Difference between revisions of "Ice cream"

Latest revision as of 18:38, 13 October 2010

Ice cream or ice-cream is a frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream.

The meaning of the term ice cream varies from one country to another. Terms like frozen custard, frozen yogurt, sorbet, gelato and others are used to distinguish different varieties and styles. In some countries, like the USA, the term ice cream applies only to a specific variety, and their governments regulate the commercial use of all these terms based on quantities of ingredients.^[1] In others, like Italy and Argentina, one word is used for all the variants. Alternatives made from soy milk, rice milk, and goat milk are available for those who are lactose intolerant or have an allergy to dairy protein, or in the case of soy and rice milk, for those who want to avoid animal products.

History

Precursors of ice cream

In the ancient times in the Persian Empire people would pour grape juice concentrate over snow - in a bowl - and eat this as a treat similar to ice cream. In particular this was consumed when the whether was hot. Either snow would be saved in the cool-keeping underground chambers known as "yakhchal" or taken from fresh snow that may still have remained at the top of the mountains by the summer capital - Hagmatana, [Ecbatana] or [Hamedan] of today. In 400 BC, Persians or Iranians went further and invented a special chilled pudding-like dish, made of rose water and vermicelli which was served to royalty during summers.^[2] The ice was mixed with saffron, fruits, and various other flavours. The treat, widely made in Iran today, is called "faloodeh" or "paloodeh", and is made from starch (usually wheat), spun in a sieve-like machine which produces threads or drops of the batter, which are boiled in water. The mix is then frozen, and mixed with rose water and lemons, before serving. Ancient Persians mastered the technique of storing ice inside giant naturally-cooled refrigerators known as yakhchals. These structures kept ice brought in from the winter, or from nearby mountains, well into the summer. They worked by using tall windcatchers that kept the sub-level storage space at frigid temperatures.

Ancient civilizations have served ice for cold foods for thousands of years. The BBC reports that a frozen mixture of milk and rice was used in China around 200 BC.^[3] The Roman Emperor Nero (37–68) had ice brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings. These were some early chilled delicacies.^[4]

Ice cream was the favorite dessert for the Caliphs of Baghdad. Arabs were the first to use milk as a major ingredient in its production, sweeten the ice cream with sugar rather than fruit juices, as well as perfect ways for its commercial production. As early as the 10th century, ice cream was widespread amongst many of the Arab world's major cities, such as Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo. Their version of ice cream was produced from milk or cream and often some yoghurt similar to Ancient Greek recipes, flavoured with rosewater as well as dried fruits and nuts. It is believed that this was based on older Ancient Arab, Mesopotamian, Greek or Roman recipes, which were probably the first and precursors to Persian faloodeh.

In 62 AD, the Roman emperor Nero sent slaves to the Apennine mountains to collect snow to be flavoured with honey and nuts.^[5]

Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat asserts in her History of Food, "the Chinese may be credited with inventing a device to make sorbets and ice cream. They poured a mixture of snow and saltpetre over the exteriors of containers filled with syrup, for, in the same way as salt raises the boiling-point of water, it lowers the freezing-point to below zero."^[6][7] (Toussaint does not provide historical documentation for this.) Some distorted accounts claim that in the age of Emperor Yingzong, Song Dynasty (960-1279) of China, a poem named "詠冰酪" (literally Ode to the ice cheese) was written by the poet Yang Wanli. Actually, this poem was named "詠酥” (literally Ode to the pastry, 酥 is a kind of food like pastry in the western world) and has nothing to do with ice cream.^[8] It has also been claimed that, in the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan enjoyed ice cream and kept it a royal secret until Marco Polo visited China and took the technique of making ice cream to Italy. However, others have argued that the Chinese didn't drink milk during that period, whereas the Italians had arguably been making something resembling ice cream before Marco Polo returned to Italy. In any case, no known ice cream recipes appear to stem from ancient Chinese sources.

In the sixteenth century, the Mughal emperors used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the Hindu Kush to Delhi, where it was used in fruit sorbets.^[9]

When Italian duchess Catherine de' Medici married the duc d’Orléans in 1533, she is said to have brought with her Italian chefs who had recipes for flavoured ices or sorbets, and introduced them in France.^[10] One hundred years later, Charles I of England was supposedly so impressed by the "frozen snow", he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so ice cream could be a royal prerogative.^[11] There is, however, no historical evidence to support these legends, which first appeared during the 19th century.

