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Islam has been associated with violence in a variety of contexts: Holy wars - historic and present, violent acts by adherents against perceived enemies of Islam, violence against women ostensibly supported by Islam's tenets, references to violence in the Qur'an, and acts of terrorisms motivated and/or justified by Islam.

Intolerance

See also: Criticism of Islam

Despite claims that the sources of Islam demand it to be a "Religion of peace" with violence being regulated by laws of Jihad, Islam has been criticised for its followers exhibiting intolerance and violence towards critics (often viewed as being pejorative of Islam and its Prophet[1]).

According to Islamic scholar Khaleel Mohammed, throughout the world, Muslim intellectuals are punished for criticizing some aspects of traditional and contemporary Islam. He cited the case of Muhammad Said al-Ashmawy being held in Egypt is under house arrest for his own protection; Abdel Karim Soroush who was beaten in Iran for raising the voice of inquiry, Mahmoud Taha who was killed in Sudan. Mohammed claims that Scholars Rifat Hassan, Fatima Mernissi, Abdallah an-Na'im, Mohammed Arkoun and Amina Wadud were all vilified by the imams for asking Muslims to use their intellects.[2]

In one example, Hashem Aghajari, an Iranian university professor, was initially sentenced to death because of a speech that criticized some of the present Islamic practices in Iran being in contradiction with the original practices and ideology of Islam, and particularly for stating that Muslims were not "monkeys" and "should not blindly follow" the clerics. The sentence was later commuted to three years in jail, and he was released in 2004 after serving two years of that sentence.[3][4][5]

Ibn Warraq has collected and published stories of the reported mistreatment of Muslim apostates at the hands of Islamic authorities.[6]

  • Christoph Luxenberg feels compelled to work under a pseudonym to protect himself because of fears that a new book on the origins of the Qur'an may make him a target for violence.[7]
  • In recent times fatwas calling for execution have been issued against author Salman Rushdie and activist Taslima Nasreen for pejorative comments on Islam.[8]
  • On November 2, 2004, Dutch Filmmaker Theo van Gogh was assassinated by Dutch born Mohammed Bouyeri for producing the 10 minute film Submission critical of the abusive treatment of women by Muslims. A letter threatening the author of the screenplay, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, was pinned to his body by a knife. Hirsi Ali entered into hiding immediately following the assassination.[9]
  • On September 30, 2005, the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published editorial cartoons, many of which caricatured the Islamic prophet Mohammed. The publication was intended to contribute to the debate regarding criticism of Islam and self-censorship;[10] objectives which manifested themselves in the public outcry from Muslim communities within Denmark and the subsequent apology by the paper. However, the controversy deepened when further examples of the cartoons were reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. This led to protests across the Muslim world, some of which escalated into violence, including setting fire to the Norwegian and Danish Embassies in Syria, and the storming of European buildings and desecration of the Danish and German flags in Gaza City.[11] Globally, at least 139 people were killed and 823 injured.[12]
  • On September 19, 2006 French writer and philosophy teacher Robert Redeker wrote an editorial for Le Figaro, a French conservative newspaper, in which he attacked Islam and Muhammad, writing: "Pitiless war leader, pillager, butcher of Jews and polygamous, this is how Mohammed is revealed by the Qur'an"; he received death threats and went into hiding.[13]
  • On 4 August 2007, Ehsan Jami was attacked in his hometown Voorburg, in The Netherlands, by three men. The attack is widely believed to be linked to his activities for the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims. The national anti-terrorism coordinator's office, the public prosecution department and the police decided during a meeting on 6 August that "additional measures" were necessary for the protection of Jami who has subsequently received extra security.[14]

Professors assert that "Hatred towards people who follow other religions such as Jews and Christians, as well as Hindus and other polytheists, are a part of the teachings of the Islamic holy book, the Qur'an."[15]

Qur'an

See also: Criticism of the Qur'an

Muhammad's book, the Qur'an (and in its Hadith) contains passages that glorify or endorse violence. one example is: "And slay them wherever ye find them, and drive them out of the places whence they drove you out, for persecution [of Muslims] is worse than slaughter [of non-believers]...and fight them until persecution is no more, and religion is for Allah." There is a good case to be made that the textual context of this particular passage is defensive war, even if the historical context was not. However, there are also two worrisome pieces to this verse. The first is that the killing of others is authorized in the event of "persecution" (a qualification that is ambiguous at best). The second is that fighting may persist until "religion is for Allah." The example set by Muhammad is not reassuring. Qur'an (2:191-193) [16]

The reality of current violence against critics hit many who are outspoken (Salman Rushdie), including a teacher who's forced into hiding after describing the Koran as a "book of extraordinary violence" and Islam as "a religion which ... exalts violence and hate".[17]

The Qur’an's teachings on matters of war and peace have become topics of heated discussion in recent years. On the one hand, some critics interpret that certain verses of the Qur’an sanction military action against unbelievers as a whole both during the lifetime of Muhammad and after. The Qur'an said " fight in the name of your religion with those who fight against you.[18] On the other hand, other scholars argue that such verses of the Qur’an are interpreted out of context,[19][20] and argue that when the verses are read in context it clearly appears that the Qur’an prohibits aggression,[21][22][23] and allows fighting only in self defense.[24][25]

Methods of violence

Beheading and cutting are rooted in Islamic teaching, "kill their opponents by cutting off their hands and feet."[26]

Beheadings

Beheading in the Name of Islam is a wide past and present phenomenon.[27][26] Some have called it: "sacred Muslim practice of beheading."[28] The Qur'an: (8:12): "...and strike upon their necks."[29] Andrew McCarthy elaborated on "Islam and Beheadings."[30] From the Oxford dictionary of Islam:
Hadith reports introduce the teaching that renunciation of Islam is punishable by beheading, burning, crucifixion, or banishment.[31]

Muhammad reported that the angel Gabriel said beheading was one of Allah's punishments for those who reject him.[32]

Among the atrocities of the Islamic Abu Sayyaf in the Philippines are several beheadings.[33][34]

Glorification of these crimes manifested itself in examples of: Beheaded Christian girls were Ramadan 'trophies' [35] and beheading Video was up for sale in Baghdad.[36]

Islamists in Iraq sent -in 2006- the following message: 'Leave, Crusaders, or have your heads cut off.'[37]

From Islamic terrorists' addmission:
we found a Swedish infidel. Brother Nimr cut off his head, and put it at the gate so that it would be seen by all those entering and exiting. We continued in the search for the infidels, and we slit the throats of those we found among them. . . . We found Filipino Christians. We cut their throats and dedicated them to our brothers the Mujahideen in the Philippines. [Likewise], we found Hindu engineers and we cut their throats too, Allah be praised. That same day, we purged Muhammad's land of many Christians and polytheists.[38]

See: Daniel Pearl, Nick Berg.

Cutting

Cutting in found in the Quran. [39] Islamists' tactics include cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides.[40] It is denounced together with stoning of women.[41] Jihadists cut off nose, ears, tongue of civilians in Afghanistan.[42]

Against women

Main articles: Islam and Domestic violence and An-Nisa, 34

Verse 4:34 of the Qur'an as translated by Mohammed Habib Shakir reads:

Men are the maintainers of women because God has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen as God has guarded; and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them; surely God is High, Great.

The film Submission, which rose to fame after the murder of its director Theo van Gogh, critiqued this and similar verses of the Qur'an by displaying them painted on the bodies of abused Muslim women.[43] Ayaan Hirsi Ali, the film's writer, said "it is written in the Koran a woman may be slapped if she is disobedient. This is one of the evils I wish to point out in the film".[44]

Scholars and other defenders of Islam have a variety of responses to these criticisms. (See An-Nisa, 34 for a fuller exegesis on the meaning of the text.) Although the Qur'an does allow a husband to punish his wife for transgressing the bounds given to her by God, the Qur'an and Muhammad still put forth the prescription that the man is only allowed to hit the woman so lightly that it would not leave as much as a faint mark upon her, otherwise the man has himself transgressed divine bounds. Some Muslims argue that beating is only appropriate if a woman has done "an unrighteous, wicked and rebellious act" beyond mere disobedience.[45] In many modern interpretations of the Qur'an, the actions prescribed in 4:34 are to be taken in sequence, and beating is only to be used as a last resort.[46][47][48]

Some Islamic scholars and commentators have emphasized that beatings, where permitted, are not to be harsh[49][50][51] or even that they should be "more or less symbolic."[52] According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Ibn Kathir, the consensus of Islamic scholars is that the above verse describes a light beating.[53][54]

Some jurists argue that even when beating is acceptable under the Qur'an, it is still discountenanced.[55][56][57]

See also: Honor killing.

