Passive–aggressive behavior
| Passive–aggressive personality disorder | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | F60.8 |
| ICD-9 | 301.84 |
Passive–aggressive behavior, a personality trait, is passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following through with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations. It is a personality trait marked by a pervasive pattern of negative attitudes and passive, usually disavowed resistance in interpersonal or occupational situations.
It can manifest itself as learned helplessness, procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, or deliberate/repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is (often explicitly) responsible.[1]
Contents
Signs and symptoms
The book Living with the Passive-Aggressive Man lists 11 responses that may help identify passive-aggressive behavior:[1]
- Ambiguity or speaking cryptically: a means of engendering a feeling of insecurity in others
- Chronically being late and forgetting things: another way to exert control or to punish.
- Fear of competition
- Fear of dependency
- Fear of intimacy as a means to act out anger: The passive aggressive often cannot trust. Because of this, they guard themselves against becoming intimately attached to someone.
- Making chaotic situations
- Making excuses for non-performance in work teams
- Obstructionism
- Procrastination
- Sulking
- Victimization response: instead of recognizing one's own weaknesses, tendency to blame others for own failures.
A passive-aggressive person may not have all of these behaviors, and may have other[clarification needed] non-passive-aggressive traits.
Diagnostic criteria
Passive-aggressive personality disorder was listed as an Axis II personality disorder in the DSM-III-R, but was moved in the DSM-IV to Appendix B ("Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study")[2] because of controversy and the need for further research on how to also categorize the behaviors in a future edition.[3][4] As an alternative, the diagnosis Personality disorder not otherwise specified may be used instead.
The World Health Organization's ICD-10 lists passive-aggressive personality disorder under (F60.8), Other specific personality disorders. It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfy a set of general personality disorder criteria.
Causes
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010) |
Passive aggressive disorder may stem from a specific childhood stimulus[5] (e.g., alcohol/drug addicted parents) in an environment where it was not safe to express frustration or anger. Families in which the honest expression of feelings is forbidden tend to teach children to repress and deny their feelings and to use other channels to express their frustration.
Children who sugarcoat their hostility do not grow beyond it. Never developing better coping strategies or skills for self-expression, they can become adults who, beneath the seductive veneer, harbor vindictive intent.[6] Martin Kantor suggests three areas that contribute to passive-aggressive anger in individuals: conflicts about dependency, control, and competition.[7]
Treatment
Kantor suggests a treatment approach using psychodynamic, supportive, cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal therapeutic methods. These methods apply to both the passive aggressive person and their target victim.[8]
History
Passive aggressive behavior was first defined clinically by Colonel William Menninger during World War II in the context of men's reaction to military compliance.[9] But noncompliance is not indicative of true passive aggressive behavior, which is the manifestation of emotions that have been repressed based on a self-imposed need for acceptance.
In the first version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-I, in 1952, the passive-aggressive was defined in a narrow way, grouped together with the passive-dependent.
See also
References
- Kantor, Martin (2002). Passive-aggression: a guide for the therapist, the patient and the victim. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275974227. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- Murphy, Tim and Hoff Oberlin, Loriann (2005). Overcoming passive aggression: how to stop hidden anger from spoiling your relationships, career and happiness. New York: Marlowe & Company. ISBN 1569243611. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- Wetzler, Scott (1992). Living with the passive-aggressive man. Simon & Schuster. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
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bg:Пасивно-агресивно поведениеde:Passiv-aggressive Persönlichkeitsstörung es:Comportamiento pasivo-agresivo fa:اختلال شخصیت نمایشی fr:Comportement passif-agressif he:התנהגות פסיבית-אגרסיבית nl:Passief-agressieve persoonlijkheid pl:Zachowania pasywno-agresywne pt:Transtorno de personalidade passivo-agressiva simple:Passive-aggressive behavior
fi:Passiivis-aggressiivinen käyttäytyminen- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wetzler (1992), pp. 35–37.
- ↑ Hopwood CJ, Morey LC, Markowitz JC; et al. (2009). "The construct validity of passive-aggressive personality disorder". Psychiatry. 72 (3): 256–67. doi:10.1521/psyc.2009.72.3.256. PMID 19821648.
- ↑ Wetzler S, Morey LC (1999). "Passive-aggressive personality disorder: the demise of a syndrome". Psychiatry. 62 (1): 49–59. PMID 10224623.
- ↑ {{cite journal |author=Fine MA, Overholser JC, Berkoff K |title=Diagnostic validity of the passive-aggressive personality disorder: suggestions for reform |journal=Am J Psychother |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=470–84 |year=1992 |month=July |pmid=1530103}loloklolo ur gay}
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Murphy (2005), p. 48.
- ↑ Kantor (2002), pp. xvi–xvii.
- ↑ Kantor (2002), p. 115.
- ↑ Wetzler (1992), pp. 14–15.
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