Circasemidian rhythm
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Numerous studies have demonstrated that human circadian rhythms in many measures of performance and physiological activity actually have a 2-peak daily (circasemidian) pattern. [1][2][3] The name, circasemidian, is based upon the Latin words circa ("about"), semi ("half") and dia ("day"). Thus, this is a rhythm that has two cycles per day. It usually serves to (1) deepen the pre-dawn nadir in body temperature and cognitive performance, (2) create a flat spot during the early afternoon in the daytime increase in body temperature and cognitive performance (the "post-lunch dip"), and (3) heighten the early-evening peak in body temperature and cognitive performance. Broughton was the first to bring this characteristic of human performance to the attention of researchers.[4][5][6]
No evidence exists to support the presence of a circasemidian rhythm in the rhythmic cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the accepted internal timing source for the major circadian rhythms of the body. However, a number of published data sets have shown a daily two-peak error pattern in industrial and transportation environments.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] The pattern was also obvious in many of the charts shown in the review by Rutenfranz and Colquhoun,[18] though they did not suggest a circasemidian rhythm as a mediator for the pattern. Other investigators have reported a circasemidian rhythm in body temperature,[19][20][21][22] melatonin[23] and slow-wave sleep.[24]
These behavioral and physiological observations support the need to consider a 12-h rhythmicity in the quantification of daily variations in physiological function and some kinds of cognitive performance in fatigue modeling efforts such as the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool.
References
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<references />, or <references group="..." />- ↑ Mitler MM, Carskadon MA, Czeisler CA, Dement WC, Dinges DF, Graeber RC. Catastrophes, sleep, and public policy: consensus report. Sleep 11:100-109, 1988.
- ↑ Eastman C. Are separate temperature and activity oscillators necessary to explain the phenomena of human circadian rhythms? In: Moore-Ede MC, Czeisler CA, editors. Mathematical Models of the Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle. New York, Raven, 1984. pp. 81–103.
- ↑ US Congress Office of Technology Assessment. Biological Rhythms: Implications for the Worker. Washington DC, US Government Printing Office, 1991.
- ↑ Broughton RJ. SCN controlled circadian arousal and the afternoon "nap zone." Sleep Res Online 1(4):166-178, 1998.
- ↑ Broughton RJ. Biorhythmic variations in consciousness and psychological functions. Canadian Psychological Reviews 16:217-230, 1975.
- ↑ Broughton RJ. Chronobiological aspects and models of sleep and napping. In: Dinges DF, Broughton RJ (Eds.), Sleep and Alertness: Chronobiological, Behavioral and Medical Aspects of Napping. New York, Raven Press, 71-98, 1989.
- ↑ Bjerner B, Holm A, Swennson A. Diurnal variation in mental performance: A study of three-shift workers. Br J Ind Med 12:103-110, 1955.
- ↑ Browne RC. The day and night performance of teleprinter switchboard operators. Occupational Psychology 23:1-6, 1949.
- ↑ Folkard S, Lombardi DA, Tucker PT. Shiftwork: safety, sleepiness and sleep. Industrial Health 43:20–23, 2005.
- ↑ Harris W. Fatigue, circadian rhythm, and truck accidents. Chapter 8 in Mackie RR (ed.), Vigilance: Operational Performance, and Physiological Correlates. New York, Plenum Press, 1977.
- ↑ Harris W. Relationships between length of time driving, time of day, and certains kinds of accidents. Pages 51-64 in Mackie RR, Miller JC, Effects of Hours of Service, Regularity of Schedules, and Cargo Loading on Truck and Bus Driver Fatigue (NTIS PB290957). Goleta CA, Human Factors Research, Inc., 1978.
- ↑ Hildebrandt G, Rohmert W, Rutenfranz J 12 and 24 h rhythms in error frequency of locomotive drivers and the influence of tiredness. Int J Chronobiology 2:175-180, 1974
- ↑ Kogi K, Ohta T. Incidence of near accidental drowsing in locomotive driving during a period of rotation. J Human Ergology 4:65-76, 1975.
- ↑ Langlois PH, Smolensky MH, His BP, Weir FW. Temporal patterns of reported single-vehicle car and truck accidents in Texas, USA, during 1980-1983. Chronobiologia 2:131-140, 1985.
- ↑ Lavie P, Wollma M, Pollack I. Frequency of sleep–related traffic accidents and hour of the day. Sleep Research 15:275, 1986.
- ↑ Mitler MM. Two-peak patterns in sleep, mortality and error. Proc Intl Sympos on Sleep and Health Risk, Springer Verlag, 1989.
- ↑ Prokop O, Prokop L. Ermuding und einschlafen am steuer. Dtsch Z Gerichtl Med 44:343-355, 1955.
- ↑ Rutenfranz J, Colquhoun P. Circadian rhythms in human performance. Scand J Work Environ & Health 5:167-177, 1979.
- ↑ Colquhoun WP, Blake MJF, Edwards RS. Experimental studies of shift-work I: A comparison of 'rotating' and 'stabilized' 4-hours shift systems. Ergonomics 11:437-453, 1968.
- ↑ Colquhoun WP, Paine MWPH, Fort A. Circadian rhythm of body temperature during prolonged undersea voyages. Aviat Space Environ Med 49(5):671-678, 1978.
- ↑ Colquhoun WP, Paine MWPH, Fort A. Changes in the temperature rhythm of submariners following a rapidly rotating watchkeeping system for a prolonged period. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 42:185-190, 1979.
- ↑ Martineaud JP, Cisse F, Samb A. Circadian variability of temperature in fasting subjects. Scripta Medica (Brno) 73(1):15–24, 2000.
- ↑ Maggioni C, Cornelissen G, Antinozzi R, Ferrario M, Grafe A, Halberg F. A half-yearly aspect of circulating melatonin in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. Neuroendicrinology Letters 20:55-68, 1999.
- ↑ Hayashi M, Morikawa T, Hori T. Circasemidian 12 h cycle of slow wave sleep under constant darkness. Clin Neurophysiol 113(9):1505-16, 2002.