Holy wars

Clear 'holy wars' - Islamization tendencies and obvious attempts of eradication of Christians, Hindus, Jews, have been recorded since the early days of Islam.[58]

Today it has widen, the jihad,[59] or holy war, against impure Muslims, against infidels, or non-Muslim unbelievers,[60] calls for violence against non-Muslims has accompanied sharia implementation. [61]

Ever since the Khaybar Massacre 628, in Saudi Arabia of the Qurayza Jews, the term, the idea of 'Khaybar' has been used by Muslims when calling to kill, to annihilate Jews (genocide).[62][63][64]

Islamic calls include: "Rise up and kill the Jews; they are indeed The bitterest enemies who reject Muhammad. Rise up and kill the Jews, as they were killed At Khaybar beneath the sword of Muhammad. Rise up and kill the Jews and all of those Who fight for them."[65][66] Egyptian cleric: "The Jews "are enemies not because they occupied Palestine. They would have been enemies even if they did not occupy a thing."
The Jews are infidels - not because I say so, and not because they are killing Muslims, but because Allah said: 'The Jews say that Uzair is the son of Allah, and the Christians say that Christ is the son of Allah. ) If the Jews left Palestine to us, would we start loving them? Of course not. We will never love them. Absolutely not. The Jews are infidels – not because I say so, and not because they are killing Muslims, ... Qur'an... This is it. We must believe that our fighting with the Jews is eternal, and it will not end until the final battle – and this is the fourth point. You must believe that we will fight, defeat, and annihilate them, until not a single Jew remains on the face of the Earth.[67]
Qatari Cleric:
We do not treat the Jews as our enemies just because they occupied Palestine... even if they return Palestine to us, because they are infidels.[67]
Saudi cleric, Mohammed Salah el-Munjeed, stated: "How can Moslems not be joyful when in the killing of Jews and infidels? Allah will surely gladden the hearts of his followers as they kill and destroy all of them (the Jews)."Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag;

invalid names, e.g. too many The Khaybar battle is used in driving anti-Semitism in the Muslim world.[68]

The war-cry of the Apostle's companions at the battle of Khaybar was "O you who have been given victory, kill! kill!" [69] Example of calls include: "Rise up and kill the Jews; they are indeed The bitterest enemies who reject Muhammad. Rise up and kill the Jews, as they were killed At Khaybar beneath the sword of Muhammad. Rise up and kill the Jews and all of those Who fight for them."[70]

Haj Amin al-Husseini the Islamic supreme leader of Palestine since the 1920's have used his Islamic power and Koranic themes[71]to incite for violence.

The Mufti aimed "for a holy War of Islam in alliance with Germany against world Jewry" says historian Bernard Lewis.[72]

Today, too, violent anti Israel, campaigns by Muslims (including Hamas, Hezbollah and even on the Flotilla ship by Islamists from Turkey in 2010) are marked by cries of "Allah Akbar!" [73][74][75][76][76][76][76] As well as Palestinian Muslims in their anti-Christian Pogrom in the West bank, [77] and against Christian Maronites in Lebanon.[78][79]

Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat named the second wave of violence in 2000 as "al Aqsa intifada," after the Mosque on the temple mount.[80]

The Dhimitude inferior status of non-Muslims in Muslim lands is rooted in the Quran.[81] often this subjucation justified violence.[82] Despite some tolerance in the early days, Jews (for example) were not to supposed to enjoy public office,[83] power, every so often when the Muslim population felt that the Jews are too comfortable and have some power, a massacre has been unleashed.

The following are some highlighted dates in timeline of violence by Islam, from its early days till post WW2, 622-1946:

Early Islam - 622-634

1.) The killing of Abu Afak 2.) The killing of Asma Marwan 3.) Attack upon the Banu Qaynuqa Jews 4.) The killing of Kab Ashraf 5.) The killing of Ibn Sunayna. 6.) Attack against the Banu Nadir Jews 7.) The killing of the Shepherd 8.) Massacre of the Banu Qurayza Jews 9.) The torture killing of Kinana 10.) The killing of a slave Wife and Mother 11.) The slaying of an old woman from Banu Fazara 12.) The killing of Abdullah Khatal and his Daughter 13.) The attack upon Tabuk [84]

October, 680

The Shia [Shiite] Martyrdom. It began on the morning of 3 October, 680 CE. Some link it to the "Roots of terror: suicide, martyrdom, self-redemption and Islam." [85]

818

Cordoba revolt (Muslim Spain) by Christians, put down by massacres for three days.

Many of the insurgents were crucified, as prescribed in the Koran (5:33): "The revolt in Cordova of 818 was crushed by three days of massacres and pillage."[86]

1011

Massacre of Jews by Muslims in Cordoba, Andalusia, Muslim Spain, 1011, about two thousand perished.[86][87]

1033

Pogrom in Fez, Morocco, 1033, between five and six thousand Jews lost their lives in the hands of Muslims.[86][87] [86] [87]
and the women were dragged off into slavery. When the liberal Almoravids came to power in 1062, conditions for Jews improved, but when the Almohades took over in the middle of the 12th century Jews were forced to embrace Islam or emigrate. It was during that time that Jews were forced to wear a particular costume a precursor of the Jewish badge. After the ouster of the Almohades in the 14th century the situation of Jews stabilized.[88]

December, 1066

Granada massacre of Jews by Muslims, Andalusia Spain. The 1066 Granada massacre took place on December 30, 1066 (9 Tevet 4827), when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."

According to historian Bernard Lewis, the massacre -in Muslim narrative- is "usually ascribed to a reaction among the Muslim population against a powerful and ostentatious Jewish vizier."
Particularly instructive in this respect is an ancient Anti-Semitic poem of Abu Ishaq, written in Granada in 1066. This poem, which is said to be instrumental in provoking the anti-Jewish outbreak of that year, contains these specific lines: :Do not consider it a breach of faith to kill them, the breach of faith would be to let them carry on. They have violated our covenant with them, so how can you be held guilty against the violator? - How can they have any pact when we are obscure and they are prominent? - Now we are humble, beside them, as if we were wrong and they were right![89]

Historian Walter Laqueur characterizes this episode as a pogrom: "Jews could not as a rule attain public office (as usual there were exceptions), and there were occasional pogroms, such as in Granada in 1066."[83] Some 4000 Jews were massacred in the 1066 Granada pogrom, inspired in part by an anti-Jewish ode containing the line, "Many a pious Muslim is in awe of the vilest infidel ape," referring to the Jewish communal leader, the vizier Joseph b. Samuel Naghrela. Andrew Bostom claims that "More Jews were killed in this one pogrom than in the Crusaders’[90] (In Spain, during periods of friction between the various religious communities, the Muslims called the Jews "apes" and the Christians "pigs and dogs." Research revealed that "viewing Jews as the 'descendants of apes and pigs' is grounded in the most important Islamic religious sources." [91])

1263 - 1328

The 'Godfather of Islamic Fundamentalism' Ibn Taymiyyah, or Taq ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah, is regarded as the Godfather of Islamic Fundamentalism's, he lived from 1263 to 1328. His name by birth was Ahmad ibn Abdul-Halim ibn Abdas-Salaam. Maududi borrowed extensively from Taymiyyah's writings. [92]

1347

The Bahmani sultans and the genocide on Indians. Every new invader of India made (often literally) his hills of Hindu skulls. The Bahmani sultans (1347-1480) in central India made it a rule to kill 100000 Hindus every year. In 1399, Teimur killed 100,000 captives in a single day. [93][94]

1465

Fez Massacre - 1465 Morocco. In 1465, Arab mobs in Fez slaughtered thousands of Jews, leaving only 11 alive, after a Jewish deputy vizier treated a Muslim woman --what was seen as-- in "an offensive manner." The killings touched off a wave of similar massacres throughout Morocco. [95] some six thousand Jews were murdered in 1033." and massacres look place again in 1276 and 1465. [87]

February 24, 1568

Islamic Massacre of 30,000 Indians - after battle for Chitod. part of Mogul Empire's atrocities on Indians, by the order of Islamic Akbar. [96][97][98] [99][100][101][102][103]

July 1625 [and the 1700's]

Sally Rovers incident, at the height of North African Arab Muslim pirates' crimes against Christians, mainly British, Barbary pirates - Britain's 200-year jihad. It envolved also forced conversion of the British Christians into Islam.[104] [105] [106] [107] [108]

1679-1680

The San'a expulsion of Jews in Yemen. In that year, the country returned to the Shi'ite rule of the Zaydi imams, and the legitimacy of Jewish presence in Yemen came under an attack which culminated in 1680 with the expulsion of the Jews from San'a and central Yemen.[109]

1660

The 1660 massacre of Jews in Safed, Israel-Palestine. To buy off the Muslim attackers, Jews had to borrow money from rich Muslims at compound interest, under threats of further attacks if they failed to repay." (see: Dhimmitude) When the Jewish community of its holy city of Safed was "massacred in 1660," and the town "destroyed by Arabs," only one Jew managed to escape. [110] [111][112]

1744

Rise of Wahabbism.

