Difference between revisions of "Potassium chloride"
m (1 revision) |
m (1 revision: World Health Organization essential medicines) |
||
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) | |||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | The [[chemical compound]] '''potassium chloride''' (KCl) is a [[metal]] [[halide]] [[Salt (chemistry)|salt]] composed of [[potassium]] and [[chlorine]]. In its pure state it is [[odor]]less. It has a white or [[color]]less [[vitreous]] [[crystal]], with a [[crystal structure]] that cleaves easily in three directions. Potassium chloride crystals are [[face-centered cubic]]. Potassium chloride is occasionally known as "[[muriate]] of potash," particularly when used as a [[fertilizer]]. [[Potash]] varies in color from pink or red to white depending on the [[mining]] and recovery process used. [[White potash]], sometimes referred to as soluble potash, is usually higher in analysis and is used primarily for making [[liquid starter fertilizer]]s. KCl is used in [[medicine]], scientific applications, [[Food preservation|food processing]] and in judicial [[Execution (legal)|execution]] through [[lethal injection]]. It occurs naturally as the [[mineral]] [[sylvite]] and in combination with [[sodium chloride]] as [[sylvinite]]. | + | The [[chemical compound]] '''potassium chloride''' (KCl) is a [[metal]] [[halide]] [[Salt (chemistry)|salt]] composed of [[potassium]] and [[chlorine]]. In its pure state it is [[odor]]less. It has a white or [[color]]less [[vitreous lustre|vitreous]] [[crystal]], with a [[crystal structure]] that cleaves easily in three directions. Potassium chloride crystals are [[face-centered cubic]]. Potassium chloride is occasionally known as "[[muriate]] of potash," particularly when used as a [[fertilizer]]. [[Potash]] varies in color from pink or red to white depending on the [[mining]] and recovery process used. [[White potash]], sometimes referred to as soluble potash, is usually higher in analysis and is used primarily for making [[liquid starter fertilizer]]s. KCl is used in [[medicine]], scientific applications, [[Food preservation|food processing]] and in judicial [[Execution (legal)|execution]] through [[lethal injection]]. It occurs naturally as the [[mineral]] [[sylvite]] and in combination with [[sodium chloride]] as [[sylvinite]]. |
==Chemical properties== | ==Chemical properties== | ||
| Line 123: | Line 123: | ||
==Biological and medical properties== | ==Biological and medical properties== | ||
| − | Potassium is vital in the [[human body]] and oral potassium chloride is the common means to replenish it, although it can also be diluted and given [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]]. It can be used as a [[salt substitute]] for [[food]], but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty [[flavor]], it is usually mixed with regular salt (sodium chloride), for this purpose to improve the [[taste]]. Medically it is used in the treatment of [[hypokalemia]] and associated conditions, for [[digitalis]] [[poison]]ing, and as an [[electrolyte]] replenisher.<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767448-treatment Hypokalemia: Treatment & Medication]</ref> Brand names include K-Dur, Klor-Con, Micro-K, Slow-K and Kaon Cl. Side effects can include [[gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] discomfort including [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]] and [[bleeding]] of the digestive tract. [[Overdose]]s cause [[hyperkalemia]] which can lead to [[paresthesia]], [[Heart|cardiac]] conduction blocks, [[fibrillation]], [[Cardiac arrhythmia|arrhythmias]], and [[Sclerosis (medicine)|sclerosis]].<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/766479-overview Hyperkalemia]</ref> Prescription potassium citrate (the potassium naturally found in fruits and vegetables) can be prescribed as an alternative to potassium chloride. Slow-K is a 1950s development where the medicine is formulated to enter the bloodstream at delayed intervals. It was first only prescribed to British Military Forces to balance their diets while serving in Korea.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000158264.36590.19|title=Effect of Short-Term Supplementation of Potassium Chloride and Potassium Citrate on Blood Pressure in Hypertensives|year=2005|last1=He|first1=F. J.|journal=Hypertension|volume=45|pages=571|pmid=15723964|last2=Markandu|first2=ND|last3=Coltart|first3=R|last4=Barron|first4=J|last5=MacGregor|first5=GA|issue=4}}</ref> | + | Potassium is vital in the [[human body]] and oral potassium chloride is the common means to replenish it, although it can also be diluted and given [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]]. It can be used as a [[salt substitute]] for [[food]], but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty [[flavor]], it is usually mixed with regular salt (sodium chloride), for this purpose to improve the [[taste]]. The addition of 1 PPM of [[thaumatin]] considerably reduces this bitterness.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lorient, Denis; Linden, G. |title=New ingredients in food processing: biochemistry and agriculture |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=1999 |page=357 |isbn=1-85573-443-5 |quote=... in dietary food containing potassium chloride, thaumatin added in the ratio of 1 ppm considerably reduces the sensation of bitterness. ... |accessdate=2010 Aug 7}}</ref> Medically it is used in the treatment of [[hypokalemia]] and associated conditions, for [[digitalis]] [[poison]]ing, and as an [[electrolyte]] replenisher.