Difference between revisions of "List of eponymous medical signs"

Latest revision as of 20:04, 21 September 2010

Eponymous medical signs are those that are named after a person or persons, usually the physicians who first described them, but occasionally named after a famous patient. This list includes other eponymous entities of diagnostic significance; i.e. tests, reflexes, etc.

Letter	Sign	Name	Specialty	Associated conditions	External link (if no internal link)	Descriptor
A	Aaron sign	Charles Dettie Aaron	surgery	appendicitis		epigastric pain with pressure on McBurney's point
A	Abadie's sign	Jean Marie Charles Abadie	endocrinology	Graves' disease		levator palpebrae superioris spasm
A	Abadie's symptom	Joseph Louis Irenée Jean Abadie	neurology	tabes dorsalis		absence of pain on Achilles tendon pressure
A	Abderhalden reaction	Emil Abderhalden	obstetrics	pregnancy		serum reaction;obsolete
A	Abelin reaction	Isaak Abelin	infectious disease	syphilis		presence of arsenical anti-syphilitic;obsolete
A	Addis count	Thomas Addis	nephrology	pyelonephritis		quantitative cells and casts in 24hr. urine
A	Adie pupil	William John Adie	neurology	ciliary nerve damage		dilated pupil, poorly reactive but with normal near accommodation
A	Adson's sign	Alfred Washington Adson	vascular surgery	thoracic outlet syndrome		obliteration of radial pulse with manoeuvres
A	Alexander's law	Gustav Alexander	neurology, neurosurgery, ENT	vestibular lesions		describes nystagmus in vestibular lesions
A	Allen's test	Edgar Van Nuys Allen	vascular surgery, critical care^[1]	arterial supply of the hand		tests for presence of palmar ulnar-radial anastomosis (palmar arch)
A	Apley grind test	Alan Graham Apley	orthopaedic surgery	meniscal lesions		manoeuvres to elicit knee pain
A	Argyll Robertson pupils	Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertson	neurology	neurosyphilis		light-near dissociation
A	Arneth count	Josef Arneth	haematology, nutrition	folate deficiency		lobulation of neutrophil nuclei
A	Aschheim-Zondek test	Selmar Aschheim, Bernhard Zondek	obstetrics	normal pregnancy	synd/1834 at Who Named It?	oestral reaction in mouse injected with pregnant urine
A	Aschoff body	Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff	rheumatology, pathology	rheumatic fever		foci of interstitial inflammatiuon in the myocardium and elsewhere
A	Ashby technique	Winifred Ashby	haematology, pathology	haemolysis	synd/233 at Who Named It?	agglutination test for erythrocyte survival
A	Auberger's blood group	Auberger (patient)	haematology	normal physiology	synd/283 at Who Named It?	Aua antigen
A	Auenbrugger's sign	Josef Leopold Auenbrugger	cardiology	pericardial effusion	synd/284 at Who Named It?	bulging epigastrium
A	Auer rods	John Auer	hematology	acute myeloid leukemia		cytoplasmic inclusions in myeloblasts
A	Auspitz's sign	Heinrich Auspitz	dermatology	psoriasis		punctate bleeding when scales are scraped
A	Austin Flint murmur	Austin Flint	cardiology	aortic insufficiency		mid-diastolic rumble heard at apex
B	Babinski sign	Joseph Babinski	neurology	abnormal plantar reflex	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.	dorsiflexion of the hallux with fanning of the remaining phalanges upon soft stimulation of the lateral plantar surface of the foot
B	Bainbridge reflex	Francis Arthur Bainbridge	cardiology	normal physiology		increase in heart rate with increase in circulating blood volume
B	Balbiani rings	Edouard-Gérard Balbiani	genetics	RNA transcription	synd/601 at Who Named It?	large chromosome puff indicating site of RNA transcription
B	Ballance's sign	Charles Alfred Ballance	general surgery	abdominal/splenic trauma		percussive dullness left flank, LUQ, percussive resonance right flank
B	Bancroft's sign		vascular medicine	deep vein thrombosis		pain on anterior, but not lateral, compression of calf
B	Bárány test	Robert Bárány	ENT,neurology	vertigo, vestibular dysfunction	synd/595 at Who Named It?	nystagmus elicited by hot or cold irrigation of ear canal
B	Barlow's maneuver	Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet	paediatrics, orthopaedic surgery	hip dysplasia		dislocation on adduction of hip
B	Bart hemoglobin	Barts Hospital	Obstetrics, pathology	indicates a specific cause of death in some stillborns		Loss of all four alpha-globin genes (total alpha-thalassemia) leads to severely anemic stillborn babies with small amounts of an abnormal hemoglobin composed of four gamma sub-units (Bart's Hemoglobin)
B	Bastian-Bruns sign	Henry Charlton Bastian, Ludwig Bruns	neurology	spinal cord transection		loss of muscle tone and reflexes below lesion level
B	Battle's sign	William Henry Battle	neurosurgery/traumatology	basal skull fracture		mastoid ecchymosis
B	Beau's lines	Joseph Honoré Simon Beau	dermatology, internal medicine	multiple, including trauma		transverse ridges on nails
B	Beck's triad	Claude Schaeffer Beck	cardiology	cardiac tamponade		hypotension, increased central venous pressure (JVP), distant heart sounds
B	Becker's sign	Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker	ophthalmology, endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis		visible pulsation of retinal arteries
B	Beevor's sign	Charles Edward Beevor	neurology, neurosurgery	spinal trauma at T10, als,fsmd		caudal movement of navel on cervical flexion
B	Bekhterev-Jacobsohn reflex	Vladimir Bekhterev, Louis Jacobsohn-Lask	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions		stroking dorsal radial skin, with forearm in supination, elicits wrist and finger flexion