Wahhabism is an extremist, puritanical, and violent movement that emerged, with the pretension of "reforming" Islam, in the central area of Arabia in the 18th century. It was founded by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who formed an alliance with the house of Saud, in which religious authority is maintained by the descendants of al-Wahhab and political power is held by the descendants of al-Saud: This is the Wahhabi-Saudi axis, which continues to rule today. [113]

1783

"The Butcher" — el Djezzar.

Historian J. Peters:
The year 1783 brought the rise of an Albanian-born Mamluk "Arab," nicknamed "The Butcher" — el Djezzar — whose sadistic, wanton exploits became legend... The Christians in their holy town of Nazareth were also forced through maltreatment into fleeing. Even as late as 1801 Djezzar sent troops to destroy the standing crops in the environs of Nazareth. "Ramleh, however, bore the brunt of the Muslim wrath."[110]

April, 1790

Tetouan Pogrom, Morocco.

As the new ruler (Mawlay Yazid) entered the city of Tetouan, he commanded that all the Jews should be gathered and imprisoned in a house, meanwhile permitting the Moors to rob all their homes and cellars, which they obeyed with their own particular ferocity. Thus, they stripped all the Jews and their wives of all the clothes which they had on their body with the greatest violence, so that these unfortunates not only had to watch all their belongings being stolen, but also had to bear the greatest injury to their honor...

But on top of this, their bestiality showed itself to such an extent that they stripped the Jewesses of their clothes, forthwith satisfied their desires with them, and then threw them naked into the streets.

[114][115]

1810-18

Jihad in Africa (Mali). Jihad was a religious war fought from 1810 to 1818 in what is now the Mopti Region of Mali. [116] In either 1810 or 1818 (the exact date is uncertain), an Islamic fighter led a jihad against the Muslim chiefs in Masina; later the jihad expanded to include the Bambara. Seku Ahmadu established an austere Muslim empire ruled from the newly built city. [117] He led the second major jihad of the 19th century beginning in 1818. "His jihad brought about an Islam theocracy as a successor to the non-Islamic empire of Segou that had been established by the Bambara." [118]

1834-5

1) The Safed plunder.

2) The massacre in Hebron, pillaging, looting, killing/rapes, in Jerusalem.

The pogrom - massacre, "plunder," by Arab-Muslims on Jews in Safed it went on for 33 days. [119] [120] [121] It was incited by a self proclaimed Islamic "prophet" Muhammad Damoor, who envisioned the massacre to which he agitated to.[122]

The attacks in Hebron, Jerusalem, that year. In 1834, Egyptian soldiers massacred Jews in Hebron on the way of putting down a Muslim rebellion, local Muslims go on rampage, pillaging, rape, killing, looting in Jerusalem at that same era. [112][123][124]

1839

Massacre of Jews in Meshed Iran followed by forced conversion of the survivors. [125]

1840

Damascus Blood Libel. [126][95][125]

1840 - 1860

The Massacres of the Khilafah. Khilafah massacres from 1840-1860. In 1847, Muslim forces massacred 30000 members of the Assyrian Christian community. "A good example of State complicity by the Khilafah in massacres of Christians begun by individual Muslims occurred in Lebanon and Syria in 1860." [127] The massacre was succeeded by another in 1896. [128]

In 1842, Muslims engaged in the following massacre: Badr Khan Bey, A Hakkari Kurdish Amir, combined with other Kurdish forces led by Nurallah, attacked the Assyrians, intending to burn, kill, destroy, and, if possible, exterminate the Assyrians race from the mountains. The fierce Kurds destroyed and burned whatever came within their reach. An indiscriminate massacre took place. The women were brought before the Amir and murdered in cold blood. The following incident illustrates the revolting barbarity: the aged mother of Mar Shimun, the Patriarch of the Church of the East, was seized by them, and after having practiced on her the most abominable atrocities, they cut her body into two parts and threw it into the river Zab, exclaiming, "go and carry to your accursed son the intelligence that the same fate awaits him." Nearly ten thousand Assyrians were massacred, and as large a number of woman and children were taken captive, most of whom were sent to Jezirah to be sold as slaves, to be bestowed as presents upon the influencial Muslims.[129]

1861

In 1861 in Africa (the region that is today an area in Mali), Toucouleur conqueror El Hadj Umar Tall took Ségou from its Bambara rulers and launched a fresh jihad down river against the Massina. [116]


1876-1912

The April Uprising. In 1876 the Bulgarians staged a rebellion, Ottoman forces responded with a brutal massacre in what quickly became known as "the Bulgarian horrors." By 1912, as new Balkan alliances were formed in opposition to Ottoman rule, the Turks again responded with massacre. [130] The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response pp. 160-162, Peter Balakian, 2004[1]</ref> The Islamic Turks massacre 25,000 Bulgarian Christians, some claim, 100,000. Sixty to seventy villages were burned.[131]

Bulgaria, Serbia-Montenegro and some other European lands which had been under Ottoman rule declared their independence from Turkish rule, and tried to align themselves with Austra-Hungary. The Turks were outraged, and sent extra troops to the Balkans. Between 1909–12, Turks massacred (at least) 25000 Bulgarian, Kosovar and Serbian citizens, in addition to the number of casualties inflicted during the actual fighting of the war. [132]

Historian states that "During that span of about five hundred years, the Christians of the Balkans, the majority of whom were Slavs, lived under Ottoman Muslim rule, and were accorded the traditional Ottoman treatment of those of infidel status. The Balkan Christians, were subjected to heavy taxation (see: Dhimmitude), arbitrary violence, political disenfranchisement, and cultural oppression; some of whom converted to Islam." [130]

Opposing view: The Ottoman reprisals to the so-called Bulgarian horrors, received great publicity in Europe where only the Bulgarian side of the story was known. Estimates of the actual number of Bulgarians killed in the suppression of this revolt vary: the Ottoman figure is 3,100; the British, 12,000: the American, 15,000: and the Bulgarian, from 30,000 to 100,000.[133]

1880

A Jihad in Sudan and in Egypt. What is called the "First Jihad", in 1880, Muslim fighter raised the banner of holy war, and thousands of warriors flocked. "The Mahdi's army crushed forces dispatched from British (controlled) Egypt." [134] The Mahdi proclaimed a jihad, or holy war, against the Turkiyah. [135]

March, 1886

First mass Arab attack on a Jewish 'settlement,' Petach Tikva, Israel-Palestine. [136][137][138][139]

1894-1896

Hamidian massacres of Armenians by the Ottoman empire.

The Hamidian Armenian Massacres in 1894-1896 were the first near-genocidal series of atrocities committed against the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire.[140][141] Estimates of those killed range widely, anywhere between 100,000 and 30,000, with thousands more maimed or rendered homeless. [142]

1903/1907

Settat and Taza pogrom, Morocco. Prior to the 1830 French occupation of Morocco, thousands of inoffensive Jews were brutually attacked in different parts of the country by hostile tribesmen and uncontrolled soldiery including in Settat and Taza 1903.[143][144][145]

1914-23

Greek Genocide. 1,400,000 Victims by the Muslim Turks.

In 1913, sixteen thousand Greek inhabitants of Eastern Thrace were atrociously murdered by the Turks. The clear anti-Christian drive manifested itself in an example "On May 27 1914, the Muslims ordered that all Christians leave the town of Pergamum within two hours." [146]

During the years 1914-1923, the indigenous Greek minority of the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey's predecessor, was subjected to a centrally-organized, premeditated and systematic policy of annihilation, perpetrated by two consecutive governments; the Committee for Union and Progress, later better known as the Young Turks, and the nationalist Kemalists led by Mustafa Kemal 'Atat'rk'. A lethal combination of labor brigades, internal deportations and massacres conducted throughout Anatolian Turkey resulted in the death of 1,400,000 Greeks.[147]

At the Hellenic Genocide (as it is called by the Greeks) most of the victims were massacred between 1895 and 1955. Also Serbs, and Bulgarians in Europe, were systematically massacred. [148]

In 2001, the "Greek genocide" decree angered Turks. Turkish officials have formally complained about a decree passed by the Greek parliament that accuses Turkey of genocide.[149]

1915-1920

Massacre, genocide of Assyrians by the Turks Ottoman empire. [150] [151][152] [153]

Within the First World War in the territory of Ottoman Turkey there were about 1 million Assyrians with common cultural, national traditions. Together with 1,5 million Armenians, from 500 to 750 thousand Assyrians have been brutally killed and tortured. It was 4 years after the Young Turk "Committee for Unity and Progress" declared its goal to "Turkify" all subjects in 1911. 'This implementation of the Pan-Turkic program and ideology can be described as the "dark Period" of ethnic and religious "cleansing" of the Assyrians, Greeks and Armenians in the Ottoman Empire,' writes Assyrian historian.[154]

Some estimate that "Since 630 A.D., the coming of Islam, Assyrians have suffered 33 genocides at the hands of Muslims—an average of one every 40 years." [28]