<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767448-treatment Hypokalemia: Treatment & Medication]</ref> Brand names include K-Dur, Klor-Con, Micro-K, Slow-K and Kaon Cl. Side effects can include [[gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] discomfort including [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]] and [[bleeding]] of the digestive tract. [[Overdose]]s cause [[hyperkalemia]] which can lead to [[paresthesia]], [[Heart|cardiac]] conduction blocks, [[fibrillation]], [[Cardiac arrhythmia|arrhythmias]], and [[Sclerosis (medicine)|sclerosis]].<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/766479-overview Hyperkalemia]</ref> Prescription potassium citrate (the potassium naturally found in fruits and vegetables) can be prescribed as an alternative to potassium chloride. Slow-K is a 1950s development where the medicine is formulated to enter the bloodstream at delayed intervals. It was first only prescribed to British Military Forces to balance their diets while serving in Korea.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000158264.36590.19|title=Effect of Short-Term Supplementation of Potassium Chloride and Potassium Citrate on Blood Pressure in Hypertensives|year=2005|last1=He|first1=F. J.|journal=Hypertension|volume=45|pages=571|pmid=15723964|last2=Markandu|first2=ND|last3=Coltart|first3=R|last4=Barron|first4=J|last5=MacGregor|first5=GA|issue=4}}</ref> |
| − | The lethal effects of potassium chloride overdoses has led to its use in lethal injection. [[Jack Kevorkian]]'s [[thanatron]] machine injected a lethal dose of potassium chloride into the patient, which caused the heart to stop functioning, after a [[sodium thiopental]]-induced coma was achieved. A similar device, the [[Germany|German]] 'Perfusor', also uses potassium chloride as a suicide aid.<ref>{{cite news | + | The lethal effects of potassium chloride overdoses has led to its use in [[lethal injection]]. [[Jack Kevorkian]]'s [[thanatron]] machine injected a lethal dose of potassium chloride into the patient, which caused the heart to stop functioning, after a [[sodium thiopental]]-induced coma was achieved. A similar device, the [[Germany|German]] 'Perfusor', also uses potassium chloride as a suicide aid.<ref>{{cite news |
|last = Boyes | |last = Boyes | ||
|first = Roger | |first = Roger | ||
| Line 180: | Line 180: | ||
[[pt:Cloreto de potássio]] | [[pt:Cloreto de potássio]] | ||
[[ru:Хлорид калия]] | [[ru:Хлорид калия]] | ||
| + | [[simple:Potassium chloride]] | ||
[[sr:Калијум хлорид]] | [[sr:Калијум хлорид]] | ||
[[fi:Kaliumkloridi]] | [[fi:Kaliumkloridi]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:49, 27 September 2010
| Potassium chloride | |
|---|---|
| File:Potassium chloride.jpg | |
| File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png | |
| Other names Sylvite Muriate of potash | |
| style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2" | Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 7447-40-7 
|
| PubChem | 4873 |
| ChemSpider | 4707 |
| RTECS number | TS8050000 |
| style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2" | Properties | |
| Molecular formula | KCl |
| Molar mass | 74.551 g/mol |
| Appearance | white crystalline solid |
| Odor | odorless |
| Density | 1.984 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
770 °C |
| Boiling point |
1420 °C (sublimes) |
| Solubility in water | 281 g/L (0 °C) 344 g/L (20 °C) 567 g/L (100 °C) |
| Solubility | soluble in ether, glycerol, alkalies slightly soluble in alcohol |
| Acidity (pKa) | ~7 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.33743 |
| style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2" | Structure | |
| Crystal structure | face centered cubic |
| style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2" | Hazards | |
| MSDS | ICSC 1450 |
| EU Index | Not listed |
| NFPA 704 | |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| LD50 | 2600 mg/kg (oral/rat), 142 mg/kg (intravenous/rat)[1] |
| style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2" | Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Potassium fluoride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide |
| Other cations | Lithium chloride Sodium chloride Rubidium chloride Caesium chloride |
 (what is this?) (verify)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
| Infobox references | |
The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. In its pure state it is odorless. It has a white or colorless vitreous crystal, with a crystal structure that cleaves easily in three directions. Potassium chloride crystals are face-centered cubic. Potassium chloride is occasionally known as "muriate of potash," particularly when used as a fertilizer. Potash varies in color from pink or red to white depending on the mining and recovery process used. White potash, sometimes referred to as soluble potash, is usually higher in analysis and is used primarily for making liquid starter fertilizers. KCl is used in medicine, scientific applications, food processing and in judicial execution through lethal injection. It occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite.
