[[Image:Chips TPU con eurocent.jpg|thumb|200px|Thermoplastic polyurethanes]]

There are six generic classes of TPEs generally considered to exist commercially. They are styrenic block copolymers, polyolefin blends [http://www.shinpoly.co.jp/english/product/automotive/index.html EXELAST SX] (Shin-Etsu Polymer Europe B.V.), elastomeric alloys (TPE-v or TPV), thermoplastic [[polyurethane]]s [http://www.shinpoly.co.jp/english/product/automotive/index.html EXELAST EC] (Shin-Etsu), thermoplastic copolyester and thermoplastic polyamides. Examples of TPE products that come from block copolymers group are [http://iwww.plasticsportal.com/products/styroflex.html Styroflex] ([[BASF]]), Kraton ([[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] chemicals), Pellethane, Engage ([[Dow]] chemical), Pebax, Arnitel ([[DSM]]), Hytrel ([[Du Pont]]) and more. While there are now many commercial products of elastomer alloy, these include: Dryflex, Mediprene ([ELASTO, a Hexpol Company]), [[Santoprene]] ([[Monsanto Company]]), Geolast (Monsanto), Sarlink (DSM), Forprene  ([http://www.softerspa.com/en/home So.F.Ter. S.p.a.]),  Alcryn (Du Pont) and Evoprene ([AlphaGary]). 

In order to qualify as a thermoplastic elastomer, a material must have these three essential characteristics:

#The ability to be stretched to moderate elongations and, upon the removal of stress, return to something close to its original shape.
#Processable as a melt at elevated temperature.
#Absence of significant [[creep (deformation)|creep]].

== Background ==
[[Image:SBSstructure.jpg|thumb|200px|right|SBS block copolymer schematic microstructure]]

It was not until the 1950s, when thermoplastic polyurethane polymers became available, that TPE became a commercial reality. During the 1960s styrene block copolymer became available, and in the 1970s a wide range of TPEs came on the scene. The worldwide usage of TPEs (680,000 tons/year in 1990) is growing at about 9% per year. The styrene-butadiene materials possess a two-phase microstructure due to incompatibility between the [[polystyrene]] and [[polybutadiene]] blocks, the former separating into spheres or rods depending on the exact composition. With low polystyrene content, the material is elastomeric with the properties of the polybutadiene predominating. Generally they offer a much wider range of properties than conventional [[cross-linked]] rubbers because the composition can varies to suit customer needs.

[[Image:Sbs block copolymer.jpg|thumb|300px|right|SBS block copolymer in TEM]]

Block copolymers are interesting because they can "microphase separate" to form periodic nanostructures, as in the styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer shown at right. The polymer is known as [[Kraton (polymer)|Kraton]] and is used for shoe soles and [[adhesive]]s. Owing to the microfine structure, the transmission electron microscope or [[TEM]] was needed to examine the structure. The butadiene matrix was stained with [[osmium tetroxide]] to provide contrast in the image. The material was made by [[living polymerization]] so that the blocks are almost [[monodisperse]], so helping to create a very regular microstructure. The [[molecular weight]] of the polystyrene blocks in the main picture is 102,000; the inset picture has a molecular weight of 91,000, producing slightly smaller domains. The spacing between domains has been confirmed by [[small-angle X-ray scattering]], a technique which gives information about [[microstructure]]. 
Since most polymers are incompatible with one another, forming a block polymer will usually result in phase separation, and the principle has been widely exploited since the introduction of the SBS block polymers, especially where one of the block is highly crystalline. One exception to the rule of incompatibility is the material [[Noryl]], where polystyrene and [[polyphenylene oxide]] or PPO forma  continuous blend with one another.

[[Image:CrystTPE.jpg|thumb||150px|right|Schematic crystalline block copolymer]]

Other TPE's have crystalline domains where one kind of block co-crystallizes with other block in adjacent chains, such as in copolyester rubbers, achieving the same effect as in the SBS block polymers. Depending on the block length, the domains are generally more stable than the latter owing to the higher crystal [[melting point]]. That point determines the processing temperatures needed to shape the material, as well as the ultimate service use temperatures of the product. Such materials include [[Hytrel]], a polyester-polyether copolymer and [[Pebax]], a nylon or polyamide-polyether copolymer.

== Advantages ==
TPE materials have the potential to be [[recycling|recyclable]] since they can be molded, extruded and reused like plastics, but they have typical elastic properties of rubbers which are not recyclable owing to their thermosetting characteristics. TPE also require little or no compounding, with no need to add reinforcing agents, stabilizers or cure systems. Hence, batch-to-batch variations in weighting and metering components are absent, leading to improved consistency in both raw materials and fabricated articles. TPEs can be easily colored by most types of dyes. Besides that, it consumes less energy and closer and more economical control of product quality is possible.