1915

Armenian Genocide 1.5 Million Armenian Christians massacred.[155][156]

An increasing number of countries are recognizing the Armenian genocide as the first genocide of the 20th century.[157]

The Islamic religious motifs were extensively researched. Six thousand four hundred Armenian children, young girls, and women from Yozgad, were decamped by their Turkish captors at a promontory some distance from the city... ...of 282 Christian churches transformed into mosques; of 21 Protestant preachers and 170 Gregorian (Armenian) priests who were, after enduring unspeakable tortures, murdered on their refusal to accept Islam. [158]

From the Islamic holy war themes in the massacres:
Attack them from every side. Whenever you meet them, kill them. Quicken the failing proclamation of the Unity by the fire of your rifles and cannon, and by the blows of your swords and knives. cause the minarets and mountains and wildernesses to resound once more with the cry. "Allah! Allah!" Jihad! Jihad! Oh, Moslems, blow the trumpet everywhere, of people of the Unity. The great God is ordering you to fight with your foes everywhere.'[159]
Or:
"Kill them: God will punish them in your hand and put them to shame; and ye will overcome them. He will rejoice the hearts of believers, and take away the wrath from the hearts unbelievers." (Text of the Koran.) ...Jihad! Jihad! Oh, Moslems... [160]

Historian reminds that the British consul Henry Barnham, who oversaw Aintrab and Birecik in Aleppo Province, made it clear in his account how powerfully the killing of Armenians was motivated by Islamic fanaticism and a jihad mentality:

The Butchers and the tanners, with sleeves tucked up to the shoulders, armed with clubs and cleavers, cut down the Christians, with cries of "Allahu Akbar! ... ...Muslim clerucs played a perpetual role in the massacring of Armenians; imams and softas would often rally the mob by chanting prayers; and mosques were often used as places to mobilize crowds, especially during Friday prayers. Christians were murdered in the name of Allah... [130]

In 2007, three were arrested in Turkey for murder of Journalist Hrant Dink, who was outspoken on Turks' genocide of Armenians. Dink was one of the most prominent voices of Turkey's Armenian community.[157]</ref>[161]

The fascist Arab-Islamic leader of Palestine Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Mufti who was given sole religious and secular auhtority and vast unsupervised funds by the British in the early 1920s, was known for his ideological hatred of Jews and formenting mass violence against them from 1920, culminating in thee Great Revolt of 1936-39, also leading deadly terror against his Arab-Palestinian opponents, and affirmation of Nazi genocide of Jews. It was suggested that "a key additional factor in the grand mufti's experience may well have been the Armenian genocide. While training in the Ottoman Military Academy in Constantinople from late 1914 to mid-1915, Haj Amin must have been aware of the deportations and mass murders of Christian Armenians both in Constantinople and within the army itself."[162] His speeches were anti-Jewish with a radical Islamic theme, like: "Kill the Jews wherever you find them—this pleases Allah."[163]

Some analyze that the Nazis were inspired by the Armenian genocide. The Turks used primitive gas chambers and developed other murderous templates that were later adopted by the Nazis. [164]

1920-1921

Arab riots, Massacres, Pogroms on Jews in Israel / Palestine.[165]

On february 1920, the pogroms by Arabs on Jews in Jerusalem were orchestrated by two young Arab Muslim supremacists, Haj Amin al-Husseini [who later on became the Mufti] at that time served in the British army's intelligence and Aref al-Aref. A Hebron Muslim Sheik shouted: "Whoever has a stick, a gun' a knife or stone, shall go and exterminate the Jews, And in ecstasy screamed: "Adbachu Al Yahud" ['Kill the Jews!']. [166] Amin el-Husseini was using his considerable wealth and growing power to incite the masses. [167] Due to Haj Amin's overt role in instigating the pogrom, the British arrested him. [95][168]

Arab pogroms were launched against Jews in 1920, 1921, 1929 and 1936-1939.[169]

According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from 1920 to 1966, Arab terrorists murdered 1513 Jewish residents of British Mandatory Palestine. [170]

1921

The Moplah rebellion (also known as the Mopla riots) was a British-Muslim and Hindu-Muslim "conflict" in (Malabar) Kerala that occurred in 1921.

There were clashes that provoked arsonists who took to the street, burning and destroying government property. At first, the focus was on the British, but then it turned into a jihad[171][172] against Hindus. [173] A wave of large number of killings, massive forced conversions to Islam swept the region.[174][175]

In Aug. 1921 the most serious of many unpardonable deeds of violence broke out. The Malabar country in Madras is occupied by 2,000,000 Hindus and about 1,000,000 Moplahs, an ignorant Mahommedan peasantry of mixed Arab and Indian decsent with an evil reputation for outbreaks of fanaticism. Among the latter the Khilafat excitement spread like wildfire... and attempted wholesale the forcible conversion of the Hindus to Islam. [176]

Moplah Fanatics Massacre is primarily understood the arose religious fanaticism and from the intense hatred of tic Moplahs, or Mohammedans of Arab descent, writes the New York Times.[177]

The second declaration of jihad was made by the Khilafat Committee and several Muslim groups in 1920s when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished, consequent upon the defeat of Turkey. It resulted from the agitation carried out by two Muslim organizations, the Khuddam-i-Kaaba (servants of the Mecca Shrine) and the Central Khilafat Committee. The Moplahs of Malabar were suddenly carried off their feet by this proclamation of jihad by the Khilafat Committee. They resorted to large scale violence which was supposed to be a rebellion against the British Government. As a rebellion against the British Government the jihad could be understandable but what shocked most people was the horrid treatment meted out by the Moplahs to the Hindus of Malabar, in this Jihad. [178]

Pundits account that the "Moplah massacre was one of the most gruesome acts of murder by the Muslims rivaled only by the Razakars in Hyderabad in 47, and the ethnic cleansing in Pakistan and Bangladesh after partition." [179]

1928

The 'Muslim Brotherhood' - founded. In 1928, Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood, a rigidly conservative and highly secretive Egyptian-based organization dedicated to resurrecting a Muslim empire. According to al-Banna, "It is the nature of Islam to dominate, not to be dominated, to impose its law on all nations and to extend its power to the entire planet."[180] The Muslim Brotherhood, also called Muslim Brethren (jamiat al-Ikhwan al-muslimun, literally Society of Muslim Brothers), it opposes secular tendencies of Islamic nations and wants return to the precepts of the Qur'an, and rejection of Western influences. [95] Al Bana was Born out of the extreme Muslim right wing's desire to counter the ideology of modernization, the Brotherhood's platform included a strict interpretation of the Koran (Quran) that glorified suicidal violence. Along with Al Banna, the grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj-al Amin Al-Husseini was also an enormously influencial Muslim leader of the time. Together, the two created a powerful and popular Islamist party by classically appealing to fundamentalist Islamic principals while blaming the world's problems on the Jews.[181] Al-Banna also gave the group the motto it still uses today: "Allah is our purpose, the Prophet our leader, the Quran our constitution, jihad our way and dying for God our supreme objective." The 9/11 Commission Report states the Brotherhood's influence on Osama bin Laden and on Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman responsible for the 1993 attack on the WTC. [180][182] An important aspect of the Muslim Brotherhood ideology is the sanctioning of Jihad such as the 2004 fatwa issued by Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi making it a religious obligation of Muslims to abduct and kill U.S. citizens in Iraq. [95]

The BBC explains how the roots of Jihad and the origins of Bin Laden's concept of jihad can be traced back to two early 20th century figures, who started powerful Islamic revivalist movements in response to colonialism and its aftermath. One is that of the Muslim Brotherhood. In the 1950s Sayed Qutb, a prominent member of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, took the arguments of al-Banna and Maududi a stage further. For Qutb, all non-Muslims were infidels - even the so-called "people of the book", the Christians and Jews - and he predicted an eventual clash of civilisations between Islam and the west. Qutb inspired a whole generation of Islamists, including Ayatollah Khomeini. His ideology was widely accepted in the Muslim world after his death and post Arab defeat at thre 1967 war. [183]

The Muslim Brotherhood is listed as a terrorist organization by the US government,[184] among 17 groups as "terrorist organisations" by the Russian government,[185] and in Egypt, where they started to perform terrorist attacks, now banned by that government.[186].

Scholar states that in "The Muslim Brotherhood's Conquest of Europe," that its real goal is to extend Islamic law Sharia throughout Europe and the United States.[187]

Contemporary Islamism, holds that Islam is now under attack, and therefore -experts explain-
Jihad is now a war of defense, and as such has become not only a collective duty but an individual duty without restrictions or limitations. That is, to the Islamists, Jihad is a total, all-encompassing duty to be carried out by all Muslims – men and women, young and old. All infidels, without exception, are to be fought and annihilated, and no weapons or types of warfare are barred. Furthermore, according to them, current Muslim rulers allied with the West are considered apostates and infidels.

