View source for United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name=  U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
|image= [[Image:USAMRIID Logo.JPG|290px]]
|caption= '''The USAMRIID Logo'''
|dates= 1969 - Present
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance=[[United States]]
|branch= [[United States Army]]
|type= Medical R&D Command
|role= 
|size= 
|command_structure= 
|current_commander=[[Colonel]] [[John P. Skvorak]], DVM, PhD
|notable_commanders= 
|garrison= [[Fort Detrick]], Maryland
|ceremonial_chief= 
|colonel_of_the_regiment= 
|nickname= 
|patron= 
|motto= "Biodefense Solutions to Protect Our Nation"
|colors= 
|march= 
|mascot= 
|battles= 
|anniversaries= 
}}

[[Image:USAMRIID3.jpg|thumb|305px|right|<center>The "Dan Crozier Building", USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA]]

The '''U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases''' (USAMRIID, pronounced U-S-am-rid or U-sam-rid) is the [[United States Army|U.S Army]]’s main institution and facility for [[infectious disease]] [[research]] that may have defensive applications against [[biological warfare]]. It is located on [[Fort Detrick]], [[Maryland]] and is a subordinate lab of the [[United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command|U. S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command]] (USAMRMC), headquartered on the same installation.

USAMRIID is the only [[U.S. Department of Defense]] [[laboratory]] equipped to study highly hazardous [[viruses]] at [[Biosafety Level 4]].

USAMRIID employs both military and civilian [[scientist]]s as well as highly specialized support personnel. In the 1950s and '60s, it pioneered unique, [[state-of-the-art]] [[biocontainment]] facilities which it continues to maintain and upgrade. Investigators at its facilities frequently collaborate with the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], the [[World Health Organization]], and major biomedical and academic centers worldwide.

USAMRIID was the first bio-facility of its type to research the [[Ames strain]] of anthrax, determined through [[genetic analysis]] to be the [[bacterium]] used in the [[2001 anthrax attacks]].<ref>[http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/index.htm  Medical Management of Chemical and Biological Casualties Course (MMCBC)]</ref><ref>[http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=336537&rel_no=1 America Steps-Up Biodefenses]</ref>

== Mission ==
USAMRIID’s 1983 ''Mission Statement'' mandates that the Institute:

{{Quotation|'''''Develops strategies, products, information, procedures and training for medical defense against biological warfare agents and naturally occurring infectious agents of military importance that require special containment.'''''|}}

=== National and international legal status ===
By [[U.S. Department of Defense]] (DoD) directive, as well as additional U.S. Army guidance, USAMRIID performs its “biological agent medical defense” research in support of the needs of the three military services. This mission, and all work done at USAMRIID, must remain within the spirit and letter of both President [[Richard Nixon]]'s 1969 and 1970 [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]]s renouncing the use of biological and toxin weapons, and the U.N. [[Biological Weapons Convention]] of 1972.

== History ==
=== Beginnings ===
USAMRIID traces its institutional lineage to the early 1950s, when Lt. Col. [[Abram Salmon Benenson|Abram S. Benenson]] was appointed as medical liaison officer to the U.S. Army [[Biological Warfare Laboratories]] (BWL) at Camp (later Fort) Detrick to oversee biomedical defensive problems. Soon thereafter, a joint agreement was signed and studies on medical defense against biological weapons were conducted cooperatively by the [[U.S. Army Chemical Corps]] and the [[Army Medical Department]]. These early days saw the beginnings of the medical volunteer program known as “[[Project Whitecoat]]” (1954–1973). USAMRIID’s precursor, the [[Army Medical Unit]] (AMU) began operations in 1956 under the command of Col. [[William D. Tigertt]]. (One of the AMU’s first responsibilities was to oversee all aspects of [[Project CD-22]], the exposure of volunteers to aerosols containing a highly pathogenic strain of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'', the causal agent of [[Q fever]].)