The first recipe for flavoured ices in French appears in 1674, in Nicholas Lemery’s Recueil de curiositéz rares et nouvelles de plus admirables effets de la nature.^[10] Recipes for sorbetti saw publication in the 1694 edition of Antonio Latini's Lo Scalco alla Moderna (The Modern Steward).^[10] Recipes for flavoured ices begin to appear in François Massialot's Nouvelle Instruction pour les Confitures, les Liqueurs, et les Fruits starting with the 1692 edition. Massialot's recipes result in a coarse, pebbly texture. However, Latini claims that the results of his recipes should have the fine consistency of sugar and snow.^[10]

True ice cream

Ice cream recipes first appear in 18th century England and America. A recipe for ice cream was published in Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts in London 1718.^[12]

To ice CREAM.

Take Tin Ice-Pots, fill them with any Sort of Cream you like, either plain or sweeten'd, or Fruit in it; shut your Pots very close; to six Pots you must allow eighteen or twenty Pound of Ice, breaking the Ice very small; there will be some great Pieces, which lay at the Bottom and Top: You must have a Pail, and lay some Straw at the Bottom; then lay in your Ice, and put in amongst it a Pound of Bay-Salt; set in your Pots of Cream, and lay Ice and Salt between every Pot, that they may not touch; but the Ice must lie round them on every Side; lay a good deal of Ice on the Top, cover the Pail with Straw, set it in a Cellar where no Sun or Light comes, it will be froze in four Hours, but it may stand longer; than take it out just as you use it; hold it in your Hand and it will slip out. When you wou'd freeze any Sort of Fruit, either Cherries, Rasberries, Currants, or Strawberries, fill your Tin-Pots with the Fruit, but as hollow as you can; put to them Lemmonade, made with Spring-Water and Lemmon-Juice sweeten'd; put enough in the Pots to make the Fruit hang together, and put them in Ice as you do Cream.

The earliest reference to ice cream given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1744, reprinted in a magazine in 1877. 1744 in Pennsylvania Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1877) I. 126 Among the rarities..was some fine ice cream, which, with the strawberries and milk, eat most deliciously.^[13]

The 1751 edition of The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy by Hannah Glasse features a recipe for ice cream. OED gives her recipe: H. GLASSE Art of Cookery (ed. 4) 333 (heading) To make Ice Cream..set it [sc. the cream] into the larger Bason. Fill it with Ice, and a Handful of Salt.^[13]

1768 saw the publication of L'Art de Bien Faire les Glaces d'Office by M. Emy, a cookbook devoted entirely to recipes for flavoured ices and ice cream.^[10]

Ice cream was introduced to the United States by Quaker colonists who brought their ice cream recipes with them. Confectioners sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the colonial era. Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were known to have regularly eaten and served ice cream. First Lady Dolley Madison is also closely associated with the early history of ice cream in the United States. One respected history of ice cream states that, as the wife of U.S. President James Madison, she served ice cream at her husband's Inaugural Ball in 1813.

Around 1832, Augustus Jackson, an African American confectioner, not only created multiple ice cream recipes, but he also invented a superior technique to manufacture ice cream.^[14]

In 1843, Nancy Johnson of Philadelphia was issued the first U.S. patent for a small-scale handcranked ice cream freezer. The invention of the ice cream soda gave Americans a new treat, adding to ice cream's popularity. This cold treat was probably invented by Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim.

The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no conclusive evidence to back up any of their stories. Some sources say that the sundae was invented to circumvent blue laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Towns claiming to be the birthplace of the sundae include Buffalo, New York; Two Rivers, Wisconsin; Ithaca, New York; and Evanston, Illinois. Both the ice cream cone and banana split became popular in the early 20th century. Several food vendors claimed to have invented the ice cream cone at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, MO.^[15] However, Europeans were eating cones long before 1904.^[16][17]

In the UK, ice cream remained an expensive and rare treat, until large quantities of ice began to be imported from Norway and the US in the mid Victorian era. A Swiss-Italian businessman, Carlo Gatti, opened the first ice cream stall outside Charing Cross station in 1851, selling scoops of ice cream in shells for one penny.^[18]

The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increases in availability and popularity. In the United States in the early 20th century, the ice cream soda was a popular treat at the soda shop, the soda fountain, and the ice cream parlor. During American Prohibition, the soda fountain to some extent replaced the outlawed alcohol establishments such as bars and saloons.

Ice cream became popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common. There was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavours and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety. Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised "a world of 28 flavours." Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavours ("one for every day of the month") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy. The company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties.