One major ideological influence in Islamist thought was Sayyid Qutb. Qutb, an Egyptian, was the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood movement. He was convicted of treason for plotting to assassinate Egyptian president Gamal Abd Al-Nasser and was executed in 1966. He wrote extensively on a wide range of Islamic issues. According to Qutb, "There are two parties in all the world: the Party of Allah and the Party of Satan – the Party of Allah which stands under the banner of Allah and bears his insignia, and the Party of Satan, which includes every community, group, race, and individual that does not stand under the banner of Allah."

[188]

In the "Holy land foundation" case of the Palestinian Arab al-Arian's involvment in funding terror organization, the Muslim Brotherhood's papers detailed plan to seize U.S. The Group's takeover plot emerged when revealed a handful of classified evidence detailing Islamist extremists' ambitious plans for a U.S. takeover. Terrorism researchers said "the memos and audiotapes, many translated from Arabic and containing detailed strategies by the international Islamist group the Muslim Brotherhood, are proof that extremists have long sought to replace the Constitution with Shariah, or Islamic law," paving its way via a plot to form "a complex network of seemingly benign Muslim organizations whose real job, according to the (U.S.) government, was to spread militant propaganda and raise money." The Muslim Brotherhood created some American Muslim groups and sought influence in others, many of which are listed as unindicted co-conspirators in the Holy Land case, such as CAIR. [189]

On a website devoted to Ramadhan, the Muslim Brotherhood posted a series of articles by Dr. Ahmad 'Abd Al-Khaleq about Al-Walaa Wa'l-Baraa, an Islamic doctrine which, in its fundamentalist interpretation, stipulates absolute allegiance to the community of Muslims and total rejection of non-Muslims and of Muslims who have strayed from the path of Islam.

In his articles, the writer argues that according to this principle, a Muslim can come closer to Allah by hating all non-Muslims - Christians, Jews, atheists, or polytheists - and by waging jihad against them in every possible manner.

[67]

Indeed, the Muslim Brotherhood has a long-standing war on the West. From 1948 until the 1970s it engaged in assassinations and terrorism in Egypt, and has indoctrinated many who went on to commit acts of terror. [190] Muslim Brotherhood's supreme guide issued the statement that Al Qaeda's "Bin Laden is a Jihad Fighter." [191]

The accused mastermind of the 9/11 terror massacre, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was raised in Kuwait and joined the Muslim Brotherhood at age 16.[192] [193]

August 1929

The '1929 Hebron Massacre[194][195]' pogrom[196] the 'ethnic cleansing'[197] attack upon [mostly non- Zionist, religious] pious Jews by Arab Muslims in Israel / Palestine. Agitated by the Mufti, Haj Amin al-Husseini the brutality was accompanied with cries of 'Itbach al Yahud' (kill the Jews)[198][198] and “Allah akbar.”[199]

August, 1933

The Simele massacre (Simel), Iraq, the massacre and ethnic cleansing by The Iraqi government, by Arab and Kurdish Muslim masses on Christian Assyrians, indigenous people. An estimated 3,000 Assyrians were systematically targeted by the Iraqi government[200] to cleanse the Assyrian race."[201]

From the British document of the time:<bockquote>Simel Massacre.. The culmination of the indiscriminate action against Assyrian men, regardless of party or guilt... Between the 8th and 10th August, widespread looting, raiding and burning of Assyrian villages in the Simel, Dohuk and Al Qosh areas had been in progress... Both Kurds and Arabs of the Shammar and Jabur tribes were implicated.[202]

For years the scars in the north remained unhealed. The surviving Assyrians were described as,"spiritless, cowed, and apprehensive." while the Kurds and Arabs were hideously inflamed. [203]

April 19, 1936

The Jaffa Massacre, inspired by the religious Islamic leader the Mufti, Arab rioters attacked Jaffa and killed 16 Jews.[204][205]

In September 1937, following the July report by the Peel Commission, the violent tactics resumed. Armed Arab terrorism, under the direction of the Arab Higher Committee, was used for both; to attack the Jews and to suppress Arab opponents. This campaign of violence continued through 1938 and then tapered off, ending in early 1939. Researchers conclude about the terrible toll: "Eighty Jews were murdered by terrorist acts during the labor strike, and a total of 415 Jewish deaths were recorded during the whole 1936-1939 Arab Revolt period." [206]

Onslaught of Arab Terror, 1936:

April 15, 1936: 2 Jews in Tulkarm killed by Arabs. April 19: 9 Jews in Jaffa killed by Arabs. April 20: 5 Jews in Jaffa killed by Arabs. April 22: Jewish woman in Jaffa killed by Arabs. April 26: Jewish houses in Nazareth and Beit Shean burned by Arabs. April 26: An Arab mob beats up Jewish boy in Jerusalem. April 28: 4 Jewish farm workers in Migdal injured by Arabs. April 29: Arabs burn down a Jewish forest in Balfouriya. April 29: Arab mob forms in Jerusalem, but British police break it up before Jews harmed. May 1: 2 Jews in Haifa killed by Arabs. May 3: Arab mob burns down Jewish timber yard in Haifa. May 4: Jewish orchards in Mishmar Ha-Emek burned by Arabs. May 4: Arabs destroy 200 acres of wheat in Ramat David. May 5: 500 orange trees uprooted in Tel Mond by Arabs. May 7: Arabs fire on Jewish bus in Beit Dagan. May 10: Arabs burn crops and haystacks in Givat Ada. May 10: Arabs uproot newly planted olive grove in Zikhron Yaakov. May 11: Arabs burn Jewish crops in Ramat David. May 12: Arabs burn threshing floor in Zikhron Yaakov. May 13: 2 elderly Jews murdered by Arabs in Old City. May 13: Jewish shops in Haifa stoned by Arabs. May 13: More orchards burned in Mishmar Ha-Emek. May 16: 3 Jews in Jerusalem shot dead by Arabs while coming out of a cinema. May 19: Arabs kill a Jew in the Old City of Jerusalem. May 20: 2 Jews wounded during Arab attack on bus. May 24: Arabs severely wound a Jewish guard at Majd el Krum.

May 25: Arabs kill a Jew at Hebrew University [207]

June 1941

The 'Farhud' pogrom on Jews in Iraq -inspired by the Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini- by a mob led by Al-Muthanna club's al-Futuwwa[95] Arab-Islamic Fascist paramilitary group. [208] Iraqi soldiers were among the first attackers. Jews were killed randomly, hundreds were injured, women and children were raped in front of their relatives, babies crushed...[209]

The Farhud, the Mufti inspired Krystallnacht in Iraq, 1941, took place Sunday and Monday, June 1st and 2nd 1941.[210] The two days of murder, looting, rape and mutilation, shattered this ancient community’s self-confidence, and swiftly led to the exodus of over 90 percent of Iraqi Jewry.[211]

November 21, 1941

Arab Muslim leader the Grand Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini [of 'Palestine'] meets with Adolph Hitler. [212][213]

Prior to the meeting. In June 1940 the Mufti offered his services to the Nazi Reich government. In 1941, he went to Berlin via Tehran, where he explained to the German ambassador, Ettel, his plan to bring all Arabs under the banner of Pan-Arabism over to the side of the Axis. (25 June 1942). Here he came out unconditionally for the "final solution" of the Jewish question," calling on the Germans to wipe out all Jews, "not even sparing the children." [214]

In November 1941, the Mufti met with Hitler, who told him the Jews were his foremost enemy. The Nazi dictator rebuffed the Mufti's requests for his empowerment. [215]

From a description "The Mufti of Berlin"

...the Palestinian wartime leader "was one of the worst and fanatical fascists and anti-Semites," .... He intervened with the Nazis to prevent the escape to Palestine of thousands of European Jews, who were sent instead to the death camps. He also conspired with the Nazis to bring the Holocaust to Palestine. The mufti "invented a new form of Jew-hatred by recasting it in an Islamic mold," according to German scholar Matthias Küntzel. The mufti's fusion of European anti-Semtism—particularly the genocidal variety—with Koranic views of Jewish wickedness has become the hallmark of Islamists world-wide, from al Qaeda to Hamas and Hezbollah. During his time in Berlin, the mufti ran the Nazis' Arab-language propaganda radio program, which incited Muslims in the Mideast to "kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion." Among the many listeners was also the man later known as Ayatollah Khomeini, who used to tune in to Radio Berlin every evening, according to Amir Taheri's biography of the Iranian leader. Khomeini's disciple Mahmoud Ahmadinejad still spews the same venom pioneered by the mufti as do Islamic hate preachers around the world.

Muslim Judeophobia is not—as is commonly claimed—a reaction to the Mideast conflict but one of its main "root causes." It has been fueling Arab rejection of a Jewish state long before Israel's creation.

[216]

1943

Arab Muslim leader the Grand Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini [of 'Palestine'] heads the Nazi Islamic brutal brigade, the SS division in (former) Yugoslavia, compiled of Muslim Bosnians and carries out atrocities against Serb Christians and against Jews. Muslim Albanians were slso recruited in Nazi divisions.

