Common name of organism or disease
|
Latin name (sorted)
|
Body parts affected
|
Diagnostic specimen
|
Prevalence
|
Source/ Transmission (Reservoir/ Vector)
|
Babesiosis
|
Babesia B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. microfti, B. duncani
|
red blood cells
|
Giemsa-stained thin blood smear
|
New York, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket (different species have worldwide distribution)
|
tick bites
|
Balantidiasis
|
Balantidium coli
|
intestinal mucosa
|
stool
|
|
|
Blastocystosis
|
Blastocystis
|
intestinal
|
direct microscopy of stool (PCR, anti body)
|
2 - 20% of population
|
eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal
|
Coccidia
|
Cryptosporidium
|
intestines
|
stool
|
widespread
|
|
Dientamoebiasis
|
Dientamoeba fragilis
|
intestines
|
stool
|
up to 10% in industrialized countries
|
ingesting water or food contaminated with feces
|
Amoebiasis
|
Entamoeba histolytica
|
Intestines
|
stool
|
areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions
|
fecal-oral transmission
|
Giardia
|
Giardia lamblia
|
lumen of the small intestine
|
stool
|
widespread
|
ingestion of dormant cysts in fecal contaminated water or food
|
Isosporiasis
|
Isospora belli
|
epithelial cells of small intestines
|
stool
|
worldwide - less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium
|
fecal oral route
|
Leishmaniasis
|
Leishmania
|
cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral
|
visual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain
|
Visceral leishmaniasis- Worldwide; Cutaneous leishmaniasis - Old World; Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - New World
|
Phlebotomus - bite of several species of nocturnal phlebotomus sandflies
|
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) [1][2]
|
Naegleria fowleri
|
brain
|
culture
|
rare but deadly
|
Nasal insufflation of contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs, soil
|
Malaria
|
Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae
|
red blood cells
|
Blood film
|
tropical - 250 million cases/year
|
Anopheles mosquito, bites at night
|
Rhinosporidiosis
|
Rhinosporidium seeberi
|
nose, nasopharynx
|
reservoir water and soil
|
India and Sri Lanka
|
nasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds
|
Toxoplasmosis - Parasitic pneumonia
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
eyes, brain, heart, liver
|
blood and PCR
|
widespread - up to one third of all humans
|
ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma bradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old
|
Trichomoniasis
|
Trichomonas vaginalis
|
female urogenital tract (males asymptomatic)
|
microscopic examination of genital swab
|
7.4 million Americans
|
sexually transmitted infection
|
Sleeping sickness
|
Trypanosoma brucei
|
blood lymph and central nervous systems
|
microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow
|
50,000 to 70,000 people
|
tsetse fly, bites at night
|
Chagas disease
|
Trypanosoma cruzi
|
colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood
|
Giemsa stain - blood
|
Mexico, Central America, South America - 16-18 million
|
Triatoma/Reduviidae - Insect Vector, bites at night
|
Common name of organism or disease
|
Latin name (sorted)
|
Body parts affected
|
Diagnostic specimen
|
Prevalence
|
Transmission/Vector
|
Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm
|
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
|
lungs, small intestine, blood
|
stool
|
common in tropical, warm, moist climates
|
penetration of skin by L3 larva
|
Anisakiasis [3]
|
Anisakis
|
allergic reaction
|
biopsy
|
incidental host
|
ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus
|
Roundworm - Parasitic pneumonia
|
Ascaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoides
|
Intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Löffler's syndrome
|
stool
|
common in tropical and subtropical regions
|
|
Roundworm
|
Baylisascaris Baylisascaris procyonis, Baylisascaris melis, Baylisascaris transfuga, Baylisascaris columnaris, Baylisascaris devosi, Baylisascaris laevis
|
|
|
|
depending on species: ingestion of material contaminated by stool from raccoons, badgers, bears, otters, martens
|
|
Brugia malayi, Brugia timori
|
lymph nodes
|
blood samples
|
tropical regions of Asia
|
Arthropods
|
Tapeworm - Tapeworm infection
|
Cestoda
|
intestine
|
stool
|
rare
|
|
Clonorchiasis
|
Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
gall bladder
|
|
rare
|
ingestion of ants
|
Dioctophyme renalis infection
|
Dioctophyme renale
|
kidneys (typically the right)
|
Urine
|
Worldwide
|
Ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish
|
Diphyllobothriasis - tapeworm
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
|
intestines, blood
|
stool (microscope)
|
Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile
|
ingestion of raw fresh water fish
|
Guinea worm - Dracunculiasis
|
Dracunculus medinensis
|
subcutaneous tissues, muscle
|
skin blister/ulcer
|
Sudan
|
|
Echinococcosis - tapeworm
|
Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus
|
liver, lungs, kidney, spleen
|
imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen
|
