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...odeine and its derivatives. They quickly succeeded using petroleum or coal tar and a process developed at the United States' National Institutes of Health ...y get little or no pain relief. CYP2D6 is dysfunctional in 7% of white and black Americans, resulting in reduced metabolism of codeine. Other individuals ma

...ercodan), [[hydromorphone]] (Dilaudid, Palladone), and diacetylmorphine ([[heroin]]), morphine acts directly on the [[central nervous system]] (CNS) to relie ...r HF |title=A comparative study of physiological and subjective effects of heroin and morphine administered intravenously in postaddicts |journal=J. Pharmaco

...the leaves are decocted or extracted into water and then evaporated into a tar that can be swallowed. Kratom is not often smoked due to the active alkaloi ...ibition laws elsewhere in the world, this has succeeded only at increasing black market prices. A related species, Mitragyna javanica, is often used as a su

...y.com | publisher=dictionary.reference.com}}</ref> It varies in color from black to golden brown depending upon purity. ...ore difficult to smoke without discomfort caused to throat and lungs. This tar may also contain [[Cannabinol|CBN]], which is a breakdown product of THC. C