In speaking to potential recruits, al-Husseini stressed the connections they had to the Muslim nation fighting the British throughout the world. That it is about "defending Muslims."

There were three divisions of Muslim soldiers: The Waffen SS 13th Handschar ("Knife"), the 23rd Kama ("Dagger") and the 21st Skenderbeg. The Skenderbeg was an Albanian unit of around 4,000 men, and the Kama was composed of Muslims from Bosnia, containing 3,793 men at its peak. The Handschar was the largest unit, around 20,000 Bosnian Muslim volunteers. The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust states "These Muslim volunteer units, called Handschar, were put in Waffen SS units, fought Yugoslav partisans in Bosnia and carried out police and security duties in Hungary. They participated in the massacre of civilians in Bosnia and volunteered to join in the hunt for Jews in Croatia." Part of the division also escorted Hungarian Jews from the forced labor in mine in Bor on their way back to Hungary. "The division was also employed against Serbs, who as Orthodox Christians were seen by the Bosnian Muslims as enemies." All in all, there were at least 70,000 Bosnian Muslims captured by the British. Some of these Muslim ex-soldiers participated in aiding Arabs in the anti Israel war of 1948.[217]

Current holy wars

Tunisian human rights activist describes Islamists' ideology and goal: "Fighting infidels until they either convert to Islam or submit to Muslims as 'Dhimmis'... is still considered by Islamists to be a religious duty."[218]

Contemporary Islamist ideology --explains a researcher-- authorizes genocidal murder via the notion by contemporary Islamism's view that
Islam is now under attack, and therefore Jihad is now a war of defense, and as such has become not only a collective duty but an individual duty without restrictions or limitations. That is, to the Islamists, Jihad is a total, all-encompassing duty to be carried out by all Muslims � men and women, young and old. All infidels, without exception, are to be fought and annihilated, and no weapons or types of warfare are barred. Furthermore, according to them, current Muslim rulers allied with the West are considered apostates and infidels.

One major ideological influence in Islamist thought is Muslim Brotherhood movement's leader Sayyid Qutb's thoughts.[219]

Terrorism

Main article: Islam and terrorism

Islamic terrorism is terrorism[220] committed by Muslims, and aimed at achieving varying political ends[221] and the advancement of Islamist goals; for example, Osama bin Laden's stated goal of ending American military presence in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula,[222][223] overthrowing Arab regimes he considers corrupt and insufficiently religious,[222][223] and stopping American support for Israel.[224] Bombing in London 7/7 are said to be in retaliaton for UK's support in the war in Iraq that began in 2003, though it can't be linked as a motive for Islamic terror plots on London, December, 2001.[225][226][227] The Islamic terrorism attack in Madrid were "explained" as "inspired by al-Qaeda's call to punish Spain's government for supporting the Iraq war," besides, Spain holds a strong appeal to Islamic militants because the southern region of Andalucia was under Muslim control for almost 800 years, and "Al-Qaeda has called on jihadists to reconquer Spain as part of a broader Muslim caliphate, or kingdom under Islamic rule."[228]

At the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, the Islamic terrorists were told by their handlers in Pakistan "that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non-Jews."[66]

The Qur'an: (8:12): "...cast terror in their hearts and strike upon their necks."[29] The commanded to terrorize the disbelievers have been cited in motivation of Jihadi terror.[229][230][231] [232]

A Jihadi cleric:
"Another aim and objective of jihad is to drive terror in the hearts of the [infidels]. To terrorize them. Did you know that we were commanded in the Qur'an with terrorism? ...Allah said, and prepare for them to the best of your ability with power, and with horses of war. To drive terror in the hearts of my enemies, Allah's enemies, and your enemies. And other enemies which you don't know, only Allah knows them... So we were commanded to drive terror into the hearts of the [infidels], to prepare for them with the best of our abilities with power. Then the Prophet said, nay, the power is your ability to shoot. The power which you are commanded with here, is your ability to shoot. Another aim and objective of jihad is to kill the [infidels], to lessen the population of the [infidels]... it is not right for a Prophet to have captives until he makes the Earth warm with blood... so, you should always seek to lessen the population of the [infidels]."[233]

Observers have also argued that the attacks are aimed at propagating Islamic culture, society and values in opposition to perceived political, imperialistic, and/or cultural influences of non-Muslims, and the Western world in particular.[234][235]

There are also historical dimensions to the phenomenon, and the history of Western influence and control after the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, is a common stated reason used within some terrorist groups to justify and explain its use of violence as resistive and retributive against western influences.

World domination

World domination's Jihadists' ultimate goal.[236][237] Al-Qaeda revealed its grand plan towards an Islamic caliphate.[238] With Palestinian Islamic party Hamas victory, a mass gathering followed with Hamas spokesman calling for a Caliphate. [239] The official said Hamas seeks to create an "Islamic caliphate" in the land.[240]

Barack Obama said about radical Islamists terrorists:
The terrorists are at war with us... They kill man, woman and child; Christian and Hindu, Jew and Muslim. They seek to create a repressive caliphate. To defeat this enemy, we must understand who we are fighting against, and what we are fighting for.[241]