In 1961, Col. [[Dan Crozier]] assumed command of the AMU. Crozier oversaw the planning and construction of the present USAMRIID laboratory and office building (Building 1425) and its advanced [[biocontainment]] suites, which is formally known as “The Crozier Building”. Ground breaking came in 1967 (personnel moved in during 1971 and 1972). In 1969,  the BWL were formally disestablished and  the Institute underwent a formal name change from the AMU to the "U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases". The Institute's mission did not really change and it received additional funding and personnel authorizations to hire biomedical and laboratory scientists who were losing their jobs as a result of the termination of the United States’ offensive BW studies.

Modern principles of [[biosafety]] and [[biocontainment]] were pioneered at Fort Detrick throughout the 1960s by a number of scientists led by [[Arnold G. Wedum]].

=== 1970s ===
By the late 1970s, in addition to the work on ''Coxiella burnetii'' and other [[rickettsiae]], research priorities had expanded to include the development of vaccines and therapeutics against [[Argentine hemorrhagic fever|Argentine]], [[Korean hemorrhagic fever|Korean]] and [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]]s, [[Lassa fever]] and other exotic diseases that could pose potential BW threats. In 1978, the Institute assisted with humanitarian efforts in Egypt when a severe outbreak of [[Rift Valley fever]] (RVF) occurred there for the first time. The epidemic caused thousands of human cases and the deaths of large numbers of livestock. Diagnostics, along with much of the Institute's stock of RVF vaccine, were sent to help control the outbreak. In 1979, the Institute acquired both fixed and transportable BSL-4 containment plastic human isolators for the hospital care and safe transport of patients suffering from highly contagious and potentially lethal exotic infections. At that time a formal agreement was signed with the [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) that USAMRIID would house and treat highly contagious infections in laboratory personnel should any occur.

=== 1980s ===
The 1980s saw the establishment of a new program to improve the existing anthrax vaccine, and to develop new information on the pathophysiology of weaponized anthrax disease. This came in response to the [[Sverdlovsk anthrax leak]] of 1979. Professional medical opinion differed at this period as to exactly what constituted a potential BW agent. A case in point was the establishment in 1980 of a new program focusing on [[Legionnaire’s disease]] at the urging of some medical authorities. Almost a year later, a panel of experts decided that this organism did not have potential as a BW agent and the program was discontinued.  Of greater longevity were the new research programs initiated at this time to study the [[trichothecene]] fungal toxins, [[Harmful algal bloom|marine toxin]]s and other small molecular weight toxins of microbial origin.

The early 1980s also saw the development at USAMRIID of new diagnostic methods for several pathogenic organisms such as [[ELISA]] technology and the extensive use of [[monoclonal antibodies]]. The same year saw introduction of a new course, "Medical Defense Against Biological Agents", designed to familiarize military physicians, nurses and other medical personnel with the special problems potentially posed by medical management BW cases. This course, with some changes in format, continued into the 21st century as the “Medical Management of Chemical and Biological Casualties Course” (MCBC), still conducted jointly by USAMRIID and the [[U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense]] (USAMRICD).

In 1985, the General [[Maxwell Thurmond]], then Army Deputy Chief of Staff, reviewed the threat posed to U.S. servicemembers by biological weapons. Thurmond was particularly concerned about the application of genetic engineering technology to alter conventional microorganisms and his review resulted in a five year plan of expansion for research into medical defensive measures at USAMRIID. The 1985 in-house budget of 34 M USD was to expand to 45 M the next year and was eventually scheduled to reach 93.2 M by 1989. (The need for a physical detection system to identify an aerosol of infectious agent became apparent at this time. Lack of such a reliable system still represents one of the major technical difficulties in the field.) Within two years, however, it became apparent that this program of expansion would not materialize. A new proposed toxin laboratory was never built. The Army had experienced several budget cuts and these impacted the funding of the Institute.

By 1988, USAMRIID began to come under close scrutiny by several Congressional committees. The Senate [[United States Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce and the District of Columbia|Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management]], chaired by Senator [[Carl Levin]], issued a report quite critical in the DoD's management of biological safety issues in the CBW programs. Senator [[John Glenn]], Chairman, [[Committee on Governmental Affairs]] asked the [[Government Accounting Office]] (GAO) to investigate the validity of DoD's Biological Defense Research Program. The GAO issued a critical report concluding that the Army spent funds on R&D efforts that did not address validated BW threats and may have duplicated the research efforts of the Centers for Disease Control and the [[National Institutes of Health]].