One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream. A chemical research team in Britain (of which a young Margaret Thatcher was a member)^[19][20] discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cream, which allowed manufacturers to use less of the actual ingredients, thereby reducing costs. It made possible the soft ice cream machine in which a cone is filled beneath a spigot on order. In the United States, Dairy Queen, Carvel, and Tastee-Freez pioneered in establishing chains of soft-serve ice cream outlets.

Technological innovations such as these have introduced various food additives into ice cream, notably the stabilizing agent gluten,^[21] to which some people have an intolerance. Recent awareness of this issue has prompted a number of manufacturers to start producing gluten-free ice cream.^[22]

The 1980s saw a return of the older, thicker ice creams being sold as "premium" and "superpremium" varieties under brands such as Ben & Jerry's and Häagen-Dazs.

Production

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions. Making it was quite laborious; ice was cut from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in holes in the ground, or in wood-frame or brick ice houses, insulated by straw. Many farmers and plantation owners, including U.S. Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, cut and stored ice in the winter for use in the summer. Frederic Tudor of Boston turned ice harvesting and shipping into a big business, cutting ice in New England and shipping it around the world.

Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt. This was called the pot-freezer method. French confectioners refined the pot-freezer method, making ice cream in a sorbetière (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid). In the pot-freezer method, the temperature of the ingredients is reduced by the mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt water is cooled by the ice, and the action of the salt on the ice causes it to (partially) melt, absorbing latent heat and bringing the mixture below the freezing point of pure water. The immersed container can also make better thermal contact with the salty water and ice mixture than it could with ice alone.

The hand-cranked churn, which also uses ice and salt for cooling, replaced the pot-freezer method. The exact origin of the hand-cranked freezer is unknown, but the first U.S. patent for one was #3254 issued to Nancy Johnson on September 9, 1843. The hand-cranked churn produced smoother ice cream than the pot freezer and did it quicker. Many inventors patented improvements on Johnson's design.

In Europe and early America, ice cream was made and sold by small businesses, mostly confectioners and caterers. Jacob Fussell of Baltimore, Maryland was the first to manufacture ice cream on a large scale. Fussell bought fresh dairy products from farmers in York County, Pennsylvania, and sold them in Baltimore. An unstable demand for his dairy products often left him with a surplus of cream, which he made into ice cream. He built his first ice-cream factory in Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania, in 1851. Two years later, he moved his factory to Baltimore. Later, he opened factories in several other cities and taught the business to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity.

The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s eliminated the need to cut and store natural ice and when the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, it allowed commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice cream industry.

The most common method for producing ice cream at home is to use an ice cream maker, in modern times generally an electrical device that churns the ice cream mixture while cooled inside a household freezer, or using a solution of pre-frozen salt and water, which gradually melts while the ice cream freezes. Some more expensive models have an inbuilt freezing element. A newer method of making home-made ice cream is to add liquid nitrogen to the mixture while stirring it using a spoon or spatula. Some ice cream recipes call for making a custard, folding in whipped cream, and immediately freezing the mixture.

Commercial delivery

Ice cream can be mass-produced and thus is widely available in developed parts of the world. Ice cream can be purchased in large cartons (vats and squrounds) from supermarkets and grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual servings from small carts or vans at public events. In Turkey and Australia, ice cream is sometimes sold to beach-goers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers. Some ice cream distributors sell ice cream products from traveling refrigerated vans or carts (commonly referred to in the US as "ice cream trucks"), sometimes equipped with speakers playing children's music. Traditionally, ice cream vans in the United Kingdom make a music box noise rather than actual music.

Dietary

Ice cream may have the following composition: <poem> - greater than 10% milkfat and usually between 10% and as high as 16% fat in some premium ice creams - 9 to 12% milk solids-not-fat: this component, also known as the serum solids, contains the proteins (caseins and whey proteins) and carbohydrates (lactose) found in milk - 12 to 16% sweeteners: usually a combination of sucrose and glucose-based corn syrup sweeteners - 0.2 to 0.5% stabilisers and emulsifiers - 55% to 64% water which comes from the milk or other ingredients.</poem>^[23] These compositions are percentage by weight. Since ice cream can contain as much as half air by volume, these numbers may be reduced by as much as half if cited by volume. In terms of dietary considerations, however, the percentages by weight are more relevant. Even the low fat products have high caloric content: Ben and Jerry's No Fat Vanilla Fudge contains 150 calories per half cup due to its high sugar content.^[24]

Ice cream around the world

Argentina

While industrial ice cream exists in Argentina and can be found in supermarkets, restaurants or kiosks, and ice cream pops are sold on some streets and at the beaches, the most traditional Argentine helado (ice cream) is very similar to Italian gelato, rather than US-style ice cream, and it has become one of the most popular desserts in the country. Among the most famous manufacturers are Freddo, Persicco, Chungo and Munchi's, all of them located in Buenos Aires. However, each city has its own heladerías (ice cream parlours) which offer different varieties of creamy and water-based ice creams, including both standard and regional flavours. There are hundreds of flavours but Argentina's most traditional and popular one is dulce de leche, which has become a favorite abroad, especially in the US.

