Difference between revisions of "QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I–IV"

Revision as of 20:16, 2 July 2010

QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I - IV
300px Typical naval deck mounting, 1890s
Type	Naval gun Medium field gun Coastal defence gun
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1887–1918
Used by	Naval: United Kingdom 23x15px Italy  Empire of Japan Field: United Kingdom 23x15px Union of South Africa  Australia
Wars	Second Boer War World War I
Production history
Designer	Elswick Ordnance
Designed	ca. 1885
Manufacturer	Elswick Ordnance Vickers Sons and Maxim
Number built	1,167[1]
Variants	Mark I, II, III, IV, VI
Specifications
Weight	Barrel & breech 4,592 lb (Mk I–III); 4,704 lb (Mk IV)[2]
Barrel length	189 inch bore (40 cal)[2]
Crew	10
Shell	Separate loading QF; WWI : AP, Shrapnel, Common Lyddite, Common pointed, HE 45 lb (20.41 kg)[3]
Calibre	120 millimetres (4.72 in)
Breech	Single motion interrupted screw
Recoil	12 inch (carriage Mk I)
Elevation	-6° – 20° (Mk I field carriage)[2]
Traverse	0°
Rate of fire	5–6 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity	2,150 ft/s (648 m/s)[4]
Maximum range	10,000 yds at 20°, 12,000 yards (11,000 m) at 24°[5]

The QF 4.7 inch Gun Mks I, II, III, and IV were a family of United-Kingdom 120-mm naval and coast defence guns of 1888 and 1890s which served with the navies of various countries. They were also mounted on various wheeled carriages to provide the British Army with a long range gun. They all had a bore of 40 calibres length.

The gun was originally designed to replace the older BL 5 inch (127 mm) naval guns and was optimised for the modern smokeless propellants such as Cordite.

Design and development

The guns were designed and manufactured by the Elswick Ordnance Company, part of Armstrong Whitworth. They were a major export item and hence were actually of 120 mm calibre (4.724 inches) to meet the requirements of metricised navies: 4.7 inch is an approximation used for the British designation. The guns, Mark I to Mark III, were Pattern P, Pattern Q and Pattern T respectively. All three differed in detail of construction but were of the tube and hoop types. The Mark IV differed from these by incorporating a wire wound element to its construction. As first built, all used a three-motion screw breech, some were altered later by modifying the three-motion screw becoming "A" subtypes, or by fitting a single motion breech ("B" type). Army guns altered to use a bagged charge with a steel (instead of the more usual brass) case were renumbered as Mark VI.

United Kingdom service

Royal Navy service

British pre-dreadnoughts and cruisers of the period used these guns. Total production was 154 Mark I, 91 Mark II, 338 Mark III and 584 Mark IV. The Royal Navy received 776 of these guns directly. The Army transferred a further 110 to the Navy.

The Latona class minelayers gave up their guns to produce high-angle anti-aircraft guns to defend London.^[6]

By World War I the guns were obsolete for warship use, but many were re-mounted on merchant ships and troopships for defence against enemy submarines and commerce raiders.

Second Boer War (1899–1902)

British forces in the Second Boer War were initially outgunned by the long range Boer artillery. Captain Percy Scott of HMS Terrible first improvised timber static siege mountings for two 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns from the Cape Town coastal defences, to counter the Boers' "Long Tom" gun during the Siege of Ladysmith in 1899–1900.^[7]

Captain Scott then improvised a travelling carriage for 4.7 inch guns removed from their usual static coastal or ship mountings to provide the army with a heavy field gun. These improvised carriages lacked recoil buffers and hence in action drag shoes and attachment of the carriage by cable to a strong point in front of the gun were necessary to control the recoil.^[7] They were manned by Royal Navy crews and required up to 32 oxen to move.^[7]

World War I

South-West Africa Campaign (1914–1915)

The same guns and "Percy Scott carriages" were used by South African forces against German forces in the South-West Africa Campaign in World War I. Guns were landed at Lüderitz Bay in October 1914 and later at Walvis Bay in February 1915 and moved inland across the desert in support of South African troops.

Western Front (1914–1917)

Up to 92 QF 4.7 inch guns on more modern Mk I "Woolwich" carriages dating from June 1900 with partially effective (12 inch) recoil buffers, and on heavier "converted" carriages from old RML 40 pounder guns, went to France with Royal Garrison Artillery units, mostly of the Territorial Force, in 1914–1917.