B	Bekhterev-Mendel reflex	Vladimir Bekhterev, Kurt Mendel	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions		toe flexion on percussion of dorsum of foot
B	Bence Jones protein	Henry Bence Jones	hematology	multiple myeloma
B	Benedict solution	Stanley Rossiter Benedict	endocrinology	diabetes mellitus		reagent for presence of monosaccharides
B	Berger wave (rhythm)	Hans Berger	neurology	normal physiology		electroencephalographic alpha wave
B	Bezold-Jarisch reflex	Albert von Bezold, Adolf Jarisch	pharmacology, toxicology	effect of certain alkaloids		apnea, bradycardia, hypotension
B	Bielschowsky's head tilt test	Alfred Bielschowsky	neurology, ophthalmology	lesions of cranial nerve IV		test for palsy of superior oblique muscle
B	Bing's sign	Paul Robert Bing	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions		extension of the great toe on pricking the dorsum of the foot with a pin
B	Biot's respiration	Camille Biot	neurology	brain stem herniation		quick shallow respirations followed by period of apnea
B	Bitot's spots	Pierre Bitôt	ophthalmology	vitamin A deficiency		spots of keratin deposition in the conjunctiva
B	Bjerrum scotoma	Jannik Peterson Bjerrum	ophthalmology	glaucoma		comet shaped visual field defect,extending temporally from the physiological blind spot
B	Blumberg sign	Jacob Moritz Blumberg	surgery	peritonitis		rebound tenderness
B	Boas' point	Ismar Isidor Boas	gastroenterology	gastric ulcer		dermal hyperaesthesia just left of T12
B	Boas' sign	Ismar Isidor Boas	gastroenterology	acute cholecystitis		dermal hyperaesthesia at inferior angle of R scapula
B	Bodansky unit	Aaron Bodansky	clinical chemistry			unit of alkaline phosphatase concentration in blood
B	Boston's sign	Leonard N. Boston	ophthalmology, endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis		spasmodic ptosis on downward gaze
B	Bouchard's nodes	Charles-Joseph Bouchard	rheumatology	osteoarthritis		bony outgrowths on dorsa of proximal interphalangeal joints
B	Bracht-Wachter bodies	Erich Franz Eugen Bracht, Hermann Julius Gustav Wächter	cardiology	infective endocarditis		yellow-white spots in the myocardium
B	Branham's sign	Henry Branham				pressing on proximal portion of AV fistula results in bradycardia
B	Braxton Hicks contraction	John Braxton Hicks	obstetrics	normal pregnancy		"false labour". sporadic contractions beginning as early as mid 1st trimester
B	Brewer infarcts	George Emerson Brewer	nephrology, pathology	pyelonephritis		dark red wedge shaped areas on kidney section resembling infarcts
B	Brissaud's reflex	Édouard Brissaud	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions		plantar stimulation elicits contraction of tensor fasciae latae
B	Broadbent inverted sign	Sir William Broadbent, 1st Baronet	cardiology	L atrial hypertrophy		systole palpable in posterior chest wall
B	Broadbent sign	Walter Broadbent	cardiology	adhesive pericarditis		recession of L inferior intercostal spaces
B	Broca aphasia	Paul Broca	neurology, neuropsychology	developmental or other pathology of various frontal cortical areas		expressive aphasia
B	Brodie-Trendelenburg percussion test	Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, Friedrich Trendelenburg	general medicine, surgery	varicose veins		superficial vein is percussed proximally; if impulse is felt over vein distally, valvular incompetence is present
B	Brodie-Trendelenburg test	Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, Friedrich Trendelenburg	general medicine,surgery	varicose veins		identifies level of valvular incompetence
B	Brudziński neck sign	Józef Brudziński	neurology	meningitis		neck flexion elicits hip and knee flexion
B	Brudziński cheek sign	Józef Brudziński	neurology	meningitis		pressure beneath zygoma elicits flexion of forearm
B	Brudziński symphyseal sign	Józef Brudziński	neurology	meningitis		pressure over symphisis pubis elicits knee, hip flexion and leg abduction
B	Brudziński reflex	Józef Brudziński	neurology	meningitis		passive flexion of knee to abdomen elicits flexion of contralateral hip and knee
B	Bruit de Roger	Henri-Louis Roger	paediatric cardiology	ventricular septal defect		loud pansystolic murmur
B	Bruns ataxia	Ludwig Bruns	neurology	frontal lobe lesions		difficulty moving feet in contact with floor, tendency to fall backwards
B	Bruns nystagmus	Ludwig Bruns	neurology	cerebellopontine angle tumor, vestibular schwannoma		nystagmus that coarsens in amplitude on lateral gaze
B	Brushfield spots	Thomas Brushfield	ophthalmology, genetics	Downs' syndrome or non-pathological		greyish-white spots at periphery of iris
B	Burton line	Henry Burton	toxicology	lead poisoning	NEJM 354:e21 5/18/06	Blue discolouration of the gingival border
C	Cabot rings	Richard Cabot	hematology	lead poisoning, anaemias		threadlike strands in erythrocytes
C	Caput medusae	Medusa	gastroenterology, surgery	portal hypertension		distended veins radiating from umbilicus
C	Cardarelli's sign	Antonio Cardarelli	cardiology, thoracic surgery	aortic arch dilatation or aneurysm, mediastinal tumour		left displacement of trachea elicits palpable pulsation of same
C	Carey Coombs murmur	Carey Coombs	cardiology,rheumatology	rheumatic fever		mid-diastolic rumble
C	Carnett's sign	John Berton Carnett	primary care, surgery	abdominal mass and/or pain	Am J Med Sci 174 (1927): 579–599	supine patient lifts head from bed;↑ pain - abdominal wall ;↓ pain - intraperitoneal