== Disadvantages ==
The disadvantages of TPEs relative to conventional rubber or thermoset are relatively high cost of raw materials, general inability to load TPEs with low cost fillers such as carbon black (therefore preventing TPEs from being used in automobile tires), poor chemical and heat resistance, high compression set and low thermal stability.
TPEs soften or melt at elevated temperature above which they lose their rubbery behaviour.
TPEs show creep behaviour on extended use.

== Processing ==
The two most important manufacturing methods with TPEs are [[extrusion]] and injection molding. [[Compression molding]] is seldom, if ever, used. Fabrication via injection molding is extremely rapid and highly economical. Both the equipment and methods normally used for the extrusion or injection molding of a conventional thermoplastic are generally suitable for TPEs. TPEs can also be processed by [[blow molding]], [[thermoforming]] and heat [[welding]].

==Applications==
TPE's are used where conventional elastomers cannot provide the range of physical properties needed in the product.
These materials find large application in the automotive sector and in household appliances sector, some general examples of object made of TPE are shown in this [http://www.softerspa.com/en/markets demo].
Thus copolyester TPE's are used in [[snowmobile]] tracks where  stiffness and abrasion resistance is at a premium. They are also widely used for [[catheter]]s where nylon block copolymers offer a range of softness ideal for patients. 
Thermoplastic Silicon & Olefin blends like [http://www.shinpoly.co.jp/english/product/automotive/index.html Exelast SX] are used for extrusion of glass run and dynamic [[Weatherstripping]] car profiles. 
Styrene block copolymers are used in shoe soles for their ease of processing, and widely as adhesives. TPE is commonly used to make suspension [[Bushing (isolator)|bushings]] for automotive performance applications because of its greater resistance to deformation when compared to regular rubber bushings.
TPE is also finding more and more uses as an electrical cable jacket/inner insulation.
* [http://www.enplast.com.tr/en/appliances/ Applications]

==See also==
* [[Cross-linking]]

== References ==
* PR Lewis and C Price, ''Polymer'', 13, 22 (1972)
* Modern Plastic Mid-October Encyclopedia Issue, Introduction to TPEs, ''page:109-110''
* S.A. Baeurle, A. Hotta and A.A. Gusev, '[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.07.034 A new semi-phenomenological approach to predict the stress relaxation behavior of thermoplastic elastomers],' ''Polymer'' 46, 4344-4354 (2005)
* S.A. Baeurle, T. Usami and A.A. Gusev, '[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.017 A new multiscale modeling approach for the prediction of mechanical properties of polymer-based nanomaterials],' ''Polymer'' 47, 8604-8617 (2006)
* S.A. Baeurle, A. Hotta and A.A. Gusev, '[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.076 On the glassy state of multi-phase and pure polymer materials],' ''Polymer'' 47, 6243-6253 (2006)

==External links==
* [http://www.enplast.com.tr/en/overview-of-thermoplastics-elastomer/ Enplast - Overview of Thermoplastic Elastomer]
* [http://www.elastron.com/index.html Elastron Thermoplastic Elastomers]
* [http://www.pslc.ws/mactest/tpe.htm Thermoplastic Elastomers]
* [http://www.glscorporation.com/resources_faqs.php Thermoplastic Elastomer FAQ]
* [http://www.glscorporation.com/resources_om_guide.php Thermoplastic Elastomer Overmolding Guide]
* [http://www.glscorporation.com/resources_im.php Thermoplastic Elastomer Injection Molding Guide]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TXW-4D1R2NV-1&_user=616165&_coverDate=05%2F26%2F2005&_alid=612188892&_rdoc=4&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5601&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=8&_acct=C000032338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=616165&md5=615d965b404b0aaec4b09f2a7b29e0a7 Stress Relaxation of Thermoplastic Elastomers] 
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TXW-4M9H3TS-1&_user=616165&_coverDate=12%2F08%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000032338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=616165&md5=420422ad338e3158f9b55e7e41a5472d    Interphases of Thermoplastic Elastomers]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TXW-4KBVVHK-1&_user=616165&_coverDate=08%2F09%2F2006&_alid=613506048&_rdoc=3&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&_cdi=5601&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=8&_acct=C000032338&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=616165&md5=1ffbf865ad13bf4e09d7e773e981207d Glassy State in Thermoplastic Elastomers]
* [http://www.pageranknet.com/mechanical-engineer/mechanical-engineer-archives/18-Thermoplastic-Elastomerers.html Thermoplastic Elastomer Journal by Mustafa Caykoylu]
* [http://www3.open.ac.uk/courses/bin/p12.dll?C01T838 Distance learning course in polymers]
* [http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=196631 Polymer Structures]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thermoplastic Elastomer}}
[[Category:Polymer physics]]
[[Category:Polymers]]
[[Category:Copolymers]]

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