Atrial myxoma

Atrial myxoma
Classification and external resources
File:Atrial myxoma high mag.jpg Micrograph of an atrial myxoma. H&E stain.

An atrial myxoma is a benign tumor found in the heart, commonly in the upper left or right side. It grows on the wall (atrial septum) that separates the two sides of the heart.

Causes

Myxomas are the most common type of heart tumor. They are far more common than metastatic tumors of the heart.

The tumor is derived from multipotential mesenchymal cells and may cause a ball valve-type obstruction.

About 75% of myxomas occur in the left atrium of the heart, usually beginning in the wall that divides the two upper chambers of the heart. The rest are in the right atrium. Right atrial myxomas are sometimes associated with tricuspid stenosis and atrial fibrillation.

Myxomas are more common in women. About 10% of myxomas are passed down through families (inherited). Such tumors are called familial myxomas. They tend to occur in more than one part of the heart at a time, and often cause symptoms at a younger age than other myxomas.

Symptoms

Symptoms may occur at any time, but most often they accompany a change of body position. Symptoms may include:

• Shortness of breath with activity
• Platypnoea - Difficulty breathing in the upright position with relief in the supine position
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - Breathing difficulty when asleep
• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Palpitations - Sensation of feeling your heart beat
• Chest pain or tightness
• Sudden Death (In which case the disease is an autopsy finding)

The symptoms and signs of left atrial myxomas often mimic mitral stenosis. General symptoms may also be present, such as:

• Cough
• Fever
• Cachexia - Involuntary weight loss
• General discomfort (malaise)
• Joint pain
• Blueness of skin, especially the fingers (Raynaud's phenomenon)
• Fingers that change color upon pressure or with cold or stress
• Clubbing - Curvature of nails accompanied with soft tissue enlargement of the fingers
• Swelling - any part of the body

These general symptoms may also mimic those of infective endocarditis.

Diagnosis

The health care provider will listen to the heart with stethoscope. A "tumor plop" (a sound related to movement of the tumor), abnormal heart sounds, or murmur may be heard. These sounds may change when the patient changes position.

Right atrial myxomas rarely produce symptoms until they have grown to be at least 13 cm (about 5 inches) wide.

Tests may include:

• Echocardiogram and Doppler study
• Chest x-ray
• CT scan of chest
• Heart MRI
• Left heart angiography
• Right heart angiography
• ECG -- may show atrial fibrillation

Blood tests: A CBC may show anemia and increased WBCs (white blood cells). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is usually increased.

Treatment

The tumor must be surgically removed. Some patients will also need their mitral valve replaced. This can be done during the same surgery.

Myxomas may come back if surgery did not remove all of the tumor cells.

Prognosis

Although a myxoma is not cancer, complications are common. Untreated, a myxoma can lead to an embolism (tumor cells breaking off and traveling with the bloodstream), which can block blood flow or cause the myxoma to grow in another part of the body. Myxoma fragments can move to the brain, eye, or limbs.

If the tumor grows inside the heart, it can block blood flow through the mitral valve and cause symptoms of mitral stenosis. This may require emergency surgery to prevent sudden death.

Complications

• Arrhythmias
• Pulmonary edema
• Peripheral emboli
• Spread (metastasis) of the tumor
• Blockage of the mitral heart valve
• Stroke
• Fusiform cerebral aneurysms

Additional images

• Atrial myxoma edge low mag.jpg

  Atrial myxoma and myocardium. H&E stain.

• Atrial myxoma low mag.jpg

  Atrial myxoma. H&E stain.

• Atrial myxoma intermed mag.jpg

  Atrial myxoma. H&E stain.

• Atrial myxoma edge high mag.jpg

  Atrial myxoma covered by endothelium. H&E stain.

See also

• Myxoma

Other primary cardiac tumours include:

• Papillary fibroelastoma
• Rhabdomyomas
• Sarcomas