They figured prominently in the early battles, such as at Neuve Chapelle in March 1915 where there were 32, and only 12 60 pounders, assigned to counter-battery fire. General Farndale reports that counter-battery fire there failed to deal with the German artillery, but ascribes the failure to the as yet imprecise nature of long range map shooting, and the difficulty of maintaining forward observers on the flat terrain.^[8]

By the Battle of Aubers Ridge on 9 May 1915 the barrels of the 28 guns of the 3rd and 8th Heavy Brigades and the 1st West Riding and 1st Highland Heavy Batteries engaged were now so worn that driving bands were stripped off shells at the muzzle, limiting accuracy.^[9] In addition two guns in the armoured train "Churchill" were in action at Aubers Ridge. Thirty-three 60 pounders were available. Counter-battery fire again failed due to the inaccuracy of the worn-out guns and also because the army still lacked accurate means of locating enemy guns^[10], as air observation and reporting and use of radio was only beginning.

The inaccuracy through wear and relatively light shell diminished their usefulness in the developing trench warfare, and they were replaced by the modern 60 pounder guns as they became available. At the Battle of the Somme in June–July 1916 there were 32 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns and 128 60-pounders engaged.^[11] The last were however not withdrawn until April 1917. Guns withdrawn from the Western Front were redeployed to other fronts such as Italy and Serbia.^[12]

Battle of Gallipoli (1915)

A 4.7 inch gun was used by the 1st Heavy Artillery Battery, a joint unit of Australians and Royal Marines, on Gallipoli to counter long range Turkish fire from the "Olive Grove" (in fact "Palamut Luk" or Oak Grove)^[13] between Gaba Tepe and Maidos. Lt-Colonel Rosenthal, commanding 3rd Australian Field Artillery Brigade, noted : "I had made continual urgent representations for two 4.7-inch guns for right flank to deal with innumerable targets beyond the range of 18-prs., but it was not till 11 July that one very old and much worn gun arrived, and was placed in position on right flank, firing its first round on 26 July.^[14]" This gun was destroyed and left behind at the withdrawal from Gallipoli but later salvaged as a museum piece.^[15] The burst barrel is on display at the Australian War Memorial.

Salonika Front

Several 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns mounted on "Percy Scott carriages" served with British and Serb forces in the Salonika (Macedonian) campaign from January 1916 onwards.

Japanese service

The Japanese Type 41 4.7-inch/40 (12 cm) naval gun was a license-produced copy of the Elswick Mark IV. Initially, a number were procured directly from Elswick in England. After the turn of the century, production in Japan was under the designation “Mark IVJ”. The gun was re-designated as Type 41 on 25 December 1908, after the 41st year in the reign of Japanese Emperor Meiji. It was further re-designated in centimeters on 5 October 1917 as part of the standardization process for the Imperial Japanese Navy to the metric system. Although finally classified as a "12 cm" gun the bore was unchanged at 4.724 inches.

During World War I, the Japanese Navy transferred 24 original Elswick-built and 13 Mark IVJ to Britain as part of their military assistance to the Allies under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.^[16] In 1940, some of these weapons were emplaced in British coastal defence batteries; for instance, at Mersea Island in Essex.^[17]

It was the standard secondary or tertiary armament on most Japanese cruisers built between 1900 and 1920, and was the primary armament on a number of destroyers, including the Umikaze class. Some units were still in service as late as the Pacific War.

Italian service

These guns were mounted on Italian cruisers built by Ansaldo.

Surviving examples

• A preserved 4.7"/40 (12 cm) Mark IV*/VI on field carriage outdoors at Artillery Park, Valladolid, Spain.
• The burst gun barrel used at Gallipoli is displayed at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
• Naval gun on display at the Museo Tecnico Navala Della Spezia, Italy.^[18]
• Japanese-built 4.7"/40 Mark IV in Manege Military Museum in Suomenlinna, Finland

See also

• QF 4.7 inch Mk V naval gun 45-calibres version used on merchant ships in World War I & World War II
• List of naval guns
• List of field guns

