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*They are important for cell motility, biofilms formation and virulence. ...e]]s participate in the regulation of the levels of the stringent response factor, guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp), a second messenger in bac

...-pore-forming toxins]]. The presence of PVL is associated with increased [[virulence]] of certain strains (isolates) of ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''. It is pre [[Exotoxin]]s such as PVL constitute essential components of the virulence mechanisms of ''S. aureus''.

...stream these bacilli release three substances: ''lethal factor'', ''edema factor'' and ''protective antigen''. Protective antigen combines with these other ...hey cannot phagocytose bacteria. Historically, it was believed that lethal factor caused macrophages to make [[TNF-alpha]] and [[IL1B|interleukin 1, beta]] (