C	Carvallo's sign	José Manuel Rivero Carvallo	cardiology	tricuspid regurgitation		increase in volume of murmur on inspiration
C	Casal collar	Gaspar Casal	nutrition	pellagra (niacin deficiency)	Casal collar at Medscape	widely variable collar of dermatitis characteristically in c3,c4 dermatomes
C	Casoni test	Tomaso Casoni	infectious disease, tropical medicine	hydatid disease		intradermal injection of hydatid fluid causing wheal
C	Celsus signs of inflammation	Aulus Cornelius Celsus	various	inflammation		1. Rubor (redness) 2. Tumor (swelling)3. Calor (heat) 4. Dolor (pain)
C	Chaddock reflex	Charles Gilbert Chaddock	neurology	pyramidal lesions, corticospinal tract lesions		extension of big toe with stimulation of skin over lateral malleolus
C	Chadwick sign	James Read Chadwick	obstetrics	pregnancy		cyanosis of vulva, vagina and cervix
C	Charcot's triad	Jean-Martin Charcot	surgery	ascending cholangitis		jaundice, fever and chills, RUQ pain
C	Charcot's triad	Jean-Martin Charcot	neurology	multiple sclerosis		nystagmus, intention tremor ,staccato speech
C	Charcot-Leyden crystals	Jean-Martin Charcot, Ernst Viktor von Leyden	pathology	any disorder characterized by eosinophil proliferation, e.g. ascariasis		lysophospholipase crystals in various tissues
C	Cheyne-Stokes respiration	John Cheyne, William Stokes	palliative care	respiratory center damage		fluctuation between apnoea and tachypnoea
C	Churchill-Cope reflex	Edward Delos Churchill, Oliver Cope	cardiology	heart failure		distension of pulmonary vascular bed causes tachypnoea
C	Chvostek's sign	František Chvostek	endocrinology	hypocalcemia		tapping over facial nerve elicits abnormal muscle contraction(s)
C	Claybrook sign	Edwin Claybrook	emergency medicine, surgery	blunt abdominal trauma		heart and/or breath sounds heard through abdominal wall indicate rupture of viscus
C	Clutton's joints	Henry Hugh Clutton	paediatrics	congenital syphilis		painless symmetrical hydrarthroses, particularly of the knees
C	Codman's triangle	Ernest Codman	oncology, orthopaedic surgery, radiology	osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma		triangular subperiosteal growth
C	Comby sign	Jules Comby	paediatrics	rubeola		whitish patches on gingiva and buccal mucosa
C	Coombs test	Robin Coombs	hematology	hemolytic anemia
C	Coons fluorescent antibody method	Albert Coons	immunology		Albert Coons at National Academies Press	detection of antibodies by fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein-labelled antibodies
C	Cornell's sign	?	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	scratching alongside big toe extensor tendon elicits an extensor plantar response
C	Corrigan pulse	Dominic John Corrigan	cardiology	aortic insufficiency		carotid pulsations with abrupt ascending and descending phases
C	Councilman body	William Thomas Councilman	infectious disease	yellow fever, viral haemorrhagic fevers		eosinophilic globules in liver
C	Courvoisier's law	Ludwig Georg Courvoisier	gastroenterology	obstructive jaundice		palpable gall bladder w/ painless jaundice unlikely to be cholelithiasis
C	Crichton-Browne sign	Sir James Crichton-Browne	neuropsychiatry	'general paresis'	(needed)	tremor at corners of mouth and of outer canthus
C	Crowe sign	Frank W. Crowe	dermatology	neurofibromatosis type I		axillary freckling
C	Cruveilhier-Baumgarten bruit	Jean Cruveilhier, Paul Clemens von Baumgarten	hepatology	Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease		bruit around the umbilicus
C	Cullen's sign	Thomas S. Cullen	surgery	intraabdominal haemorrhage		ecchymosis around umbilicus predicts onset of acute pancreatitis
C	Curschmann spirals	Heinrich Curschmann	pulmonology	asthma		spiral mucus plugs found in sputum
C	Cushing's triad	Harvey Cushing	neurology	raised intracranial pressure		elevated systolic bp, bradycardia, irregular respiration
D	Dagher Maneuver	Nabil Dagher	trauma surgery	penetrating pelvic trauma		bimanual palpation of foreign object lodged in pelvis with one digit in an incision lateral to the anus and the other digit inserted in the rectum
D	Dahl's sign	K.V. Dahl	pulmonology	COPD		pigmented calluses on anterior surface of thighs (from leaning on elbows)
D	Dalrymple sign	John Dalrymple	ophthalmology, endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis	synd/494 at Who Named It?	widened palpebral opening
D	Dance's sign	Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance	(paediatric)surgery	ileo-cecal intussusception	synd/3355 at Who Named It?	empty RLQ (retracted right iliac fossa)
D	Darier's sign	Ferdinand-Jean Darier	allergy,dermatology	urticaria pigmentosa		dermatographia
D	Dawson's fingers	James Walker Dawson	neurology	multiple sclerosis	[1] [2]	characteristic fingerlike appearance of lateral ventricle on mri, ct, or at autopsy
D	De Musset's sign	Alfred de Musset	cardiology	aortic insufficiency		head nodding in time with heartbeat
D	Dennie-Morgan fold	Charles Clayton Dennie DB Morgan	dermatology	atopic dermatitis	Dennie's line at TheFreeDictionary.com	accentuated fold below the lower eyelid
D	Destot's sign	?	orthopaedic surgery	pelvic fracture	[3]	ecchymosis superior to inguinal ligament, in scrotum or of thigh
D	Dix-Hallpike test	Margaret R. Dix, Charles Skinner Hallpike	Otolaryngology	Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo	synd/3615 at Who Named It?	Elicitation of extreme vertigo upon lateral movement of a patient's head when lying in a supine position