See also

References

Notes

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  1. ↑ Bloomberg: Muslims in Copenhagen Protest Reprinting of Danish Cartoons
  2. ↑ Mohammed, Khaleel (Tuesday, March 06, 2007). "To My Fellow Muslims: We Are Our Own Enemies". Ottawa Citizen.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ↑ "Profile: Hashem Aghajari". BBC News. 2003-07-09. 
  4. ↑ "Iran Frees Professor Set to Die for Speech". The New York Times. 2004-08-01. 
  5. ↑ "From monkey to man: A call for Islamic Protestantism". The Iranian. 2002-12-04. 
  6. ↑ Bostom, Andrew (2003-07-21). "Islamic Apostates' Tales - A Review of Leaving Islam by Ibn Warraq". FrontPageMag. 
  7. ↑ Heneghan, Tom (2004-11-11). "Low profile for German Koran challenger". SwissInfo, Reuters. [dead link]
  8. ↑ Davis, Thulani (November 13–19, 2002). "Taslima Nasrin Speaks (Still)". The Village Voice. 
  9. ↑ "Muslim row filmmaker 'murdered'". CNN.com. 2004-11-02. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-20. 
  10. ↑ Rose, Flemming (2006-02-19). "Why I Published Those Cartoons". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-09-10. 
  11. ↑ "Storm grows over Mohammad cartoons". CNN.com. 2006-02-03. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-20. 
  12. ↑ "Cartoon Body Count". Web. 2006-03-02. Archived from the original on 2006-03-26. Retrieved 2008-06-17. 
  13. ↑ Arnold, Martin (2006-09-29). "Teacher in hiding after attacking Islam". Financial Times. Retrieved 2006-10-17. 
  14. ↑ Extra security for Ehsan Jami, Expatica.com, 7 August 2007.
  15. ↑ Beyond jihad: critical voices from inside Islam Kim Ezra Shienbaum, Jamal Hasan, p. 89, Academica Press,LLC, 2006. ISBN 1933146192, 9781933146195 [2]
  16. ↑ http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/002.qmt.html
  17. ↑ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article655333.ece
  18. ↑ Sam Harris Who Are the Moderate Muslims?
  19. ↑ Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives, Princeton University Press, p.197
  20. ↑ Khaleel Muhammad, professor of religious studies at San Diego State University, states, regarding his discussion with the critic Robert Spencer, that "when I am told ... that Jihad only means war, or that I have to accept interpretations of the Qur'an that non-Muslims (with no good intentions or knowledge of Islam) seek to force upon me, I see a certain agendum developing: one that is based on hate, and I refuse to be part of such an intellectual crime." [3]
  21. ↑ Ali, Maulana Muhammad; The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad" Page 414 "When shall war cease". Published by The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement [4]
  22. ↑ Sadr-u-Din, Maulvi. "Qur'an and War", page 8. Published by The Muslim Book Society, Lahore, Pakistan. [5]
  23. ↑ Article on Jihad by Dr. G. W. Leitner (founder of The Oriental Institute, UK) published in Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1886. ("jihad, even when explained as a righteous effort of waging war in self defense against the grossest outrage on one's religion, is strictly limited..")
  24. ↑ The Qur'anic Commandments Regarding War/Jihad An English rendering of an Urdu article appearing in Basharat-e-Ahmadiyya Vol. I, p. 228-232, by Dr. Basharat Ahmad; published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam
  25. ↑ Ali, Maulana Muhammad; The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad" Pages 411-413. Published by The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement [6]
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Beyond jihad: critical voices from inside Islam, p. 95, Kim Ezra Shienbaum, Jamal Hasan, Academica Press, LLC, 2006 ISBN 1933146192, 9781933146195
  27. ↑ http://www.meforum.org/article/713
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 [7]
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Warrant for terror: fatwās of radical Islam and the duty of jihād, p. 68, Shmuel Bar, 2006
  30. ↑ http://www.nationalreview.com/mccarthy/mccarthy200408130853.asp
  31. ↑ The Oxford dictionary of Islam, p. 22, John L. Esposito, 2004
  32. ↑ Charisma and Christian life, Volume 29, Issue 5, Strang Communications Co., 2004 [8]
  33. ↑ http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2002_Feb_25/ai_84260006
  34. ↑ http://www.gulf-news.com/Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=20429
  35. ↑ http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20726085-2703,00.html
  36. ↑ http://mypetjawa.mu.nu/archives/044830.php
  37. ↑ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/24/wchrist24.xml
  38. ↑ War Against the Infidels The message behind the beheadings, the Hudson Institute, July 5, 2004 by Paul Marshall [9]
  39. ↑ Quran: the final testament : authorized English version p. 683, Rashad Khalifa - 2001
  40. ↑ http://www.humanists.net/alisina/gallery.htm
  41. ↑ http://commonconservative.com/adkins/adkins147.html
  42. ↑ http://www.asiantribune.com/oldsite2/?q=node/16604
  43. ↑ Script for the movie, Submission
  44. ↑ Hirsi Ali on Film over Position of Women in Koran
  45. ↑ Quranic Perspective on Wife beating and Abuse, by Fatimah Khaldoon, Submission, 2003. Retrieved April 16, 2006.
  46. ↑ Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his Quranic commentary states that: "In case of family jars four steps are mentioned, to be taken in that order. (1) Perhaps verbal advice or admonition may be sufficient; (2) if not, sex relations may be suspended; (3) if this is not sufficient, some slight physical correction may be administered; but Imam Shafi'i considers this inadvisable, though permissible, and all authorities are unanimous in deprecating any sort of cruelty, even of the nagging kind, as mentioned in the next clause; (4) if all this fails, a family council is recommended in 4:35 below." Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary (commentary on 4:34), Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. ISBN 0-915957-03-5.
  47. ↑ Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research, says that "If the husband senses that feelings of disobedience and rebelliousness are rising against him in his wife, he should try his best to rectify her attitude by kind words, gentle persuasion, and reasoning with her. If this is not helpful, he should sleep apart from her, trying to awaken her agreeable feminine nature so that serenity may be restored, and she may respond to him in a harmonious fashion. If this approach fails, it is permissible for him to beat her lightly with his hands, avoiding her face and other sensitive parts.[10].[11][dead link]
  48. ↑ Ibn Kathir writes that in case of rebellious behavior, the husband is asked to urge his wife to mend her ways, then to refuse to share their beds, and as the last resort, husbands are allowed to admonish their wives by beating. Ibn Kathir, “Tafsir of Ibn Kathir”, Al-Firdous Ltd., London, 2000, 50-53
  49. ↑ Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research, says that "It is permissible for him to beat her lightly with his hands, avoiding her face and other sensitive parts. In no case should he resort to using a stick or any other instrument that might cause pain and injury."[12][13][dead link]
  50. ↑ Ibn Kathir Ad-Damishqee records in his Tafsir Al-Qur'an Al-Azim that "Ibn `Abbas and several others said that the Ayah refers to a beating that is not violent. Al-Hasan Al-Basri said that it means, a beating that is not severe."
  51. ↑ Ahmad Shafaat, Tafseer of Surah an-Nisa, Ayah 34, Islamic Perspectives. August 10, 2005
  52. ↑ One such authority is the earliest hafiz, Ibn Abbas.[14]
  53. ↑ "The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary", Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. ISBN 0-915957-03-5, passage was quoted from commentary on 4:34
  54. ↑ Kathir, Ibn, “Tafsir of Ibn Kathir”, Al-Firdous Ltd., London, 2000, 50-53
  55. ↑ Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi comments that "Whenever the Prophet (peace be on him) permitted a man to administer corporal punishment to his wife, he did so with reluctance, and continued to express his distaste for it. And even in cases where it is necessary, the Prophet (peace be on him) directed men not to hit across the face, nor to beat severely nor to use anything that might leave marks on the body." "Towards Understanding the Qur'an" Translation by Zafar I. Ansari from "Tafheem Al-Qur'an" (specifically, commentary on 4:34) by Syed Abul-A'ala Mawdudi, Islamic Foundation, Leicester, England.
  56. ↑ The medieval jurist ash-Shafi'i, founder of one of the main schools of fiqh, commented on this verse that "hitting is permitted, but not hitting is preferable."
  57. ↑ "[S]ome of the greatest Muslim scholars (e.g., Ash-Shafi'i) are of the opinion that it is just barely permissible, and should preferably be avoided: and they justify this opinion by the Prophet's personal feelings with regard to this problem." Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Qur'an (his translation of the Qur'an).
  58. ↑ The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims, Andrew G. Bostom, Ibn Warraq - 2008, ISBN - 1591026024, 9781591026020, p. 391
  59. ↑ http//www.frontline.org.za/articles/jihad_holywar.htm
  60. ↑ Radical Islam and international security: challenges and responses, p. 73, Efraim Inbar, Hillel Frisch, 2008
  61. ↑ Foreign Follies: America's New Global Empire, p. 313, Doug Bandow - 2006
  62. ↑ Muslim minorities in modern states: the challenge of assimilation p. 115, Raphael Israeli, 2009
  63. ↑ Why We Want to Kill You: The Jihadist Mindset and How to Defeat It Walid Shoebat, 2007, p. 18
  64. ↑ http://europenews.dk/en/node/18244
  65. ↑ Jews of a Saharan oasis: elimination of the Tamantit community - p. 13, John Hunwick 2006
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6896107.ece
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 [15] [16]
  68. ↑ semitism Worldwide, 2000/1, Stephen Roth Institute, 2002, p. 163
  69. ↑ The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book, Norman A. Stillman, 1979, p. 146
  70. ↑ Jews of a Saharan oasis: elimination of the Tamantit community, p. 13, John Hunwick, 2006
  71. ↑ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203440104574400532495168894.html
  72. ↑ Bernard Lewis, Semites and anti-Semites: an inquiry into conflict and prejudice, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, [17]
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  74. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=177807
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  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 [18]
  77. ↑ http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/Anti-Christian_Pogrom_in_the_West_Bank.asp
  78. ↑ http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/291/currentpage/4/Default.aspx
  79. ↑ Julian Becker The PLO: the rise and fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p. 124 [19]
  80. ↑ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf19a.html
  81. ↑ Bat Ye'or, Miriam Kochan Islam and Dhimmitude: where civilizations collide, p. 468, 2002
  82. ↑ p. 73
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day p. 68, Walter Laqueur, 2006 [20]
  84. ↑ [21]
  85. ↑ http://www.opendemocracy.com/faith-europe_islam/article_88.jsp
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 Holy Warriors by John J O'Neill - Felibri.com, 2009, p. 127 [22]
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881-2001, p. 11, Benny Morris, 2001 [23]
  88. ↑ http://www.usa-morocco.org/moroccan-jews.htm
  89. ↑ Bernard Lewis (1984): The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Press. pp.44-45
  90. ↑ http://www.andrewbostom.org/content/view/55/43/
  91. ↑ [24]
  92. ↑ http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/index.php?id=1194248