There are two kinds of heladerías in Argentina: the cheaper ones which sell ice cream with artificial ingredients (like Helarte, Pirulo and Sei Tu), and the ones that sell helado artesanal, made with natural ingredients and usually distinguished by a logo featuring an ice cream cone and the letters HA. There are no regulations in Argentina regarding the amount of milk an ice cream can have. In fact, all ice cream parlors serve both cream-based and water-based ice cream (helado a la crema and helado al agua respectively). Instead, the distinctions are made according to the quality of the ingredients.

A standard Argentine cone or cup contains two different flavours of ice cream. In addition to these, most heladerías offer ice-cream-based desserts like Bombón Suizo (Swiss Bombom: chocolate-covered chantilly ice cream filled with dulce de leche and sprinkled with nuts), Bombón Escocés (Scottish Bombom: same as the Swiss Bombom, only with chocolate ice-cream and white chocolate topping), Cassata (strawberry, vanilla and chocolate ice cream) and Almendrado (almond ice cream sprinkled with almond praline).

Australia and New Zealand

Per capita, Australians and New Zealanders are among the leading ice cream consumers in the world, eating 18 liters and 20 liters each per year respectively, behind the United States where people eat 23 liters each per year.^[25] Brands include Tip Top, Streets, Peters, Sara Lee, New Zealand Natural, Cadbury, Baskin-Robbins and Maggie Beer. A popular ice cream flavour in New Zealand, Australia and Japan that originated in New Zealand is hokey pokey.

===China===

In Southern China, there's a kind of chilled dessert made of mung beans, called 绿豆沙 (pinyin: lǜdòushā, literally: sand of mung bean), textually similar to ice cream. The beans are macerated into a paste and boiled together with milk and sugar.

Besides the popular flavour such as vanilla, chocolate, coffee, mango and strawberry, many Chinese ice-cream manufacturers also introduced other traditional flavours such as black sesame, red beans, mala sauce.

In recent years, Hong Kong and Taiwan dessert houses also serve ice-cream moon cake during the Mid-Autumn festival (moon festival).

Finland

The first ice cream manufacturer in Finland was the Italian Magi family, who opened the Helsingin jäätelötehdas in 1922 and Suomen Eskimo Oy. Other manufacturers soon spawned, like Pietarsaaren jäätelötehdas (1928–2002).

Finland's first ice cream bar opened at the Lasipalatsi in 1936, and at the same time another manufacturer, Maanviljelijäin Maitokeskus started their production.

Today, the two largest ice cream manufacturers are Ingman and Nestlé (who bought Valiojäätelö). Finland is also the leading consumer of ice cream in Europe, with 13.7 liters per person in 2003.^[26]

France

In 1651, Italian Francesco dei Coltelli opened an ice cream café in Paris and the product became so popular that during the next 50 years another 250 cafés opened in Paris.^[27][28] Some people eat heart or log shaped cakes made of ice cream on New Year's Eve or New Year's Day.^[29]

Germany

One of the first well known Italian ice cream parlor (Eisdiele) was settled in Munich (Germany) way back in 1879, the business was run by the family Sarcletti. This traditional family business was handed from generation to generation ever since. (currently named Udo's Eisparadies in Kufstein, Austria; founded by Udo Sven Plesner, son of film producer Josef Plesner and Silvana Sarcletti Plesner, daughter of Otto Sarcletti). Since the 1920s, when many Italians immigrated and set up business, the traditional ice cream parlors became very popular.

As industrial produced ice cream is now sold in traditional looking ice cream parlors, it is hard to tell the difference from hand made and mass produced ice cream. But when it comes to taste: the difference between fresh ice cream and production ice cream is similar to the difference between fresh bread and production bread. One delivers sensational flavors, the other is more refined and less intense.

Ghana

In 1962,^[30] the popular Ghanaian treat FanMilk was created by the Fan Milk Limited company. FanIce comes in strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla. FanMilk also makes additional products, though FanIce is the closest to Western ice cream. Pouches of FanIce and other FanMilk products can be bought from men on bikes equipped with chill boxes in any moderately sized town, and in cities large enough for grocery stores, FanMilk can be bought in tubs for eating at home.