While investigating an outbreak of [[simian hemorrhagic fever virus|simian hemorrhagic fever]] (SHF) in 1989, a USAMRIID [[Electron microscope|electron microscopist]] discovered [[filovirus]]es similar in appearance to [[Ebola]] in tissue samples taken from a [[crab-eating macaque]] imported from the [[Philippines]] to the [[Covance|Hazleton Laboratories]] in [[Reston, Virginia]]. USAMRIID's role in this "[[Ebola Reston]] [[outbreak]]" became the focus of [[Richard Preston]]'s bestselling 1994 [[book]] ''[[The Hot Zone]]''.

=== 1990s ===
During the period of [[Desert Shield]] and [[Desert Storm]] (1990–91) USAMRIID provided the DoD with expert advice and products (vaccines and drugs) to insure an effective medical response if a medical defense were required. USAMRIID scientists trained and equipped six special laboratory teams for rapid identification of potential BW agents, which fortunately never appeared. Following the conflict, USAMRIID physicians and engineers were key members of a [[United Nations Special Commission]] (UNSCOM) Inspection Team that evaluated the BW capabilities in Iraq during the 1990s.

=== 2000s ===
In late 2001, USAMRIID became the [[FBI]]’s reference lab for forensic evidence related to the bioterror incident known as "[[Amerithrax]]" in which anthrax-laden letters were sent through the [[US Postal Service]], killing 5 people and sickening 17 others. The response by USAMRIID as it interacted with the FBI, [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]], [[United States Department of Justice|DOJ]], [[CIA]] and the [[White House]] are detailed in [[Richard Preston]]'s 2002 book ''[[The Demon in the Freezer]]''<ref>[[Richard Preston|Preston, Richard]] (2002), ''[[The Demon in the Freezer]]'', New York: Random House.</ref>.

An inspection by USAMRMC, conducted seven months after the Amerithrax incidents, found that Suite B-3 in Building 1425 at the Institute not only was contaminated with anthrax in three locations but the bacteria had escaped from secure areas in the building to those that were unprotected.  The report stated that, "safety procedures at the facility and in individual laboratories were lax and inadequately documented; that safety supervision sometimes was carried out by junior personnel with inadequate training or survey instruments; and that exposures of dangerous bacteria at the lab, including anthrax, had not been adequately reported."<ref>Seper, Jerry, "[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/08/lab-deemed-early-as-contaminated-rats-nest/ Lab Deemed Early As Contaminated 'Rat's Nest']", ''[[Washington Times]]'', August 8, 2008, p. 1.</ref>

In August 2008, a USAMRIID scientist, Dr. [[Bruce Ivins]], was identified as the lone Amerithrax culprit by the FBI.  Ivins had allegedly expressed homicidal thoughts and exhibited mental instability before and after the attacks occurred. He had maintained his security clearance at the Institute, and retained access to dangerous substances, until mid-July 2008, at the end of which month he committed suicide<ref>Hernandez, Nelson, and Philip Rucker, "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/08/07/ST2008080703559.html Anthrax Case Raises Doubt On Security]", August 8, 2008, p. 1.</ref>. Also in August 2008, [[Secretary of the Army]] [[Pete Geren]] ordered the creation of a team of medical and military experts to review security measures at the Institute.  The team is headed by a [[Major general (United States)|two-star general]], and will include representatives from USAMRMC, the Army's [[Surgeon General of the United States Army|Surgeon General]], and Army operations.<ref>''[[Associated Press]]'', "[http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nation/bal-te.anthrax09aug09,0,886595.story Army Team To Probe Security At Detrick]", August 9, 2008.</ref> [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representatives]] [[John D. Dingell]] and [[Bart Stupak]] have stated that they will lead investigations into security at the Institute as part of a review of all the nation's biodefense labs.<ref>Meyer, Josh, "[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/washingtondc/la-na-anthrax9-2008aug09,0,42787.story Anthrax Case Prompts Congressional Investigation Of Biodefense Labs]", ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', August 9, 2008.</ref>

Groundbreaking occurred in August 2009 for a new, state-of-the-art, {{convert|835,000|sqft|m2|sigfig=2}} facility at Ft Detrick for USAMRIID. The building is projected for completion/occupation by 2015.