D	Döhle bodies	Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle	pathology	various including trauma and neoplasm		basophilic inclusions in peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils
D	Doi's sign	Hitoka Doi	neurology	Eaton-Lambert syndrome		reappearance of absent deep tendon reflexes after short period of maximal muscle contraction
D	Dunphy sign	?	surgery	appendicitis	[4]	increase in abdominal pain on coughing
D	Duroziez's sign	Paul Louis Duroziez	cardiology	aortic insufficiency		double bruit heard over femoral artery when it is compressed distally (see Traube's sign)
E	Elschnig spots	Anton Elschnig	ophthalmology	hypertensive retinopathy
E	Epstein's pearls	Alois Epstein	paediatrics	normal newborn		cystic papules on palate
E	Ewart's sign	William Ewart	cardiology	pericardial effusion		percussive dullness, aegophony and bronchial breath sounds at L scapular tip
F	Finkelstein's test	Harry Finkelstein	rheumatology	DeQuervain's tenosynovitis
F	Forchheimer spots	Frederick Forchheimer	paediatrics	rubella		small red spots on the soft palate
F	Fothergill's sign	John Fothergill	surgery	rectus sheath hematoma		anterior abdominal mass which does not cross the midline and is still palpable when abdominal wall muscles are tensed
F	Fox's sign	George Henry Fox	gastroenterology	haemorrhagic pancreatitis		ecchymosis of inguinal ligament (blood tracks retroperitoneally)
F	Frank's sign	Sanders T. Frank	cardiology	ischaemic heart disease		ear crease indicating risk of heart disease (disputed)
F	Friedreich's sign	Nikolaus Friedreich	cardiology	constrictive pericarditis, tricuspid insufficiency		collapse of distended neck veins in diastole
F	Froment's sign	Jules Froment	neurology	ulnar nerve palsy		patient required to hold paper between thumb and palm (against attempt to withdraw);ability to do so is assessed
G	Gallavardin phenomenon	Louis Gallavardin	cardiology	aortic stenosis		dissociation of musical and noisy elements in ejection murmur
G	Gamna-Favre bodies	Carlos Gamna, Maurice Favre	histology	lymphogranuloma venereum	Gamna-Favre bodies at Who Named It?	basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
G	Gandy-Gamna nodules	Charles Gandy, Carlos Gamna	histology	splenomegaly due to portal hypertension and sickle cell disease	Gandy-Gamna bodies at Who Named It?	small yellow-brown foci in the spleen
G	Gerhardt's sign	Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt			Gerhardt's sign at Who Named It? http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?Biermer's+sign	controversial: see references
G	Goetz sign	?			(needed)
G	Gonda's sign	?	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	flexing then suddenly releasing the 4th toe elicits an extensor plantar response
G	Goodell's sign	William Goodell	obstetrics	pregnancy		softening of the vaginal part of the cervix during the first trimester
G	Goodsall's rule	David Henry Goodsall	gastroenterology, general surgery	anal fistula		anatomical relationships, differentiation of fistula types
G	Gordon's sign	Alfred Gordon	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	squeezing the calf muscle elicits an extensor plantar response
G	Gottron's papules	Heinrich Adolf Gottron	rheumatology	dermatomyositis		roseate discolouration over knuckles
G	Gowers' sign ^[2]	William Richard Gowers	neurology	muscular dystrophy
G	Graham Steell murmur	Graham Steell	cardiology	mitral stenosis		pulmonary regurgitation murmur in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral stenosis
G	Grey Turner's sign	George Grey Turner	surgery	retroperitoneal hemorrhage		flank ecchymosis
G	Griffith's sign	?	endocrinology	Graves' ophthalmopathy		lid lag of the lower eyelid on upward eye movement
G	Grotton's lesions	?			(needed)
G	Gunn's sign	Robert Marcus Gunn	ophthalmology	hypertension	Gunn's sign at Who Named It?	AV "nicking" or "nipping" in hypertensive retinopathy
H	Hamman's sign	Louis Hamman	thoracic surgery	oesophageal perforation w/ pneumomediastinum		crepitus in sync w/ heartbeat but not respiration
H	Hampton's hump	Aubrey Otis Hampton	pulmonology, radiology	pulmonary embolus with infarct	Hampton's hump at Who Named It?	wedge shaped consolidation at periphery with base on the pleura
H	Hampton's line	Aubrey Otis Hampton	radiology, gastroenterology	peptic ulcer	Hampton's line at Who Named It?	line on barium meal indicating mucosal oedema associated with ulcer
H	Hannington-Kiff sign	John G. Hannington-Kiff	general surgery	obturator hernia		absent thigh adductor reflex with positive patellar reflex
H	Harrison's groove	Edward Harrison	internal medicine	rickets	Harrison's sulcus at Who Named It?	rib deformity at the lower thorax
H	Hatchcock's sign	?	paediatrics, infectious disease	mumps	(needed)	tenderness behind angle of jaw (typically before swelling is evident)
H	Heberden's node	William Heberden	rheumatology	osteoarthritis		same as bouchard's nodes, but over dip joints
H	Hegar's sign	Ernst Ludwig Alfred Hegar	obstetrics	normal pregnancy		softening of cervical isthmus appearin between 4th and 6th weeks (usually)
H	Hess test	Alfred Fabian Hess	internal medicine	capillary fragility	Rumpel-Konchalevskii-Leede phenomenon or sign at Who Named It?	appearance of petechiae after compression of arm by bandage or blood pressure cuff
H	Hippocratic face	Hippocrates	palliative care	impending death
H	Hippocratic fingers	Hippocrates	pulmonary medicine	chronic hypoxia		clubbing of distal phalanges
H	Hirschberg test	Julius Hirschberg	ophthalmology	strabismus		corneal reflection centred (-) or not centred (+) on pupil