Contents
Chemical properties
In chemistry and physics it is a very commonly used standard, for example as a calibration standard solution in measuring electrical conductivity of (ionic) solutions, since carefully prepared KCl solutions have well-reproducible and well-repeatable measurable properties.
| style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2"|Solubility of KCl in various solvents (g KCl / 100 g of solvent at 25 °C)[2] | |
|---|---|
| H2O | 36 |
| Liquid ammonia | 0.04 |
| Liquid sulfur dioxide | 0.041 |
| Methanol | 0.53 |
| Formic acid | 19.2 |
| Sulfolane | 0.004 |
| Acetonitrile | 0.0024 |
| Acetone | 0.000091 |
| Formamide | 6.2 |
| Acetamide | 2.45 |
| Dimethylformamide | 0.017–0.05 |
Potassium chloride can react as a source of chloride ion. As with any other soluble ionic chloride, it will precipitate insoluble chloride salts when added to a solution of an appropriate metal ion:
Although potassium is more electropositive than sodium, KCl can be reduced to the metal by reaction with metallic sodium at 850 °C because the potassium is removed by distillation (see Le Chatelier's principle):
- KCl(l) + Na(l) ⇌ NaCl(l) + K(g)
This method is the main method for producing metallic potassium. Electrolysis (used for sodium) fails because of the high solubility of potassium in molten KCl.
As with other compounds containing potassium, KCl in powdered form gives a lilac flame test result.
Physical properties
Potassium chloride has a crystalline structure like many other salts. Its structure is face-centered cubic. Its lattice constant is roughly 630 picometers. Some other properties are
- Transmission range: 210 nm to 20 µm
- Transmittivity = 92% at 450 nm and rises linearly to 94% at 16 µm
- Refractive index = 1.456 at 10 µm
- Reflection Loss = 6.8% at 10 µm (two surfaces)
- dN/dT (expansion coefficient)= −33.2×10−6/°C
- dL/dT (refractive index gradient)= 40×10−6/°C
- Thermal conductivity = 0.036 W/(cm·K)
- Damage threshold (Newman & Novak): 4 GW/cm2 or 2 J/cm2 (0.5 or 1 ns pulse rate); 4.2 J/cm2 (1.7 ns pulse rate Kovalev & Faizullov)
Production
Potassium chloride occurs naturally as sylvite, and it can be extracted from sylvinite. It is also extracted from salt water and can be manufactured by crystallization from solution, flotation or electrostatic separation from suitable minerals. It is a by-product of the making of nitric acid from potassium nitrate and hydrochloric acid.
Uses
The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making fertilizer, since the growth of many plants is limited by their potassium intake. As a chemical feedstock it is used for the manufacture of potassium hydroxide and potassium metal. It is also used in medicine, scientific applications, food processing, and as a sodium-free substitute for table salt (sodium chloride).
Potassium chloride is used as the third of a three-drug combination in lethal injection. Additionally, KCl is used (albeit rarely) in fetal intracardiac injections in second- and third-trimester induced abortions.[3][4]
It is sometimes used in water as a completion fluid in petroleum and natural gas operations, as well as being an alternative to sodium chloride in household water softener units. KCl is useful as a beta radiation source for calibration of radiation monitoring equipment because natural potassium contains 0.0118% of the isotope 40K. One kilogram of KCl yields 16350 becquerels of radiation consisting of 89.28% beta and 10.72% gamma with 1.46083 MeV. Potassium chloride makes up 70% of Ace Hardware's pet and vegetation-friendly "Ice Melt" though inferior in melting quality to calcium chloride (0 °F (−18 °C) v. −25 °F (−32 °C)). It is also used in various brands of bottled water, as well as in bulk quantities for fossil fuel drilling purposes.
Potassium chloride was once used as a fire extinguishing agent, used in portable and wheeled fire extinguishers. Known as Super-K dry chemical, it was more effective than sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemicals and was compatible with protein foam. This agent fell out of favor with the introduction of potassium bicarbonate (Purple-K) dry chemical in the late 1960s, which was much less corrosive and more effective. It is rated for B and C fires.
Along with sodium chloride and lithium chloride, potassium chloride is used as a flux for the gas welding of aluminium.
Potassium chloride is also an optical crystal with a wide transmission range from 210 nm to 20 µm. While cheap, KCl crystal is hygroscopic. This limits its application to protected environments or short term uses such as prototyping. Exposed to free air, KCl optics will "rot". Whereas KCl components were formerly used for infrared optics, it has been entirely replaced by much tougher crystals like ZnSe.
Potassium chloride has also been used to create heat packs which employ exothermic chemical reactions,[5] but these are no longer being created due to cheaper and more efficient methods such as the oxidation of metals ('Hot Hands', one time use products) or the crystallization of sodium acetate (multiple use products).