Greece

Ice cream in its modern form is a relatively new invention. Ice treats have been enjoyed since ancient times. During the 5th century BC, ancient Greeks ate snow mixed with honey and fruit in the markets of Athens. The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, encouraged his Ancient Greek patients to eat ice "as it livens the lifejuices and increases the well-being."^[31] In the 4th century BC, it was well known that a favorite treat of Alexander the Great was snow ice mixed with honey and nectar.^[32] In modern times Greek ice cream recipes have some unique flavours such as Pagoto Kaimaki, (Greek: Παγωτό Καϊμάκι), made from mastic-resin which gives it an almost chewy texture, and salepi, used as a thickening agent to increase resistance to melting; both give the ice cream a unique taste; Olive Oil Ice Cream with figs; Pagoto Kataifi Chocolate, (Greek: Παγωτό Καταΐφι-κακάο), made from the shredded filo dough pastry that resembles angel's hair pasta or vermicelli; and Mavrodaphne Ice Cream, (Greek: Μαυροδάφνη Παγωτό), made from a Greek dessert wine. Fruity Greek Sweets of the Spoon are usually served as toppings with Greek-inspired ice cream flavours.

India and Pakistan

Kulfi is a traditional dessert that is much denser than traditional ice cream; it is also very popular and widely consumed in both countries. With the presence of major ice cream brands like AMUL, Arun Ice Creams, Nirula's in North India and Mother Dairy, there is a countrywide availability of various ice cream flavours. There are also ice cream chains like Baskin Robbins, Natural's, and Fruzee, which are costlier then packaged ice cream.

Italy

Italian ice cream or Gelato as it is known, is a traditional dessert in Italy. Much of the production is still hand-made and flavoured by each individual shop in "produzione propria" gelaterias. Gelato is made from whole milk, sugar, sometimes eggs, and natural flavourings. Gelato typically contains 7-8% fat, less than ice cream's minimum of 10%. Before the cone became popular for serving ice cream, in English speaking countries, Italian street vendors would serve the ice cream in a small glass dish referred to as a "penny lick" or wrapped in waxed paper and known as a hokey-pokey (possibly a corruption of the Italian "ecco un poco" - "here is a little").^[33] Some of the most known gelato machine makers are Italian companies Carpigiani, Crm-Telme, Corema-Telme, Technogel, Cattabriga, Matrix, and Promag.

Iran

Fālūde (Persian: فالوده) or Pālūde (Persian: پالوده) is a Persian sorbet made of thin vermicelli noodles frozen with corn starch, rose water, lime juice, and often ground pistachios. It is a traditional dessert in Iran and Afghanistan. It was brought to the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal period. The faloodeh of Shiraz is famous.

Faloodeh is one of the earliest forms of frozen desserts, existing as early as 400 BC. Ice was brought down from high mountains and stored in tall refrigerated buildings called yakhchals, which were kept cool by windcatchers.

There is also a drink called faloodeh, but it is made using other ingredients.

Japan

Ice cream is also a popular dessert in Japan, with almost two in five adults eating some at least once a week, according to a 2007 survey.^[34] Since 1999, the Japanese Ice Cream Association has been publishing the Ice Cream White Paper once a year, and the four most popular ice cream flavours in Japan have not changed (including their order) since 1999, according to the paper.^[35] The top four flavours are vanilla, chocolate, matcha (powdered green tea), and strawberry. Other notable popular flavours are milk, caramel, and azuki (Red Bean) also according to the paper.^[35] Azuki is particularly favored by people in their 50s and older.^[35]

Laos

A typical variety is Laotian vanilla ice cream made from pandan ("Laotian vanilla").

Philippines

Sorbetes is a Philippine version for common ice cream usually peddled from carts that roam streets in the Philippines. This should not be confused with the known sorbet. It is also commonly called 'dirty ice cream' because it is sold along the streets exposing it to pollution and that the factory where it comes from is usually unknown; though it is not really "dirty" as the name implies. It is usually served with small wafer or sugar cones and recently, bread buns.

Spain

Ice cream, in the style of Italian gelato, can be found in many cafes or specialty ice cream stores throughout. Usually the flavours reflect local tastes like nata, crema catalana, or tiramisu. There are also industrial producers like Frigo (owned by Unilever), Camy, Avidesa, La Mallorquina, many of them are part of transnational groups. The industrial producers also serve ice cream sandwiches and polos, ice cream on a stick, such as Magnum, sometimes with whimsical shapes like the foot-shaped Frigopié.