H	Hoffmann's sign	Johann Hoffmann	neurology	corticospinal tract lesions		tapping distal phalanx of 3rd or 4th finger elicits flexion of same in thumb
H	Hollenhorst plaque	Robert Hollenhorst	ophthalmology	hypertension, coronary artery disease, and/or diabetes		cholesterol embolus(i) of retinal artery(ies)
H	Homans' sign	John Homans	thrombosis	deep venous thrombosis		knee bent, ankle abruptly dorsiflexed, popliteal pain
H	Hoover's sign (leg paresis)	Charles Franklin Hoover	neurology, psychiatry	lower extremity paresis		differentiates organic from non-organic etiology
H	Hoover's sign (pulmonary)	Charles Franklin Hoover	pulmonology	COPD		inward movement of lower ribs during inspiration
H	Howship-Romberg sign	John Howship, Moritz Heinrich Romberg	surgery	obturator hernia	Howship's syndrome at Who Named It?	pain from an obturator hernia radiating to knee
H	Hutchinson's freckle	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson	dermatology	melanoma	Hutchinson's freckle at Who Named It?	precancerous facial pigmentation
H	Hutchinson's pupil	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson	neurology	oculomotor nerve lesion	Hutchinson's pupil at Who Named It?	dilated pupil on the side of an intracranial lesion due to IIIrd nerve compression
H	Hutchinson's sign	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson	ophthalmology	herpes zoster	Hutchinson's sign 2 at Who Named It?	lesion on tip of the nose which can presage ocular herpes zoster
H	Hutchinson's teeth ^[3]	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson	pediatrics	congenital syphilis		small, widely spaced incisors with notched biting surfaces
H	Hutchinson's triad	Sir Jonathan Hutchinson	pediatrics	congenital syphilis		interstitial keratitis,nerve deafness, Hutchinson's teeth
J	Janeway lesion	Theodore Caldwell Janeway	cardiology	infective endocarditis		palmar or plantar erythematous or haemorrhagic papules
J	Jendrassik maneuver	Ernő Jendrassik	neurology	hyporeflexia		compares patellar reflex w/ and w/o distraction
J	Joffroy's sign	Alexis Joffroy	endocrinology	exophthalmos in Graves disease	Joffroy's sign I at Who Named It?	lack of forehead wrinkling when patient looks up with head bowed
J	John Thomas sign ^[4]	N/A	radiology	various, including Reiter's syndrome	(needed)	penile shadow points at affected hip (+) or unaffected hip (-) (2)
J	Jolly's test	Friedrich Jolly	neurology	myasthenia gravis or Eaton-Lambert syndrome		electromyography test using repeated stimuli to show fatiguability in myasthenia
J	Jones criteria	T. Duckett Jones	rheumatology	rheumatic fever		criteria used to diagnose rheumatic fever
K	Kanavel's sign	Allen B. Kanavel	orthopedics, rheumatology	tenosynovitis of flexor digitorum tendon	http://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/TOPIC97.HTM	(1) finger held in slight flexion, (2) fusiform swelling, (3) tenderness along the flexor tendon sheath, and (4) pain with passive extension of the digit.
K	Kayser-Fleischer ring	Bernhard Kayser, Bruno Fleischer	neurology,gastroenterology	Wilson's disease(hepatolenticular degeneration)		ring of brownish copper deposit at corneo-scleral junction
K	Kehr's sign	Hans Kehr	trauma surgery	ruptured spleen		referred pain to L shoulder
K	Kelly's sign	Howard Atwood Kelly	surgery		(needed)	visible response of ureter when touched (means of identifying same)
K	Kerley lines	Peter Kerley	radiology	pulmonary edema
K	Kernig's sign	Woldemar Kernig	neurology	meningism, meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage	synd/2200 at Who Named It?	hip and knee fully flexed, extension of knee elicits pain and/or opisthotonus
K	Koebner's phenomenon	Heinrich Koebner	dermatology	various conditions
K	Koeppe's nodules	Leonhard Koeppe	ophthalmology	uveitis		granulomatous nodules at pupillary margin
K	Koplik's spots	Henry Koplik	pediatrics	measles
K	Korotkoff sounds	Nikolai Korotkov	cardiology	auscultatory sphygmomanometry		Korotkov described 5 sounds. Only the first (the onset of audible sound,and corresponding to systolic pressure) and the fifth (sound becomes inaudible,corresponding to diastolic pressure) are of practical clinical significance (however,see:Auscultatory gap)
K	Kussmaul breathing^[5]	Adolph Kussmaul	endocrinology	metabolic acidosis		laboured deep breathing with normal or reduced frequency
K	Kussmaul's sign	Adolph Kussmaul	cardiology	various, including right side failure		increased jugular distension on inspiration
K	Kveim test	Morten Ansgar Kveim	pulmonary medicine	sarcoidosis		intradermal injection of lymphatic extract from known sufferer; obsolete
L	Lachman maneuver	John Lachman	orthopedic surgery	anterior cruciate ligament injury		modified anterior drawer test with knee in less flexion
L	Ladin's sign	?	obstetrics	normal pregnancy		softening of uterus; similar to Hegar's sign
L	Lancisi's sign	Giovanni Maria Lancisi	cardiology	tricuspid regurgitation		giant v-wave in seen in jugular vein
L	Larrey's sign	Dominique Larrey	rheumatology	sacroiliitis		pain in sacroiliac area on sitting down on hard chair
L	Lasègue's sign	Charles Lasègue	neurosurgery, orthpaedic surgery	lumbar disc lesions, sciatica		better known as straight leg raise test
L	Leopold's maneuver	Christian Gerhard Leopold	obstetrics		Leopold's maneuver at Who Named It?	determination of fetal lie
L	Leser-Trélat sign	Edmund Leser, Ulysse Trélat	oncology	malignant neoplasm	Leser-Trélat sign at Who Named It?	sudden onset of multiple pruritic seborrheic keratoses
