Tallow
Tallow is a rendered form of beef or mutton fat, processed from suet. It is solid at room temperature. Unlike suet, tallow can be stored for extended periods without the need for refrigeration to prevent decomposition, provided it is kept in an airtight container to prevent oxidation.
Industrially, tallow is not strictly defined as beef or mutton fat. In this context, tallow is animal fat that conforms to certain technical criteria, including its melting point, which is also known as titre. It is common for commercial tallow to contain fat derived from other animals, such as lard from pigs, or even from plant sources.
Uses
Tallow is used in animal feed, to make soap, for cooking, and as a bird food. It can be used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel and other oleochemicals. Historically, it was used to make tallow candles, which were a cheaper alternative to wax candles.
Lubrication
Tallow is used in the steel rolling industry to provide the required lubrication as the sheet steel is compressed through the steel rollers. There is a trend towards replacing tallow based lubrication with synthetic oils in rolling applications for surface cleanliness reasons.[1]
The use of tallow or lard to lubricate rifles was the spark that started the Indian Mutiny of 1857. To load the new Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle, the sepoys had to bite the cartridge open. It was believed that the paper cartridges that were standard issue with the rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims, or tallow (cow fat), regarded as sacred to Hindus.
Tallow, along with beeswax, was also used in the creation of lubricant for American Civil War ammunition used in the Springfield Rifle Musket.
Tallow is used to make a biodegradable motor oil by a Stamford, Connecticut based company called Green Earth Technologies.[2]
Medicinal
In Germany, deer tallow ("Hirschtalg") is commonly used as a base ingredient in salves.[3]
Tallow used to be used commonly in high-end shaving soaps, particularly those of elite British firms such as Geo. F Trumper, Truefitt & Hill, and Taylor of Old Bond Street. While these firms have reformulated to a glycerin base, tallow-based soaps still exist, including the soaps from an American firm, The Art of Shaving, as well as soaps from Turkey and Italy.
Food
Before switching to pure vegetable oil in 1990, the McDonald's corporation cooked its french fries in a mixture of 93% beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil.[4]
Other uses
Tallow can also be used as flux for soldering.[5]
Tallow is also the primary ingredient in some leather conditioners.
Composition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 3,774 kJ (902 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates | 0 g |
| Fat | 100 g |
| saturated | 50 g |
| monounsaturated | 42 g |
| polyunsaturated | 4 g |
| Protein | 0 g |
| Cholesterol | 109 mg |
| Selenium | 0.2 mg |
| Fat percentage can vary. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database | |
The composition of the fatty acids is typically as follows:[6]
- Saturated fatty acids:
- Palmitic acid: 26 %
- Stearic acid: 14 %
- Myristic acid: 3 %
- Monounsaturated fatty acids:
- Oleic acid: 47 %
- Palmitoleic acid: 3 %
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids:
- Linoleic acid: 3 %
- Linolenic acid: 1 %
References
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zh:牛脂- ↑ Cold rolling mill lubricant - US Patent 4891161
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/automobiles/08BIO.html?nl=wheels&emc=wheelsa2
- ↑ http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschtalg
- ↑ Schlosser, Eric (2001). Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of All-American Meal. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-97789-4
- ↑ Hey Flux
- ↑ National Research Council, 1976, Fat Content and Composition of Animal Products, Printing and Publishing Office, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., ISBN 0-309-02440-4; p. 203, online edition