The arrival of Argentine artisans after the corralito crisis has extended flavours like dulce de leche.

Unlike in Northern Europe, ice cream is consumed mostly in summer. Hence, some ice cream stores become hot-chocolate cafés in winter.

Turkey

See Dondurma for Turkish ice cream.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, 14 million adults buy ice cream as a treat, in a market worth £1.3 billion (according to a report produced in September 2009).^[36] A product may be sold as "ice cream" if it contains 5 per cent fat and not less than 2.5 per cent milk protein, but may contain non-milk vegetable fats and oils, usually hydrogenated palm kernel oil, a rule that is more permissive than many other countries. Only true ice cream made only with milk fats (though not necessarily cream) can be described as dairy ice cream, and many companies make sure that dairy is prominently displayed on their packaging and advertising.^[37]

United States

In the United States, ice cream made with just cream, sugar, and a flavouring (usually fruit) is sometimes referred to as "Philadelphia style"^[38] ice cream. Ice creams made with eggs, usually in the form of frozen custards, are sometimes called "French" ice creams or traditional ice cream.^[39]

American federal labeling standards require ice cream to contain a minimum of 10% milk fat (about 7 grams (g) of fat per 1/2 cup [120 mL] serving), 20% total milk solids by weight, to weigh no less than 4.5 pounds per gallon (in order to put a limit on replacing ingredients with air), and to contain less than 1.4% egg yolk solids.^[40][41] Federal government regulations pertaining to the process of making ice cream, allowable ingredients, and standards, may be found in Part 135 of Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations.^[42][43]

Ice cream is an extremely popular dessert in the United States. Americans consume about 15 quarts (more than 13 liters) of ice cream per person per year — the most in the world. As a foodstuff it is deeply ingrained into the American psyche and has been available in America since its founding in 1776: there are records of Thomas Jefferson serving it as a then-expensive treat to guests at his home in Monticello. In American supermarkets it is not uncommon for ice cream and related products to take up a wall full of freezers.

Although chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry are the traditional favorite flavors of ice cream, and once enjoyed roughly equal popularity, vanilla has grown to be far and away the most popular, most likely because of its use as a topping for fruit based pies and its use as the key ingredient for milkshakes. According to the International Ice Cream Association (1994), supermarket sales of ice cream break down as follows: vanilla, 28%; fruit flavours, 15%; nut flavours, 13.5%; candy mix-in flavours, 12.5%; chocolate, 8%; cake and cookie flavours, 7.5%; Neapolitan, 7%; and coffee/mocha, 3%. Other flavours combine for 5.5%. Sales in ice cream parlors are more variable, as new flavours come and go, but about three times as many people call vanilla their favorite than chocolate, the runner-up.

Ice cream cone

Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book, published in 1888, endorsed serving ice cream in cones,^[44] but the idea definitely predated that. Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream. She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquefied gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution.

Reliable evidence proves that ice cream cones were served in the 19th century, and their popularity increased greatly during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. According to legend, at the World's Fair an ice cream seller had run out of the cardboard dishes used to put ice cream scoops in, so they could not sell any more produce. Next door to the ice cream booth was a Syrian waffle booth, unsuccessful due to intense heat; the waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles and the new product sold well, and was widely copied by other vendors.^[45][46]

Other frozen desserts

The following is a partial list of ice cream-like frozen desserts and snacks:

• Ais kacang: a dessert in Malaysia and Singapore made from shaved ice, syrup, and boiled red bean and topped with evaporated milk. Sometimes, other small ingredients like raspberries and durians are added in too.
• Dondurma: Turkish ice cream, made of salep and mastic resin
• Frozen custard: at least 10% milk fat and at least 1.4% egg yolk and much less air beaten into it, similar to Gelato, fairly rare. Known in Italy as Semifreddo.
• Frozen yogurt: a low fat or fat free alternative made with yogurt
• Gelato: an Italian frozen dessert having a lower milk fat content than ice cream and stabilised with ingredients such as eggs.
• Halo-halo: a popular Filipino dessert that is a mixture of shaved ice and milk to which are added various boiled sweet beans and fruits, and served cold in a tall glass or bowl.
• Ice milk: less than 10% milk fat and lower sweetening content, once marketed as "ice milk" but now sold as low-fat ice cream in the United States.
• Ice pop (or lolly): frozen fruit puree, fruit juice, or flavoured sugar water on a stick or in a flexible plastic sleeve.
• Kulfi: Believed to have been introduced to South Asia by the Mughal conquest in the 16th century; its origins trace back to the cold snacks and desserts of Arab and Mediterranean cultures.^[47]
• Mellorine: non-dairy, with vegetable fat substituted for milk fat
• Parevine: Kosher non-dairy frozen dessert established in 1969 in New York^[48]
• Sherbet: 1–2% milk fat and sweeter than ice cream.
• Sorbet: fruit puree with no dairy products
• Snow cones, made from balls of crushed ice topped with sweet syrup served in a paper cone, are consumed in many parts of the world. The most common places to find snow cones in the United States are at amusement parks.
• Maple toffee: A popular springtime treat in maple-growing areas is maple toffee, where maple syrup boiled to a concentrated state is poured over fresh snow congealing in a toffee-like mass, and then eaten from a wooden stick used to pick it up from the snow.