  93. ↑ Negationism in India: concealing the record of Islam Koenraad Elst Voice of India, 1992, p. 27 [25]
  94. ↑ http://www.peacefaq.com/india.html
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html
  96. ↑ The losing battle with Islam David Selbourne - 2005 [http://books.google.com/books?id=GOJtAAAAMAAJ&q=Similarly,+the+Mughal+emperor+Akbar+is+said+to+have+ordered+the+massacre+of+'about+30000'+Hindu+prisoners+in+1568,+after+the+battle+of+Chitod.&hl=en&ei=nCgtTNWbNIT58AbQ3PDqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwA
  97. ↑ http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/30franc.htm
  98. ↑ The Great Moghuls, By B. Gascoigne, Harper Row Publishers, New York, 1972, p.15, p. 85, pp. 68-75, pp. 88-93
  99. ↑ The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV, Mughal India, ed. Lt. Col. Sir W.Haig, Sir R.Burn, S,Chand & Co., Delhi, 1963, pp. 71-73, pp. 97-99
  100. ↑ The Builders of The Mogul Empire, By M.Prawdin, Barnes & Noble Inc, New York, 1965, pp. 127-28, pp. 137-38
  101. ↑ An Advanced History of India, by R.C.Majumdar, H.C.Raychoudhury, K.Datta, MacMillen & Co., London, 2nd Ed, 1965, pp. 448-450
  102. ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 th Ed, Vol.21, 1967, p.65
  103. ↑ The Real Akbar, The (not) So Great, Hindunet[26]
  104. ↑ http://www.melaniephillips.com/diary/archives/001423.html
  105. ↑ http://www.amazon.com/Pirate-Utopias-Peter-Lamborn-Wilson/dp/1570271585
  106. ↑ http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A59720-2001Oct14
  107. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1145961230585&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
  108. ↑ http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/02/pirates-of-penzance-redo/
  109. ↑ A historical atlas of the Jewish people: from the time of the patriarchs to the present Élie Barnavi, Miriam Eliav-Feldon, Denis Charbit, Schocken Books, 2002 , p. 256 [27]
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  111. ↑ Holy war for the promised land: Israel's struggle to survive, David P. Dolan, T. Nelson 1991, p. 60
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Those Origins, Those Claims, p. 49 S. merry 2009, [29]
  113. ↑ http://www.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/interrogatory111802.asp
  114. ↑ Michael: on the history of the Jews in the Diaspora Daniel Carpi, Yehuda Nini, Shlomo Simonsohn - Diaspora Research Institute, 1978 - History, p. 138 [30]
  115. ↑ The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book p. 308, Norman A. Stillman, 1979 [31]
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 Jihads: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases - p. 4, Inc Icon Group International - 2008 [32]
  117. ↑ The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, ... p. 589, Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer - 2001 [33]
  118. ↑ Africas Legacy of Urbanizationpb p. 123, Stefan Goodwin, 2008 [34]
  119. ↑ http://www.historyorb.com/religion/judaism?p=3
  120. ↑ Abraham Yaari, Israel Schen, Isaac Halevy-Levin - 1958, Page 37 [35]
  121. ↑ [http://books.google.com/books?id=mjxJAFawRasC&pg=PA168[
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  123. ↑ Ladino rabbinic literature and Ottoman Sephardic culture p. 162, Matthias B. Lehmann - 2005 [37]
  124. ↑ The Origins of Zionism p. 17, David Vital - 1980 [38]
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 The Jews of Islam, Bernard Lewis - 1984, p. 168 [39]
  126. ↑ http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=22&letter=D
  127. ↑ http://debate.org.uk/topics/history/xstnc-6.html
  128. ↑ http://www.christiansofiraq.com/firman.html
  129. ↑ Death of a Nation, pp. 111-112
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  131. ↑ Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present - Bernard A. Cook - 2006 - History - p. 91 [41]
  132. ↑ The evolution of evil by Gaymon Bennett, Ted Peters, Martinez J. Hewlett, Robert John Russell - Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, p. 323 [42]
  133. ↑ The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920 by Charles Jelavich, Barbara Jelavich, 1804-1920 - University of Washington Press, 1986, p. 139 [43]
  134. ↑ http://www.amazon.com/FIRST-JIHAD- Khartoum- Militant-Islam/dp/1932033548
  135. ↑ http://www.country-studies.com/sudan/the- mahdiyah,-1884-98.html
  136. ↑ http://www.frumkin.org.il/newsl02.htm
  137. ↑ http://www.historyorb.com/countries/palestine
  138. ↑ http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/bhyom/mar.htm
  139. ↑ http://www.yaleisraeljournal.com/summ2006/krug.php
  140. ↑ http://www.armenian-genocide.org/hamidian.html
  141. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVJMAVoMM0C&pg=PA380
  142. ↑ Dictionary of Genocide: A-L - Page 23 Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L ... - 2008 [44]
  143. ↑ The Wiener Library bulletin, the University of Michigan 1974, History, p. 66 [45]
  144. ↑ Antisemitism: the longest hatred Robert S. Wistrich - 1994, p. 205 [46]
  145. ↑ La fin du judaïsme en terres d'islam Shmuel Trigano - Denoël, 2009, p. 459 [47]
  146. ↑ The wrath of Allah Robert E. Burns, 1994, p. 68 [48]
  147. ↑ http://www.greek-genocide.org/index1.html
  148. ↑ http://www.greece.org/cyprus/HellenicGenocide.htm
  149. ↑ CNN, 10 February, 2001 [49]
  150. ↑ http://www.nineveh.com/Chronology_of_the_Seyfo_Genocide_(1915-1923).html
  151. ↑ http://www.meforum.org/article/558
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  153. ↑ https://www.gorgiaspress.com/bookshop/pc-55715-92-shahbaz-yonan-the-rage-of-islam-an-account-of-the-massacres-of-christians-by-the-turks-in-persia.aspx
  154. ↑ http://www.betnahrain.am/genocide.html
  155. ↑ http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php ? title=Armenian_Genocide
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  159. ↑ The Armenian genocide: news accounts from the American press, 1915-1922, by Richard Diran Kloian, p. 19 [52]
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  161. ↑ http://cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/01/21/turkey.dink/index.html??iref=newssearch
  162. ↑ Anguished hope: Holocaust scholars confront the Palestinian-Israeli conflict by Leonard Grob, John K. Roth, 2008, p. 117 [53]
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  164. ↑ http://www.newsmax.com/PamelaGeller/barack-obama-armenia-genocide/2010/03/08/id/351965
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  166. ↑ "Korot." April 1920
  167. ↑ "The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and the Nazification of the Arab world" http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/mohammedism/mohammedism21.html
  168. ↑ http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/britainriots.html
  169. ↑ http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A1G9FX1KV45N41?ie=UTF8&sort_by=MostRecentReview
  170. ↑ http://www.sixdaywar.org/myths-and-facts.asp
  171. ↑ http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Maraad/Marad011.htm
  172. ↑ http://www.mideastbooks.com/legacyofjihad.html
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  178. ↑ Long march of Islam: the future imperfect R. K. Ohri, 2004, pp. 72-73
  179. ↑ http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers9%5Cpaper883.html
  180. ↑ 180.0 180.1 he_counterterrorism_blog/2005/08/the_muslim_brot.html
  181. ↑ http://www.jewishtribune.ca/TribuneV2/content/view/551/5/
  182. ↑ http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=27149
  183. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/middle_east/1603 178.stm
  184. ↑ http://www.adl.org/terrorism/symbols/muslim_broth erhood_ 1.asp
  185. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5223458.stm
  186. ↑ http://i- cias.com/e.o/mus_br_egypt.htm
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  188. ↑ Contemporary Islamist Ideology Authorizing Genocidal Murder January 27, 2004, MEMRI [59]
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  193. ↑ http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/-Khalid-Sheikh-Mohammed-make.4159045.jp
  194. ↑ http://hebron1929.info/
  195. ↑ http://www.aish.com/rss/rssRe directToArticle.asp?an=9076&vid=19951
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  200. ↑ http://www.aina.org/releases/assyrianregion.htm
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  202. ↑ British documents on foreign affairs--reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print: From the First to the Second World War Series. B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939, Volumen 9, Great Britain. Foreign Office, University Publications of America, 1985, p. 325 [62]
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  205. ↑ http://www.israel.org/mfa/go.asp?MFAH00uo0
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  211. ↑ http://www.harif.org/moreh.html
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  214. ↑ World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1, Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson, p. 497 [65]
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  217. ↑ http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=12613
  218. ↑ http://www.memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=SD83504
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  220. ↑ "the Russian counterterrorism law defines terrorism as "the ideology of violence and practice of exerting pressure on decision making by state bodies"" pp. 28, Terrorism in asymmetrical conflict: ideological and structural aspects, by Ekaterina Stepanova, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press US, 2008 ISBN 0199533555, 9780199533558 186 pages).
  221. ↑ Scheuer, Michael (2004). Imperial Hubris. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-965-51394-7. The focused and lethal threat posed to U.S. national security arises not from Muslims being offended by what America is, but rather from their plausible perception that the things they most love and value—God, Islam, their brethren, and Muslim lands—are being attacked by America. 
  222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html
  223. ↑ 223.0 223.1 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html
  224. ↑ “Al-Qaeda Blames 9/11 on US Support for Israel – Defense/Middle East – Israel News – Israel National News.” Web. 16 Apr. 2010.
  225. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1713557.stm
  226. ↑ http://observer.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,,619630,00.html
  227. ↑ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1705386,00.html
  228. ↑ http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=a6OX1U4VoJWM&refer=europe
  229. ↑ The Osama bin Laden I know: an oral history of al-Qaeda's leader, p. 303, Peter L. Bergen, 2006
  230. ↑ Jihad and international security, p. 90, Jalīl Rawshandil, Sharon Chadha, 2006
  231. ↑ http://archives.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0912/12/siu.01.html
  232. ↑ http://www.vancouversun.com/opinion/Commanded+terrorize+South+Park/3008153/story.html
  233. ↑ Counter terrorism site, May 2010 [68]
  234. ↑ Dar al-Harb
  235. ↑ See ref:"purpose" and ref:"justification"
  236. ↑ Future Jihad: Terrorist Strategies Against the West p. 262, W. Shoebat
  237. ↑ Jihad and Jew-hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the roots of 9/11 by Matthias Küntzel, p 110
  238. ↑ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article577922.ece
  239. ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=661486&contrassID=2&subContrassID=15&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y
  240. ↑ http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56174
  241. ↑ http://www.barackobama.com/2007/08/01/the_war_we_need_to_win.php
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