L	Levine's sign	Samuel A. Levine	cardiology	myocardial infarction		patient clenches fist over chest when asked to describe pain
L	Lhermitte's sign	Jean Lhermitte	neurology	lesions of cervical cord dorsal columns or caudal medulla, MS, chemotherapy, Behçet's disease		electrical sensation down the back and into limbs with neck flexion or extension
L	Lisch nodule	Karl Lisch	ophthalmology	type I neurofibromatosis		yellow brown hamartomata on iris
L	Lisker's sign	?	internal medicine	deep venous thrombosis		tenderness on percussion of antero-medial tibia
L	Litten's sign	Moritz Litten	cardiology	infective endocarditis	eMedicine	cotton-wool exudate in the retina
L	Lombard effect	Étienne Lombard	psychiatry	malingering due to simulated deafness		automatic rise in the loudness of a person's voice when they speak in noise
L	Louvel's sign	?	internal medicine	deep venous thrombosis	(needed)	increased pain along vein with valsalva; proximal pressure prevents this
L	Lowenberg's sign	?	vascular medicine	deep vein thrombosis		immediate pain on inflating blood pressure cuff around calf
M	MacDonald triad	John M. MacDonald	psychiatry	sociopathic personality disorder		eneuresis, firesetting and animal torture predictive of future criminal behaviour
M	Macewen's sign	Sir William Macewen	neurology, neurosurgery	hydrocephalus, brain abscess		resonance on percussion of fronto-temporo-parietal suture
M	Magnan's sign	Valentin Magnan	addiction medicine	cocaine dependence	Magnan's sign at Who Named It?	feeling of moving foreign body under the skin
M	Mantoux test	Charles Mantoux	infectious disease	tuberculosis		intradermal protein derivative - diameter of wheal evaluated
M	Marcus Gunn pupil	Robert Marcus Gunn	ophthalmology, neurology	severe retinal disease, lesion of optic nerve anterior to chiasm	Gunn's pupillary phenomenon at Who Named It?	Relative pupil dilatation when light swings to the affected side
M	Marie's sign	?			(needed)
M	Markle sign	?	surgery	appendicitis		RLQ pain on dropping from standing on toes to heels
M	Mayne's sign	?	cardiology	aortic insufficiency		systolic blood pressure drop of >15mmHg on raising arm
M	McBurney's point	Charles McBurney	surgery	appendicitis		2/3 of the way lateral on a line from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine (corresponds to junction of vermiform appendix and cecum)
M	McConnell's sign	M.V. McConnell	cardiology	pulmonary embolism		echocardiography finding of akinesia of the mid-free wall of the right ventricle but normal motion of the apex
M	McDonald's sign	?			(needed)
M	McMurray test	Thomas Porter McMurray	orthopaedics	meniscal tear	McMurray's sign at Who Named It?	knee extended, valgus stress applied, leg rotated produces palpable or audible click
M	Means-Lerman scratch	?			(needed)
M	Mees' lines	R.A. Mees	toxicology	arsenic or heavy metal poisoning		transverse white lines across the nails
M	Mentzer index	?	hematology	microcytic anemia		differentiates iron deficiency anaemia from beta thalassaemia
M	Miller-Fisher test	?			(needed)
M	Moniz sign	António Egas Moniz	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	forceful plantar flexion of the ankle elicits an extensor plantar response
M	Möbius sign	Paul Julius Möbius	endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis	Möbius sign at TheFreeDictionary.com	inability to maintain convergence of eyes
M	Muehrcke's lines	Robert C. Muehrcke	nephrology, oncology	hypoalbuminaemia, chemotherapy		paired transverse white lines on nail bed
M	Mulder's sign	?			(needed)
M	Müller's maneuver	Johannes Peter Müller	pulmonology	collapsed section of airway		patient attempts to breathe in with nose and mouth closed (opposite of Valsalva maneuver)
M	Müller's sign	Friedrich von Müller	cardiology	aortic insufficiency	Müller's sign at Who Named It?	visible pulsation or bobbing of uvula
M	Murphy's punch sign	John B. Murphy	urology	perinephric abscess	Murphy's punch at Who Named It?	punch tenderness at the costovertebral angle
M	Murphy's sign	John B. Murphy	surgery	cholecystitis	Murphy's sign at Who Named It?	hesitation on inspiration while gall bladder is palpated
M	Myerson's sign	Abraham Myerson	neurology	Parkinson's disease		inability to resist blinking when glabella is percussed
N	Naegele's rule	Franz Karl Naegele	gynecology	gestation		method of estimating due date
N	Nardi test	George Nardi	gastroenterology	dysfunction of sphincter of Oddi		administration of morphine and neostigmine reproduces sharp LUQ pain; not in general use
N	Nikolsky's sign	Pyotr Nikolsky	dermatology	various, including pemphigus vulgaris		mild shear stress applied to skin causes bullae to form
O	O'Brien's test	?			(needed)
O	O'Donoghue's triad	D. O'Donoghue	orthopaedics, sports medicine	knee injury		coincidence of anterior cruciate injury,medial collateral injury and meniscal tear
O	Oliver's sign	William Silver Oliver	cardiology	aortic arch aneurysm		caudal movement of trachea with systole
O	Oppenheim's sign	Hermann Oppenheim	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	Oppenheim's reflex at Who Named It?	irritation downward of the medial tibia causes dorsiflexion of big toe
O	Ortolani test	Marino Ortolani	pediatrics & orthopedics	congenital hip dislocation	Ortolani's sign and test at Who Named It?	palpable clunk on moving hip
O	Osborn wave	J.J. Osborn	cardiology, emergency medicine	hypothermia		positive deflection at QRS-ST junction
O	Osler's node	Sir William Osler	internal medicine	various, including SBE and SLE		painful red lesions on the pads of the fingers and plantar surfaces