Using liquid nitrogen

Using liquid nitrogen to freeze ice cream is an old idea and has been used for many years to harden ice cream. However, the use of liquid nitrogen in the primary freezing of ice cream, that is to effect the transition from the liquid to the frozen state without the use of a conventional ice cream freezer, has only recently started to see commercialization. Some commercial innovations have been documented in the National Cryogenic Society Magazine "Cold Facts".^[49] The most noted brands are Dippin' Dots,^[50] Blue Sky Creamery,^[51] Project Creamery,^[52] and Sub Zero Cryo Creamery.^[53] The preparation results in a column of white condensed water vapor cloud, reminiscent of popular depictions of witches' cauldrons. The ice cream, dangerous to eat while still "steaming," is allowed to rest until the liquid nitrogen is completely vaporised. Sometimes ice cream is frozen to the sides of the container, and must be allowed to thaw.

Making ice cream with liquid nitrogen has advantages over conventional freezing. Due to the rapid freezing, the crystal grains are smaller, giving the ice cream a creamier texture, and allowing one to get the same texture by using less milkfat. However, such ice crystals will grow very quickly via the processes of recrystallization thus obviating the original benefits unless steps are taken to inhibit ice crystal growth.

See also

• Brain freeze
• Gelato
• Ice cream parlor
• List of ice cream brands
• Soft serve

References

External links

• Selected Internet Resources --Ice Cream / Science Reference Section, Library of Congress
• History of Ice Cream
• Another History of Iced Beverages and Ice Cream
• Ice Cream sculptures
• Ice Cream Reviews
• The Complete Guide To Ice Cream
• Ice cream history and "who really invented the ice cream cone?"
• The Surprisingly Controversial History of Ice Cream
• Cooking with Chemistry, Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream
• HowStuffWorks's How Ice-Cream Works.
• Popular culture, Laurel & Hardy Sketch
• The Structure of Ice Cream