== List of USAMRIID commanders ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Col. Dan Crozier, [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] |||1969||1973
|-
| Brig. Gen. Kenneth R. Dirks||1973||
|-
| Col. Joseph F. Metzger||1973||1977
|-
| Col. Richard F. Barquist, MD||1977||1983
|-
| Col. David L. Huxsoll, DVM, PhD||1983||1990
|-
| Col. Charles L. Bailey, PhD||1990||
|-
| Col. Ronald G. Williams||1990||1992
|-
| Col. Ernest T. Takafuji, MD, [[Professional degrees of public health|MPH]]||1992||1995
|-
| Col. David R. Franz, DVM||1995||1998
|-
| Col. Gerald W. Parker, DVM, PhD, MS||1998||2000
|-
| Col. Edward M. Eitzen, Jr, MD, MPH||2000||2002
|-
| Col. Erik A. Henchal, PhD||2002||2005
|-
| Col. George W. Korch, PhD||2005||2008
|-
| Col. John P. Skvorak, DVM, PhD||2008||Present
|-
|}

== Notable USAMRIID scientists ==
* [[C.J. Peters]], physician and virologist made famous by the best-seller ''[[The Hot Zone]]''
* [[Ayaad Assaad]], microbiologist and toxicologist
* [[Lisa Hensley]], microbiologist 
* [[William C. Patrick III]], microbiologist, former bioweaponeer and [[UNSCOM]] inspector
* [[Richard O. Spertzel]],  microbiologist, veterinarian and UNSCOM inspector
* [[Steven Hatfill]], physician, virologist and former [[Amerithrax]] suspect
* [[Bruce Ivins]], microbiologist and vaccinologist; identified by the [[FBI]] as the [[Amerithrax]] culprit
* [[Philip M. Zack]], microbiologist

== Popular culture references ==
* [[Richard Preston]]'s bestselling 1994 [[book]] ''[[The Hot Zone]]'' (ISBN 0-385-47956-5) likely influenced the film ''Carriers'' (1998).
* USAMRIID was prominently featured in [[Tom Clancy]]'s [[Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy)|Jack Ryan]] novel ''[[Executive Orders]]'' (1996).
* The opening sequence from 1995 film ''[[Outbreak (film)|Outbreak]].'' presents the four Biosafety Levels within the USAMRIID Research Facility in Fort Detrick, Maryland.
* USAMRIID was referenced in the science fiction television series ''[[First Wave (TV series)|First Wave]]'' (1998–2001).
* USAMRIID was the employer of the hero of the short-lived television series, ''[[Strange World (TV series)|Strange World]]'' (1999).
* In [[Robert Ludlum]]'s "[[Covert-One]]" book series (2000–2010), Lt. Col. Jon Smith uses a job at USAMRIID as a cover for his assignments.
* The protagonist of [[Orson Scott Card]]'s book ''[[Invasive Procedures (novel)|Invasive Procedures]]'' (2007) is a virologist at USAMRIID.
* In the movie ''[[Outbreak (film)|Outbreak]]'' (1995) [[Dustin Hoffman]]'s character Colonel Sam Daniels is an [[USAMRIID]] virologist who spearheads the research into the movies fictitious Ebola-like virus called Motaba. USAMRIID in the movie have produced a vaccine serum, E-1101; but due to the fact they want to use the virus as a weapon, fail to reveal the existence of the serum before the virus mutates.

== See also ==
* [[United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense]]
* [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]]
* [[National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.usamriid.army.mil/ USAMRIID website]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:United States Army Medical Research Institute Of Infectious Diseases}}
[[Category:2001 anthrax attacks]]
[[Category:Military medical organizations of the United States|Army, Infectious Diseases]]
[[Category:Biological warfare facilities]]
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