O	Osler's sign	Sir William Osler	internal medicine	atherosclerosis		falsely elevated bp reading due to incompressibility of calcified vessels
P	Palla's sign	?	internal medicine	pulmonary embolism	Pulmonary embolism at Merck Manual online	enlarged right descending pulmonary artery on chest x-ray
P	Pastia's sign	Constantin Chessec Pastia	pediatrics	scarlet fever	Pastia's sign at Who Named It?	lines of confluent petechiae in skin creases (associated with Scarlatiniform rash and strep pyogenes)
P	Patrick's test	Hugh Talbot Patrick	rheumatology	sacroiliitis	Patrick's test at Who Named It?	external rotation of the hip causes pain
P	Pemberton's sign	Hugh Pemberton	thoracic surgery	retrosternal mass with superior vena cava syndrome		arms elevated over head elicits facial plethora, distended neck veins and inspiratory stridor
P	Phalen's maneuver	George S. Phalen	rheumatology, hand surgery	carpal tunnel syndrome		30–60 seconds of full forced flexion of wrist elicits symptoms
P	Piskaçek's sign	Ludwig Piskaçek	obstetrics	normal pregnancy	Piskaçek's sign at Who Named It?	palpable lateral bulge at tubal-uterine junction; present at 7–8 weeks
P	Plummer's nail	Henry Stanley Plummer	endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis	Plummer's nail at Who Named It?	onycholysis especially of ring and little fingers
P	Pratt's sign	?	internal medicine	deep venous thrombosis	(needed)	pain elicited by compression of posterior calf
Q	Queckenstedt's maneuver	Hans Heinrich Georg Queckenstedt	neurology	spinal stenosis	Queckenstedt's phenomenon at Who Named It?	bilateral jugular vein pressure during lumbar puncture causes sudden rise in CSF pressure
Q	Quincke's sign	Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke	cardiology	aortic insufficiency	Quincke's capillary pulse at Who Named It?	visible pulsation in ungual capillary bed
R	Reynolds' pentad	B.M. Reynolds	gastroenterology	ascending cholangitis	Reynold's pentad at Who Named It?	Charcot's triad + hypotension and altered mental state
R	Riesman's sign	David Riesman	endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis		bruit over globe of the eye
R	Rigler's sign^[6]	Leo George Rigler	radiology, abdominal surgery	pneumoperitoneum	Rigler's sign at Who Named It?	gas outlines both mucosal and serosal surfaces of bowel
R	Rinne test	Heinrich Adolf Rinne	ENT, neurology, audiometry	hearing impairment	Rinne's test at Who Named It?	comparison of air conduction to bone conduction differentiates sensorineural from conductive deafness
R	Romaña's sign	Cecilio Romaña	tropical medicine	Chagas' disease	Romaña's sign at Who Named It?	painless unilateral periorbital swelling
R	Romberg test	Moritz Heinrich Romberg	neurology	dorsal column lesions, cerebllar lesions, alcohol intoxication	Romberg's sign at Who Named It?	inability to maintain posture with eyes closed
R	Rosenbach's test	Ottomar Rosenbach	clinical chemistry	bilirubinuria	Rosenbach's test at Who Named It?	colour produced on addition of nitric acid
R	Rossolimo's sign	Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	percussion of the tips of the toes causes exaggerated flexion of the toes
R	Roth's spots	Moritz Roth	ophthalmology, internal medicine	various, including SBE and systemic vasculitides	Roth's spot at Who Named It?	retinal haemorrhages with pale centres seen at fundoscopy
R	Rovsing's sign	Niels Thorkild Rovsing	general surgery	appendicitis	Rovsing's sign at Who Named It?	palpation of LLQ elicits pain in RLQ
R	Rumpel-Leede sign	Theodor Rumpel, Carl Stockbridge Leede	haematology	capillary fragility	Rumpel-Leede test at Who Named It?	petechiae seen after compression by tourniquet
R	Russell's sign	Gerald Russell	psychiatry	bulimia nervosa		scarring of the dorsum of one hand (contact with incisors when purging)
S	Salus's sign	Robert Salus	ophthalmology	hypertension	Hypertension at Medscape	deflection of retinal veins at right angle junctions due to elongation or shortening of connected arterioles
S	Schaeffer's sign	Max Schaeffer	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	Schäffer's reflex at Who Named It?	squeezing the Achilles tendon elicits an extensor plantar response
S	Schamroth's window test	Leo Schamroth	pulmonology, cardiology	chronic hypoxia		identifies clubbing of distal phalanges
S	Schiller's Test	Walter Schiller	gynecology	cervical cancer	Schiller's test at Who Named It?	affected areas of cervix fail to stain brown with iodine solution
S	Schilling test	Robert F. Schilling	internal medicine	pernicious anaemia, coeliac disease, other malabsorption disorders		B12 radioassay; rare
S	Schirmer's test	Otto Schirmer	ophthalmology	keratoconjunctivitis sicca, as in Sjögren's syndrome		quantifies lacrimal secretion
S	Schober test	Paul Schober	physiatry, rheumatology, orthopaedics	various disorders of lumbar vertebrae	Schober's sign at Who Named It?	quantifies lumbar flexion
S	Shone's complex	John D. Shone	cardiology	congenital heart defect	(needed)	supravalvular mitral ring, parachute deformity of mitral valve, subaortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta
S	Siegrist streaks	August Siegrist	ophthalmology	malignant hypertension		hyperpigmented sreaks parallel to choroidal vessels
S	Simmonds' test	Franklin Adin Simmonds	orthopaedics	Achilles tendon rupture		squeezing of calf fails to produce plantar flexion