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1. ↑ "Ice Cream Labeling: What Does it all Mean?". International Foodservice Distributors Association. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
2. ↑ The History of Ice Cream & The Ice Cream Cone
3. ↑ The origin of ice-cream, BBC. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
4. ↑ Andrews, Tamra (2000). Nectar and Ambrosia:An Encyclopedia of Food in World Mythology. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 121. ISBN 9781576070369. OCLC 224083021. 
5. ↑ Mallare, Cathy. "The story of ice cream". web institute for teachers. webinstituteforteachers.org. Retrieved 2009-06-16. 
6. ↑ Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2005). A history of food. translated from the French by Anthea Bell. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 749–750. ISBN 9780631194972. OCLC 223367668. 
7. ↑ Olver, Lynne (2007-09-30). "ice cream & ice". Food Timeline. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
8. ↑ "詠 酥". 宋詩多媒體網路教學系統 詩文資料. 
9. ↑ Tannahill, Reay (1989). Food in History. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-517-88404-6. OCLC 32450569 41417694 41448271 Check |oclc= value (help). 
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4} Powell, Marilyn (2005). Cool: The Story of Ice Cream. Toronto: Penguin Canada. ISBN 978-0-14-305258-6. OCLC 59136553. 
11. ↑ Goff, H. Douglas. "Ice Cream History and Folklore". Dairy Science and Technology Education Series. University of Guelph. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
12. ↑ Eales, Mary (1985) [1718]. Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts. London: Prospect Books. ISBN 0-907325-25-4. OCLC 228661650. 
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1} "ice cream, n." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. 27 March 2008 <http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50110937>.
14. ↑ Bellis, Mary. "Augustus Jackson". Inventors. About.com. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
15. ↑ "Ice Cream Cone, History of Ice Cream Cone". Retrieved 24 November 2009. 
16. ↑ Weir, Robert J. "An 1807 Ice Cream Cone: Discovery and Evidence". Historic Food. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
17. ↑ Stradley, Linda (2004). "History of Ice Cream Cone". What's Cooking America. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
18. ↑ Stephens, Nick (2007-03-28). "Wine Flavoured Ice Cream". Bordeaux-Undiscovered. Retrieved 2009-01-04. 
19. ↑ Margaret Thatcher
20. ↑ J. Lyons & Co
21. ↑ Pat Kendall, Ph.D., R.D. (March 31, 2003). "Gluten sensitivity more widespread than previously thought". Colorado State University Extension. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
22. ↑ "Haagen-Dazs: FAQ - Is Haagen Dazs Gluten Free?". Nestlé. 
23. ↑ Goff, H. Douglas. "Ice Cream Ingredients". Dairy Science and Technology Education Series. University of Guelph. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
24. ↑ Kendall, Pat (2000-06-25). "Ice Cream - What's in a Scoop?". Colorado State University. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
25. ↑ "Business Outlook: ice cream manufacturing (based on a report to be found through www.ibisworld.com.au)". Reed Business Information. 2005. Retrieved 2006-03-03. 
26. ↑ Tike web page on consumer habits
27. ↑ Visser, Margaret (1999). Much Depends on Dinner (illustrated ed.). Grove Atlantic Press. p. 297. ISBN 9780802136510. Retrieved 2009-05-13. 
28. ↑ "Restaurant Le Procope" (in Italian). procope.com. Retrieved 2009-05-13. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
29. ↑ "New Year's Day in France". timanddate.com. Retrieved 2009-05-13. 
30. ↑ :: Fan Milk Limited :: - The Company
31. ↑ "Norway - the official site in the United States". What's Cooking: (N)ice and cold. The Government of Norway et al. 2005. Retrieved 2006-11-04. 
32. ↑ "ReadWriteThink". Commercial ice cream is first sold in the U.S. in 1786. The International Reading Association (IRA), the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), and the Verizon Foundation. 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-04. 
33. ↑ Edmund Forte. "Hokey Pokey and All That: The history of ice cream".  — Forte presents this and several alternative hypotheses.
34. ↑ "What Japan Thinks - Japanese Opinion Polls Translated into English". Nearly two in five Japanese eat ice cream every week. 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-27. 
35. ↑ ^{35.0 35.1 35.2} Vanilla holds an unshakable top position in favorite ice cream flavours., Japanese Ice Cream Association, Ice Cream White Paper 2006. Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved on 2006-10-21 (Japanese).
36. ↑ "Ice Cream - UK - September 2009". just-food.com. Aroq Ltd. September 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-18. 
37. ↑ Schedule 8, the (UK) Food Labelling Regulations 1996
38. ↑ Weinstein, Bruce (1999). "Peach Ice Cream, Philadelphia Style". CondéNet, Inc., reprinted from William Morrow and Co.'s The Ultimate Ice Cream Book. Retrieved 2008-09-24. 
39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
40. ↑ National Dairy Council (2000). "Ice Cream". Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
41. ↑ "FDA Frozen Desserts 21 CFR 135.110(a)(2)". FDA. Retrieved 17 July 2010. 
42. ↑ 21 CFR Part 135
43. ↑ 21 CFR § 135.110(a)(2).
44. ↑ "The Ice House - ice trade and ice cream". Retrieved 17 November 2009. 
45. ↑ "Robin Weir's Ice Cream Cone Essay". Historicfood.com. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-04.  |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
46. ↑ Stradley, Linda (2004). "Ice Cream Cone, History of Ice Cream Cone". Whatscookingamerica.net. Retrieved 2009-01-04. 
47. ↑ Eater, Picky (2004). "AsianWeek". Rice Noodles in Your Frozen Delights. Pan Asia Venture Capital Corporation. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-04. 
48. ↑ Whickham, D.J.; King, H.R. 1969. "Regulation, Title 1 Agriculture and Markets, Section 39.12 Parevine; identity; label statements of ingredients." New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets (Albany, NY). Feb. 3. pp. 16–17
49. ↑ "Mmmm...Cryogenically Frozen Ice Cream" (PDF). Cold Facts. Vol. 22 no. 3. 2006. pp. 6–7. 
50. ↑ "Dippin' Dots Ice Cream". Dippin' Dots, Inc. 2008. 
51. ↑ "Blue Sky Creamery". Blue Sky Creamery, Inc. 2008. 
52. ↑ "Project Creamery". Project Creamery, Inc. 2008. 
53. ↑ "Sub Zero Ice Cream". Sub Zero Ice Cream. 2004.