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• Doog food
  ...ing of the digestive system and be toxic to the other organs including the liver and kidneys. * Large amounts of liver Can cause Vitamin A toxicity, which affects muscles and bones.
  4 KB (650 words) - 21:21, 3 October 2011
• Chloroquine
  | metabolism = Liver ...agent, meaning that it accumulates preferentially in the [[lysosomes]] of cells in the body. The pKa for the quinoline nitrogen of chloroquine is 8.5, me
  16 KB (2,187 words) - 16:41, 27 September 2010
• Acetylcysteine
  ...s. This may lead to severe liver damage and even death by [[fulminant]] [[liver failure]]. ...o toxic metabolites. These actions serve to protect [[hepatocyte]]s in the liver from NAPQI toxicity.
  28 KB (3,682 words) - 16:42, 27 September 2010
• Deferoxamine
  ...Iron chelator triggers inflammatory signals in human intestinal epithelial cells: involvement of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pat
  5 KB (714 words) - 20:14, 21 September 2010
• Carbamazepine
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]]—by [[CYP3A4]], to active [[epoxide]] form (carbamazepine-10,11 ...fic patient. However, after enough carbamazepine has been presented to the liver tissue, the CYP3A4 activity increases, speeding up drug clearance and short
  16 KB (2,164 words) - 16:42, 27 September 2010
• Albendazole
  ...ientia Vol. 32..702, 1976, ''Anthelminitic Activity of Albendazole Against Liver Flukes, Tapeworms, Lung and Gastrointestinal Roundworms''</ref> ...ndazole causes degenerative alterations in the [[tegument]] and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the [[colchicine]]-sensitive site of [[tubulin]],
  10 KB (1,261 words) - 13:28, 4 September 2010
• Levamisole
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...ively inhibits]] most [[isoform]]s of [[alkaline phosphatase]] (e.g. human liver, bone, kidney, and spleen) except the intestinal and placental isoform.<ref
  10 KB (1,350 words) - 16:42, 27 September 2010
• Praziquantel
  Praziquantel is also used to treat [[liver fluke]]s such as ''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'', <ref name="pmid17570980">{{ci ...have a half-life of 4 to 5 hours. In patients with significantly impaired liver function (Child Pugh classes B ll///d C), the serum half-life is increased
  12 KB (1,580 words) - 16:42, 27 September 2010
• Metronidazole
  ...ctase. This reduction causes the production of toxic products to anaerobic cells, and allows for selective accumulation in anaerobes. ...appens only in anaerobic cells, it has relatively little effect upon human cells or [[aerobic bacteria]].<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Barry I. |last1=Eisenstein
  19 KB (2,528 words) - 16:43, 27 September 2010
• Nitrofurantoin
  | metabolism = liver (75%) ...l concentrated in the urine: 75% of the dose is rapidly metabolised by the liver, but 25% of the dose is excreted in the urine unchanged, reliably achieving
  12 KB (1,576 words) - 16:43, 27 September 2010
• Clofazimine
  ...tients have found [[crystal]]lized clofazimine in the intestinal mucosa, [[liver]], [[spleen]], and [[lymph nodes]]. ...handy KG. |title=The voltage-gated Kv1.3 K(+) channel in effector memory T cells as new target for MS. |journal=J Clin Invest. |volume=111 |issue=11 |pages=
  12 KB (1,651 words) - 16:43, 27 September 2010
• Dapsone
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] (mostly [[CYP2E1]]-mediated) ..., Molin L, Lindroth M. Granulocyte-mediated release of histamine from mast cells. Effect of myeloperoxidase and its inhibition by antiinflammatory sulfone c
  15 KB (2,087 words) - 16:43, 27 September 2010
• Rifampicin
  |metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] and intestinal wall Rifampicin inhibits DNA-dependent [[RNA polymerase]] in bacterial cells by binding its beta-subunit, thus preventing transcription to [[RNA]] and s
  18 KB (2,471 words) - 16:43, 27 September 2010
• Pyrazinamide
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...f the treatment of [[tuberculous meningitis]]. It is metabolised by the [[liver]] and the metabolic products are excreted by the kidneys.
  12 KB (1,557 words) - 16:44, 27 September 2010
• Griseofulvin
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] It binds to [[keratin]] in keratin precursor cells and makes them resistant to fungal infections. It is only when hair or skin
  5 KB (678 words) - 14:58, 19 September 2010
• Emtricitabine
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] [[oxidation]] and [[glucuronidation]]<br>[[Cytochrome P450 oxidas ...patient's body and can indirectly increase the number of [[immune system]] cells (called [[T cell]]s or [[Helper T cell|CD4+ T-cell]]s). Both of these chang
  5 KB (667 words) - 16:44, 27 September 2010
• Ritonavir
  ...e inhibitors. More specifically, ritonavir is used to inhibit a particular liver enzyme that normally [[metabolize]]s [[protease inhibitor]]s, [[CYP3A4|cyto ...nsulin-regulated transporter, keeping glucose from entering fat and muscle cells{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}. This can lead to [[insulin resista
  9 KB (1,233 words) - 15:07, 6 July 2010
• Ribavirin
  ...increased concentration of the enzymes which convert amidine to amide, in liver tissue. Viramidine is in [[Clinical_trial#Phase_III|phase III]] human trial ...provided by adenine kinase. This enzyme is more active in virally infected cells.