Mediterranean countries
|
as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore
|
|
Echinostoma echinatum
|
small intestine
|
|
Far East
|
ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails
|
Pinworm - Enterobiasis
|
Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii
|
intestines, anus
|
stool; tape test around anus
|
widespread; temperate regions
|
|
Liver fluke - Fasciolosis [4]
|
Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica
|
liver, gall blader
|
stool
|
Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species
|
freshwater snails
|
Fasciolopsiasis - intestinal fluke [5]
|
Fasciolopsis buski
|
intestines
|
stool or vomitus (microscope)
|
East Asia - 10 million people
|
ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails)
|
Gnathostomiasis [6]
|
Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidum
|
subcutaneous tissues (under the skin)
|
physical examination
|
rare - Southeast Asia
|
ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (e.g., freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water
|
Hymenolepiasis[7]
|
Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta
|
|
|
|
ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, meal worms, cockroaches
|
Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellings
|
Loa loa filaria
|
Connective tissue, lungs, eye
|
blood (Giemsa, haematoxylin, eosin stain)
|
rain forest of West Africa - 12-13 million people
|
Tabanidae - horse fly, bites in the day
|
Mansonelliasis, Filariasis
|
Mansonella streptocerca
|
subcutaneous layer of skin
|
|
|
insect
|
Metagonimiasis - intestinal fluke
|
Metagonimus yokogawai
|
|
stool
|
Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain
|
ingestion of undercooked or salted fish
|
River blindness
|
Onchocerca volvulus, Onchocerciasis
|
skin, eye, tissue
|
bloodless skin snip
|
Africa, Yemen, Central and South America near cool, fast flowing rivers
|
Simulium/Black fly, bite during the day
|
Chinese Liver Fluke
|
Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis
|
bile duct
|
|
1.5 million people in Russia
|
consuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish
|
Paragonimiasis, Lung Fluke
|
Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus; Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis
|
lungs
|
sputum, feces
|
East Asia
|
ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans
|
Schistosomiasis - bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever (all types)
|
Schistosoma sp.
|
|
|
Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East - 200 million people
|
skin exposure to water contaminated with infected fresh water snails
|
intestinal schistosomiasis
|
Schistosoma mansoni
|
intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin
|
stool
|
Africa, Caribbean, South America, Asia, Middle East - 83 million people
|
skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Biomphalaria fresh water snails
|
urinary schistosomiasis
|
Schistosoma haematobium
|
kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin
|
urine
|
Africa, Middle East
|
skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Bulinus sp. snails
|
Schistosomiasis by Schistosoma japonicum
|
Schistosoma japonicum
|
intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin
|
stool
|
China, East Asia, Philippines
|
skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Oncomelania sp. snails
|
Asian intestinal schistosomiasis
|
Schistosoma mekongi -
|
|
|
South East Asia
|
skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neotricula aperta - fresh water snails
|
Sparganosis
|
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
|
|
|
|
ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans: dead-end host)
|
Strongyloidiasis - Parasitic pneumonia
|
Strongyloides stercoralis
|
Intestines, lungs, skin (Larva currens)
|
stool, blood
|
|
skin penetration
|
Beef tapeworm
|
Taenia saginata
|
Intestines
|
stool
|
worldwide distribution
|
ingestion of undercooked beef
|
Pork tapeworm
|
Taenia solium
|
|
|
|
ingestion of undercooked pork
|
Toxocariasis
|
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati
|
liver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis - Visceral larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans)
|
blood, ocular examination
|
worldwide distribution
|
pica, unwashed food contamined with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken
|
Trichinosis
|
Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativa
|
muscle, periorbital region, small intestine
|
blood
|
more common in developing countries due to improved feeding practices in developed countries.
|
ingestion of undercooked pork
|
Swimmer's itch
|
Trichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidae
|
|
|
|
skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates)
|
Whipworm
|
Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis
|
large intestine, anus
|
stool (eggs)
|
common worldwide
|
accidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces
|
ElephantiasisLymphatic filariasis
|
Wuchereria bancrofti
|
lymphatic system
|
thick blood smears stained with hematoxylin.
|
Tropical and subtropical
|
mosquito, bites at night
|