S	Sims-Huhner test	Harry M. Sims, Max Huhner	reproductive medicine	infertility	Sims-Huhner test at Who Named It?	determination of sperm count and motility in a sample taken from the cervical canal within an hour of intercourse
S	Sister Mary Joseph nodule^[7]	Sister Mary Joseph Dempsey (born Julia Dempsey)	oncology	various abdominal malignancies		palpable lymph node in the umbilicus
S	Spurling's test	Roy Glenwood Spurling	neurology	cervical radiculopathy	Spurling's manoeuvre and sign at Who Named It?	axial compression and rotation of cervical spine to the side of symptoms causes pain
S	Stellwag's sign	Karl Stellwag von Carion	endocrinology	thyrotoxicosis		infrequent and/or incomplete blinking, accompanied by Dalrymple's sign
S	Still's murmur	Sir George Frederick Still	paediatric cardiology	subaortic stenosis, small VSD	Still's mmurmur at Who Named It?	systolic ejection sound ; vibratory/musical; best heard at left lower sternal border
S	Stransky's sign	?	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	sudden abduction and release of little toe causes extensor plantar response
S	Stroop test	John Ridley Stroop	neuropsychology	various, including ADHD and schizophrenia		reaction times for incongruent stimuli (e.g., word red printed in blue)
S	Strümpell's sign	Adolph Strümpell	neurology	spastic pareses of the lower extremity	Strümpell's sign I at Who Named It?	failure of abrupt passive flexion of the hip and/or knee to elicit dorsiflexion and adduction of foot
T	Terry's nails	R. Terry	internal medicine	various including hepatic failure		white 'ground glass' nails;absence of lunula
T	Terry-Thomas sign	Terry-Thomas	Orthopaedics	Scapho-lunate dissociation	Atlas of Signs in Musculoskeletal Radiology	Gap between the scaphoid and lunate bones on AP wrist radiograph
T	Thomas test	Hugh Owen Thomas	Orthopaedics	Fixed flexion deformity of hip		Supine patient flexes one hip whilst keeping other leg flat; back arches if flexion deformity is present
T	Throckmorton's reflex	Tom Bentley Throckmorton	neurology	pyramidal tract lesions	The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8.	pressure over dorsal bog toe MTP joint elicits an extensor plantar response
T	Tinel's sign	Jules Tinel	neurology	neuritis, compression disorders		'DTP' - distal tingling on percussion
T	Todd's paresis	Robert Bentley Todd	neurology	seizure disorders		focal weakness for as much as 48 hours after seizure
T	Traube's sign	Ludwig Traube	various	splenomegaly		dull percussion sound over Traube's space
T	Trendelenburg's sign	Friedrich Trendelenburg	neurology	superior gluteal palsy, other causes of hip adductors weakness		pelvic tilt contralateral to 'stance leg'
T	Trousseau's sign of malignancy	Armand Trousseau	internal medicine	various malignancies, including pancreatic		spontaneous thrombosis of multiple veins, including portal circulation
T	Trousseau's sign of latent tetany	Armand Trousseau	internal medicine, endocrinology	hypocalcaemia	Trendelenburg's phenomenon at Who Named It?	in hypocalcaemia, occlusion of brachial artery induces carpal spasm
U	Uhthoff's phenomenon	Wilhelm Uhthoff	neurology	multiple sclerosis	Uhthoff's symptom at Who Named It?	↑ in neurological symptoms with exercise or other increase in body temperature
U	Unterberger test	Siegfried Unterberger	neurology, ENT	vestibular lesions		patient walks in place with eyes closed;direction of rotation indicates vestibular lesion on that side
V	Virchow's triad	Rudolf Virchow	hematology	etiology of thrombosis		Hypercoagulability, Hemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence) and Endothelial injury/dysfunction
V	Von Braun-Fernwald's sign	Karl von Braun-Fernwald	obstetrics	pregnancy		softening of the uterine fundus at the site of implantation at 4–5 weeks gestation
V	Von Graefe sign	Albrecht von Graefe	endocrinology	Graves' disease		' lid lag'; immobility of upper lid on downward gaze
W	Wada test	Juhn Atsushi Wada	neurology	epilepsy, anatomical lesions of cerebrum	Wada's test at Who Named It?	short acting barbiturate injected in internal carotid; lateralizes language function
W	Waddell's signs	G. Waddell	primary care, psychiatry	chronic pain		identify non-organic sources of low back pain
W	Waddell's triad	J.P. Waddell	paediatric trauma	child pedestrian stuck by motor vehicle		Head trauma, thoracic and/or abdominal trauma, femoral fracture
W	Watson's water hammer pulse	Thomas Watson	cardiology	aortic regurgitation	J. Suvarna Watson's water hammer pulse Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2008-04-01	bounding forceful pulse elicited with postural manoeuvres
W	Whipple's triad	Allen Whipple	endocrinology	hypoglycemia		1.symptoms associated with hypoglycaemia 2. measured low serum glucose 3. relief of symptoms with administration of glucose p.o. or iv
W	Wickham's striae	Louis Frédéric Wickham	dermatology	lichen planus		white or greyish lines on the lichen planus lesions
W	Widal test	Georges-Fernand Widal	microbiology	enteric fever		serum agglutination; obsolete(?)
W	Winterbottom's sign	Thomas Masterman Winterbottom	tropical medicine	trypanosomiasis		posterior cervical chain adenopathy
W	Wolff-Parkinson-White triad	Sir John Parkinson, Paul Dudley White, Louis Wolff	cardiology	supraventricular tachycardia	Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome at Who Named It?	pre-excitation on ECG
W	Wright's maneuver	?			(needed)
Y	Yeoman's test	?	rheumatology	sacroiliitis		sacroiliac pain on rotation of ilium and extension of hip

Notes

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