  23 KB (3,222 words) - 16:45, 27 September 2010
• Ketamine
  ...YP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes |journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition |volume=30 |issue=7 |pa ...ction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells |journal=Journal of Anesthesia |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=107–9 |year=199
  69 KB (9,697 words) - 21:01, 24 September 2010
• Ciprofloxacin
  ...also against eukaryotic topoisomerases and are toxic to cultured mammalian cells and in vivo tumor models. |first1=C |first2=M |issn=1568-0118}}</ref> Although quinolones are highly toxic to mammalian cells in culture, its mechanism of cytotoxic action is not known. Quinolone induc
  88 KB (11,930 words) - 16:46, 27 September 2010
• Metformin
  ...A, Szajewska H |title=Pharmacological interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and in children: a systematic review |journal=J Pediatr G ...2010). Retrieved on September 2, 2010.</ref> Rosiglitazone actively makes cells more sensitive to insulin, complementing the action of the metformin. In 20
  66 KB (8,976 words) - 16:47, 27 September 2010
• Valproic acid
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]]—[[glucuronidation|glucuronide conjugation]] 30–50%, mitochond ...deacetylase]] [[HDAC1]] is needed for [[HIV]] to remain latent in infected cells. A study published in August 2005 found that three of four patients treated
  25 KB (3,328 words) - 16:47, 27 September 2010
• Aspirin
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...sdate=2009-11-01}}</ref> In addition, the high doses of aspirin used cause liver toxicity in about 20% of the treated children,<ref>{{cite pmid|14651540}}</
  78 KB (10,918 words) - 16:52, 27 September 2010
• Digoxin
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] (16%) ...lux, thus increasing calcium concentration in myocardiocytes and pacemaker cells. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na⁺/
  19 KB (2,738 words) - 16:48, 27 September 2010
• Furosemide
  ...ansduction that normally results from the bending of stereocilia on [[hair cells]]. (demonstrated in 1991 by Mario Ruggero and Nola Rich from the University ...experiencing kidney failure. It should be used with caution in horses with liver problems or electrolyte abnormalities. Overdose may lead to dehydration, ch
  12 KB (1,678 words) - 16:48, 27 September 2010
• Spironolactone
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...s, used primarily to treat [[heart failure]], [[ascites]] in patients with liver disease, low-[[renin]] [[hypertension]], [[hypokalemia]], secondary hyperal
  12 KB (1,555 words) - 16:49, 27 September 2010
• Glucose
  ...ride]]), is an important [[carbohydrate]] in [[biology]]. [[Cell (biology)|Cells]] use it as a source of energy and a metabolic intermediate. Glucose is one In animals, glucose is synthesized in the [[liver]] and [[kidney]]s from non-carbohydrate intermediates, such as [[pyruvate]]
  23 KB (3,050 words) - 16:52, 27 September 2010
• Cortisol
  ...78-0-323-05371-6.</ref> Permissive effect of cortisol on insulin action on liver glycogenesis is observed in hepatocyte culture in laboratory, although the ....</ref> Cortisol (as opticortinol) may inversely inhibit [[IgA]] precursor cells in the intestines of calves.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Husband AJ, Brandon
  41 KB (5,644 words) - 16:50, 27 September 2010
• Epinephrine
  ...e]] and [[fatty acid]]s, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body.<ref name="sabyasachi"/> | [[Liver]]
  22 KB (2,916 words) - 16:50, 27 September 2010
• Mercury (element)
  ...was killed by drinking a mercury and powdered [[jade]] mixture (causing [[liver failure]], [[poison]]ing, and [[brain death]]) intended to give him eternal ...een discontinued with the replacement of other technologies using membrane cells.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2010-09-06|url=http://www.ehjournal.net/content/
  69 KB (10,077 words) - 21:35, 20 September 2010
• Zidovudine
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...[[mitochondria]].<ref>{{cite pmid | 20544523}}</ref> Drugs that inhibit [[liver|hepatic]] [[glucuronidation]], such as [[indomethacin]], [[acetylsalicylic
  21 KB (3,049 words) - 16:51, 27 September 2010
• Morphine
  *[[Hepatotoxicity]] or [[liver]] [[toxicity|damage]] (due to [[acetaminophen]] or [[paracetemol]] (APAP; T *[[Liver failure]] (again, due to acetaminophen)
  87 KB (12,376 words) - 16:51, 27 September 2010
• Paracetamol
  | metabolism = 90 to 95% [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...journal |author=Khashab M, Tector AJ, Kwo PY |title=Epidemiology of acute liver failure |journal=Curr Gastroenterol Rep |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=66–73 |
  54 KB (7,376 words) - 16:52, 27 September 2010
• Diazepam
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] - [[CYP2C19]] ...as body weight and condition being treated. For the elderly or people with liver disorders, initial dose is at the low end of the range, with the dose being
  78 KB (10,295 words) - 16:51, 27 September 2010
• Strychnine tree
  Strychnos is recommended for liver cancer, upset stomach, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, intestinal i ...However some Chinese studies have reported that Strychnos can kill cancer cells grown in laboratory dishes.