Potassium chloride is used as a scotophor with designation P10 in dark-trace CRTs, e.g. in the Skiatron.
Biological and medical properties
Potassium is vital in the human body and oral potassium chloride is the common means to replenish it, although it can also be diluted and given intravenously. It can be used as a salt substitute for food, but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty flavor, it is usually mixed with regular salt (sodium chloride), for this purpose to improve the taste. The addition of 1 PPM of thaumatin considerably reduces this bitterness.[6] Medically it is used in the treatment of hypokalemia and associated conditions, for digitalis poisoning, and as an electrolyte replenisher.[7] Brand names include K-Dur, Klor-Con, Micro-K, Slow-K and Kaon Cl. Side effects can include gastrointestinal discomfort including nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and bleeding of the digestive tract. Overdoses cause hyperkalemia which can lead to paresthesia, cardiac conduction blocks, fibrillation, arrhythmias, and sclerosis.[8] Prescription potassium citrate (the potassium naturally found in fruits and vegetables) can be prescribed as an alternative to potassium chloride. Slow-K is a 1950s development where the medicine is formulated to enter the bloodstream at delayed intervals. It was first only prescribed to British Military Forces to balance their diets while serving in Korea.[9]
The lethal effects of potassium chloride overdoses has led to its use in lethal injection. Jack Kevorkian's thanatron machine injected a lethal dose of potassium chloride into the patient, which caused the heart to stop functioning, after a sodium thiopental-induced coma was achieved. A similar device, the German 'Perfusor', also uses potassium chloride as a suicide aid.[10]
Precautions
Orally, KCl is toxic in excess; the LD50 is around 2.5 g/kg (meaning that a lethal dose for 50% of people weighing 75 kg (165 lb) is about 190 g (6.7 ounces). Intravenously this is reduced to just over 100 mg/kg, but of more concern are its severe effects on the cardiac muscles; high doses can cause cardiac arrest and rapid death, ergo its aforementioned use as the third and final drug delivered in the lethal injection process.
References
Cite error: Invalid <references> tag;
parameter "group" is allowed only.
<references />, or <references group="..." />- Lide, D. R., ed. (2005), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.), Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-0486-5
- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1984), Chemistry of the Elements, Oxford: Pergamon, ISBN 0-08-022057-6
bs:Kalijum hlorid bg:Калиев хлорид ca:Clorur de potassi cs:Chlorid draselný de:Kaliumchlorid et:Kaaliumkloriid es:Cloruro de potasio fa:پتاسیم کلرید fr:Chlorure de potassium gl:Cloruro de potasio hr:Kalijev klorid it:Cloruro di potassio he:אשלגן כלורי ka:კალიუმის ქლორიდი lv:Kālija hlorīds lt:Kalio chloridas hu:Kálium-klorid nl:Kaliumchloride ja:塩化カリウム no:Kaliumklorid pl:Chlorek potasu pt:Cloreto de potássio ru:Хлорид калия simple:Potassium chloride sr:Калијум хлорид fi:Kaliumkloridi sv:Kaliumklorid th:โพแทสเซียมคลอไรด์ tr:Potasyum klorür uk:Хлорид калію
zh:氯化钾- ↑ Material Safety Data Sheet - Potassium Chloride. Sigma–Aldrich. July 2001.
- ↑ Burgess, J. (1978). Metal Ions in Solution. New York: Ellis Horwood. ISBN 0-85312-027-7.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Types of Abortion Procedures
- ↑ U.S. Patent 3,874,504
- ↑ Lorient, Denis; Linden, G. (1999). New ingredients in food processing: biochemistry and agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 357. ISBN 1-85573-443-5.
... in dietary food containing potassium chloride, thaumatin added in the ratio of 1 ppm considerably reduces the sensation of bitterness. ...
Check date values in:|access-date=(help); - ↑ Hypokalemia: Treatment & Medication
- ↑ Hyperkalemia
- ↑ He, F. J.; Markandu, ND; Coltart, R; Barron, J; MacGregor, GA (2005). "Effect of Short-Term Supplementation of Potassium Chloride and Potassium Citrate on Blood Pressure in Hypertensives". Hypertension. 45 (4): 571. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000158264.36590.19. PMID 15723964.
- ↑ Boyes, Roger (2008-03-29). "Death for hire - suicide machine lets you push final button". The Times. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- Pages with broken file links
- 2Fix
- Articles without CASNo source
- Chemboxes which contain changes to watched fields
- CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
- Chlorides
- Dietary minerals
- Lethal injection components
- Metal halides
- Potassium compounds
- Edible salt
- Fertilizers
- World Health Organization essential medicines
- Pages with script errors
- CS1 errors: dates
- Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
.jpg){kind=link}