Notes

References

• Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. London: Printed for His Majesty's Stationery Office, by Harrison and Sons, St. Martin's Lane
• Tony Bridgland, Field Gun Jack Versus the Boers: The Royal Navy in South Africa 1899–1900. Leo Cooper, 1998. ISBN 0850525802.
• Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914–1919: Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004. ISBN 1841766887.
• Tony DiGiulian, 4.7"/40 (12 cm) Elswick 4.7"/40 (12 cm) QF Marks I, II, III, IV and VI
• General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. [New Series. Vol.1] Western Front 1914–18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986. ISBN 1870114000.
• Major Darrell Hall, "Guns in South Africa 1899-1902 Part III and IV". South African Military History Society, Military History Journal, Vol 2 No 2, December 1971.
• Major Darrell Hall, "The Naval Guns in Natal 1899–1902". The South African Military History Society Military History Journal, Vol 4 No 3, June 1978.
• I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972.
• Ross Mallett, MA Thesis, 1999. 2. Gallipoli
• Ross Mallett, AIF Artillery. updated 2005
• Lieut.-Colonel Charles Rosenthal, Commanding 3rd Australian Field Artillery Brigade, 1st Australian Division, Notes relating to Artillery at Anzac, from 25th April to 25th August, 1915. (Compiled from personal diary.) Appendix II in General Sir Ian Hamilton, G.C.B. Gallipoli Diary Vol. II. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1920.
• Admiral Percy Scott, Fifty Years in the Royal Navy, published 1919.

External links

• Diagram and photograph of gun on RML 40-pounder "Converted" travelling carriage, at Palmerston Forts Society website.
• Paul Benyon, Illustrated London News Dec 1899 - Apr 1900 - Blue Jackets with their Guns ashore
• Per Finsted, Dansk Militærhistorisk Selskab (Danish Military History Society) QF 4.7-in Field Gun (in Danish)

Template:VictorianEraBritishNavalWeapons

1. ↑ British 4.7"/40 (12 cm) QF Marks I to IV and Japanese 4.7"/40 (12 cm) Type 41, Navweaps.com. Accessed 7 April 2008.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2} Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 111.
3. ↑ Various shell weights, both heavier and lighter than 45 lb (20.41 kg), were tried. Early Mk I–IV Common Lyddite shells weighed 46 lb 9 oz (21.1 kg). Subsequent Mks V, VI, VII beginning October 1909, weighed 45 lb (20 kg). Brassey's Naval Annual of 1894 quotes a 45-pound projectile, based on "List of Service Ordnance 1891, corrected by Official Card List 1892". Text Book of Gunnery 1902 only gives figures for 45 lb (20 kg) projectiles. All shells used in World War I are believed to be 45 lb (20 kg). Sources: Hogg & Thurston 1972, Page 242; Treatise on Ammunition 10th Edition 1915, pages 45, 165, 170, 188, 217.
4. ↑ 2,150 ft/s firing 45 lb (20 kg) projectile, with 13 lb 4 oz (6.0 kg) Cordite size 20 propellant, at 60 °F (16 °C). 1,786 ft/s (544 m/s) with 12 lb (5.4 kg) S.P. (gunpowder) propellant, 45 lb (20 kg) projectile. From Text Book of Gunnery, 1902.
5. ↑ 12,000 yds at 24° with 45 lb (20.41 kg) shell is quoted by Hall, December 1971. Tony Bridgland, Field Gun Jack versus the Boers (pages 7–8) quotes a range of 12,000 yards (11,000 m) being achieved at 24° in trials of the improvised field carriage at Simonstown in October 1899, and refers to The Times reporting this figure. 10,000 yards (9,100 m) at 20° in WWI is quoted by Hogg & Thurston page 111, referring to the maximum elevation of Mk I field carriage. Hogg & Thurston 1972 page 235 quote 11,800 yards (10,800 m) at 30° on CP (centre pintle mount) for the coast defence gun. Lighter and heavier shells were tried early in the gun's career, but by WWI 45 lb (20 kg) was the standard shell weight.
6. ↑ British 4.7"/40 (12 cm) Elswick 4.7"/40 (12 cm) QF Marks I, II, III, IV and VI
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1 7.2} Hall 1971.
8. ↑ Farndale 1986, page 87, 88.
9. ↑ Farndale 1986, page 104.
10. ↑ Farndale 1986, page 106, 107.
11. ↑ Farndale 1986, page 144.
12. ↑ Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 110.
13. ↑ Mallett 1999.
14. ↑ Rosenthal 1920.
15. ↑ Mallett 2005.
16. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony. "4"/40 (12 cm) 41st Year Type". NavWeaps.com. 
17. ↑ http://unlockingessex.essexcc.gov.uk/custom_pages/monument_detail.asp?kids=1&monument_id=31487
18. ↑ Cannone da 120/40 - anno 1893 su affusto a culla., Sala armi subacquee.