Functional murmur
A functional murmur (innocent murmur, physiologic murmur) is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart, as opposed to structural defects in the heart itself.[1]
Serious conditions can arise even in the absence of a primary heart defect, and it is possible for peripheral conditions to generate abnormalities in the heart. Therefore, caution should be applied to use of the terms "innocent" or "benign" in this context.
Use of the term dates to the mid 19th century.[2]
Contents
Benign pediatric heart murmur
Functional murmurs are an important consideration in the precordial examination of an infant or child.
Characteristics
- Soft, less than 3/6 in intensity (although note that even when structural heart disease is present, intensity does not predict severity.)
- Often position-dependent (Murmurs heard while supine and may disappear when upright or sitting.)
- Otherwise healthy individual, no concerns about growth, no symptoms of heart failure such as dyspnea on exertion. (In infants, ask if the baby tires during feeding, becomes diaphoretic, or develops a rapid respiratory rate. In older children, this can be elucidated by asking whether or not the child can keep up with peers during play.)
- Occurs during systole or continuously during both systole and diastole. (Murmurs occurring only during diastole are always pathologic.)
- Physiologic splitting of S2 (A2 and P2 components should only be resolvable during inspiration and should merge during expiration.)
- No palpable thrill (A thrill is a vibration caused by turbulent blood flow.)
Prognosis
Innocent murmurs are inconsequential[3] and usually disappear as the child grows. ECG and Chest XRAY are normal.
Types, description and DDx
| Name | Location | DDx |
|---|---|---|
| Still's murmur[4] | inferior aspect of LLSB (lower left sternal border), systolic ejection sound, vibratory/musical quality | subaortic stenosis, small VSD |
| Pulmonary ejection | superior aspect of LLSB, ejection sound | Pulmonary stenosis, atrial septal defect |
| Venous hum | Infraclavicular throughout the cardiac cycle (right side > left side), diminishes with jugular vein palpation or neck turning | PDA |
| Supraclavicular arterial bruit | Above clavicles | aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valve |
| Peripheral pulmonary stenosis | low-pitch with radiation to back and armpit | PDA, pulmonary stenosis |
LLSB = lower left sternal border
See also
References
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pl:Szmery niewinne- ↑ functional murmur at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
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- ↑ "Innocent Heart Murmurs".
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