  8 KB (1,175 words) - 12:27, 7 July 2010
• Homeostasis
  ...t, [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] occurs. Glucagon, secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, helps the body utilise stored [[glycogen]] or convert non- ...ntrolling influence of regulatory T cells and tolerance-inducing dendritic cells.
  21 KB (3,070 words) - 21:41, 19 September 2010
• Tetracycline
  * Can induce microvesicular [[fatty liver]]. ...ein. This protein actively exports tetracycline out of the cell, rendering cells harboring this gene more resistant to the drug.
  11 KB (1,417 words) - 21:55, 19 September 2010
• Pentoxifylline
  ...ifylline's [[anti-TNF]] properties indicates it for treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease. ...=Insights into the regulation of TNF-alpha production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition. | journal=Clinic
  7 KB (885 words) - 09:43, 20 September 2010
• Renin inhibitor
  ...biodegradation by peptidases in the intestine, blood circulation, and the liver. It was approved by the United States FDA on 6 March 2007, and for use in E
  5 KB (697 words) - 09:44, 20 September 2010
• Biopolymer
  ...nates have been used to encapsulate various herbicides, microorganisms and cells. ...bons, however, can be degraded by microbes. They are taken in by microbial cells, ‘activated' by attachment to coenzyme-A, and converted to cellular metab
  68 KB (9,959 words) - 10:10, 20 September 2010
• Polyprenol
  ...to kill cancerous cells during [[chemotherapy]] whilst protecting healthy cells within the body. ...dietary polyprenols and their modification to active dolichols by the rat liver” // Biol. Chem. – 1983. – Vol. 258. – P. 916-922”</ref>.
  9 KB (1,206 words) - 10:11, 20 September 2010
• Emulsion
  ...="Aulton"/> Popular medicated emulsions include [[calamine lotion]], [[cod liver oil]], [[Polysporin]], [[cortisol]] cream, [[Canesten]] and [[Fleet (laxati ...r organisms]]. The exceptions are [[Spermatozoon|sperm cells]] and [[blood cells]], which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to their membrane structures.
  16 KB (2,286 words) - 10:12, 20 September 2010
• Depleted uranium
  ...8/rsif.2009.0300.</ref> Normal functioning of the [[kidney]], [[brain]], [[liver]], [[heart]], and numerous other systems can be affected by uranium exposur ...U is also a point of medical controversy. Multiple studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents suggest the possibility of [[leukemia|leukemogenic]]
  80 KB (11,721 words) - 10:13, 20 September 2010
• Biotextile
  ...e student Jessica Gluck has demonstrated that viable and functioning liver cells can be grown on textile scaffolds [http://www.physorg.com/news96302396.html
  2 KB (239 words) - 10:15, 20 September 2010
• Iron
  ...orbed from the [[duodenum]] and carries it in the [[bloodstream|blood]] to cells.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000079|title=How Mammals Acqu ...or-α-induced iron sequestration and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells |first9=H |last9=Eguchi |first8=M |last8=Izumi |first7=Y |last7=Hasuike |fi
  67 KB (9,808 words) - 10:24, 20 September 2010
• 4-Aminobenzoic acid
  Food sources of PABA include liver, brewer's yeast (and unfiltered beer), kidney, molasses, and whole grains.< ...al growth is limited through [[folate]] deficiency without effect on human cells.
  7 KB (1,022 words) - 13:11, 20 September 2010
• Sulfamethoxazole
  | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] [[acetylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] ...terial cells (or any cell dependent on synthesizing folic acid) over human cells. Bacterial resistance to sulfamethoxazole are caused by mutations in the
  7 KB (978 words) - 13:12, 20 September 2010
• Ethidium bromide
  ...used extensively to reduce mitochondrial DNA copy number in proliferating cells.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Diaz F, Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Rana M, Mora M, Hao ...green was actually found to be more mutagenic than EthBr to the bacterial cells exposed to UV (which is what a researcher typically does) <ref>{{cite journ
  15 KB (1,980 words) - 13:13, 20 September 2010
• Malachite green
  ...nterstain]]. Malachite green can also directly stain [[endospore]]s within cells; here a [[safranin]] counterstain is often used. Malachite green can also ...aused carcinogenic symptoms, but a direct link between malachite green and liver tumor was not established.<ref>{{cite journal | author = S.J. Culp et al. |
  11 KB (1,647 words) - 13:13, 20 September 2010
• Ergothioneine
  Although ergothioneine cannot be made in human cells, it is present in some tissues at high levels as it is absorbed from the di ...araman-Jurukovska N, Dong KK, Damaghi N, Smiles KA, Yarosh DB. |title=Skin cells and tissue are capable of using l-ergothioneine as an integral component of
  12 KB (1,640 words) - 13:16, 20 September 2010

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