Rebound effect
Rebound effect is the tendency of a medication, when discontinued, to cause a return of the symptoms being treated to be more severe than before (i.e. the symptom will be more pronounced after the medication is withdrawn than before it was used). Medications with a known rebound effect can be withdrawn gradually or in conjunction with another medication which does not exhibit a rebound effect.
Contents
Examples
Sedative hypnotics
Rebound anxiety
Several anxiolytics and hypnotics have a rebound effect: For example, benzodiazepine withdrawal can cause severe anxiety and insomnia worse than the original insomnia or anxiety disorder.[1] Approximately 70% of patients who discontinue a benzodiazepine experience a rebound effect.[2] Rebound withdrawal can be a factor in chronic use of medications and drug dependence with patients taking the medications only to ward off withdrawal or rebound withdrawal effects.[3]
Rebound insomnia
Rebound insomnia is insomnia that occurs following discontinuation of sedative substances taken to relieve primary insomnia. Regular use of these substances can cause a person to become dependent on its effects in order to fall asleep through the process of classical conditioning. Therefore, when a person has stopped taking the medication and is 'rebounding' from its effects, he or she may experience insomnia as a symptom of withdrawal. Occasionally, this insomnia may actually be worse than the insomnia the drug was intended to treat.[4]
Common medicines known to cause this problem are Eszopiclone and Zolpidem, which are prescribed to people having difficulties falling or staying asleep. This phenomenon can also occur with regular use of anxiolytic drugs, such as benzodiazepines.
Daytime rebound
Rebound phenomena does not necessarily only occur on discontinuation of a prescribed dosage. For example day time rebound effects of anxiety, metallic taste, perceptual disturbances which are typical benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms can occur the next day after a short acting benzodiazepine hypnotic wears off. Another example is early morning rebound insomnia which may occur when a rapidly eliminated hypnotic wears off which leads to rebounding awakeness forcing the person to become wide awake before he or she has had a full night's sleep. One drug which seems to be commonly associated with these problems is triazolam due to its high potency and ultra short half life but these effects can occur with other short acting hypnotic drugs.[5][6][7] Quazepam due to its selectivity for type1 benzodiazepine receptors and long half life does not cause day time anxiety rebound effects during treatment, showing that half life is very important for determining whether a night time hypnotic will cause next day rebound withdrawal effects or not.[8] Day time rebound effects are not necessarily mild but can sometimes produce quite marked psychiatric and psychological disturbances.[9]
Stimulants
Rebound effects can also occur from stimulants such as methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine. Rebound effects from these medications can include psychosis, depression and a return of ADHD symptoms but in a temporarily exaggerated form.[10][11][12] Up to a third of ADHD children experience a rebound effect when methylphenidate is withdrawn.[13]
Antidepressants
Many antidepressants, such as SSRIs, can cause rebound depression or panic attacks and anxiety when discontinued.[14]
alpha-2 adrenergic agents
Rebound effects can occur after discontinuation of alpha-2 adrenergic agents such as clonidine and guanfacine. The most notable rebound effect of alpha-2 adrenergic agents is rebound hypertension.[15]
Others
Other rebound effects
An example is the use of highly potent corticosteroids, such as Clobetasol for psoriasis. Abrupt withdrawal can cause a much more severe case of the psoriasis to develop. Therefore, withdrawal should be gradual, diluting the medication with lotion perhaps, until very little actual medication is being applied.
Another example of pharmaceutical rebound is a rebound headache from painkillers when dose is lowered, medication wears off or the drug is abruptly discontinued.[16]
Continuous usage of topical decongestants (nasal sprays) can lead to constant nasal congestion, known as Rhinitis medicamentosa.
See also
References
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- ↑ Tsutsui S; Zolipidem Study, Group (2001). "A double-blind comparative study of zolpidem versus zopiclone in the treatment of chronic primary insomnia". J. Int. Med. Res. 29 (3): 163–77. PMID 11471853.
- ↑ Hohagen F, Rink K, Käppler C; et al. (1993). "Prevalence and treatment of insomnia in general practice. A longitudinal study". Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 242 (6): 329–36. doi:10.1007/BF02190245. PMID 8323982.
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- ↑ Kales A (1990). "Quazepam: hypnotic efficacy and side effects". Pharmacotherapy. 10 (1): 1–10; discussion 10–2. PMID 1969151.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
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- ↑ Garland EJ (1998). "Pharmacotherapy of adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: challenges, choices and caveats". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 12 (4): 385–95. doi:10.1177/026988119801200410. PMID 10065914.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
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- ↑ Riccio CA, Waldrop JJ, Reynolds CR, Lowe P (2001). "Effects of stimulants on the continuous performance test (CPT): implications for CPT use and interpretation". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 13 (3): 326–35. PMID 11514638.
- ↑ Bhanji NH, Chouinard G, Kolivakis T, Margolese HC (2006). "Persistent tardive rebound panic disorder, rebound anxiety and insomnia following paroxetine withdrawal: a review of rebound-withdrawal phenomena" (PDF). Can J Clin Pharmacol. 13 (1): e69–74. PMID 16456219.
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