Propagation delay
Propagation delay is a technical term that can have a different meaning depending on the context. It can relate to networking, electronics or physics. In general it is the length of time taken for the quantity of interest to reach its destination.
Networking
In computer networks, propagation delay is the amount of time it takes for the head of the signal to travel from the sender to the receiver over a medium. It can be computed as the ratio between the link length and the propagation speed over the specific medium.
Propagation delay is equal to d / s where d is the distance and s is the wave propagation speed. In wireless communication, s=c, i.e. the speed of light. In copper wire, the speed s generally ranges from .59c to .77c.[1][2] This delay is the major obstacle in the development of high-speed computers and is called the interconnect bottleneck in IC systems.
Electronics
In electronics, digital circuits and digital electronics, the propagation delay, or gate delay, is the length of time starting from when the input to a logic gate becomes stable and valid, to the time that the output of that logic gate is stable and valid. Often this refers to the time required for the output to reach from 10% to 90% of its final output level when the input changes. Reducing gate delays in digital circuits allows them to process data at a faster rate and improve overall performance.
The difference in propagation delays of logic elements is the major contributor to glitches in asynchronous circuits as a result of race conditions.
The principle of logical effort utilizes propagation delays to compare designs implementing the same logical statement.
Propagation delay increases with operating temperature, marginal supply voltage as well as an increased output load capacitance. The latter is the largest contributor to the increase of propagation delay. If the output of a logic gate is connected to a long trace or used to drive many other gates (high fanout) the propagation delay increases substantially.
Wires have an approximate propagation delay of 1 ns for every 6 in of length.[3] Logic gates can have propagation delays ranging from more than 10 ns down to the picosecond range, depending on the technology being used.[3]
Physics
In physics, particularly in the electromagnetism field, the propagation delay is the length of time it takes for a signal to travel to its destination. For example, in the case of an electric signal, it is the time taken for the signal to travel through a wire. See also, velocity of propagation.
See also
References
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zh:傳播延遲- ↑ "What is propagation delay? (Ethernet Physical Layer)". Ethernet FAQ. 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
- ↑ "Propagation Delay and Its Relationship to Maximum Cable Length". Networking Glossary. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Balch, Mark (2003). Mcgraw Hill - Complete Digital Design A Comprehensive Guide To Digital Electronics And Computer System Architecture. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 430. ISBN 9780071409278.
