United States 40 mm grenades
The United States Army has created a plethora of different types of 40 mm grenades in both the low velocity 40x46 mm and high velocity 40x53 mm calibers which uses what it calls High-Low Propulsion System which keeps recoil forces with in the boundaries of infantry weapon. Presented on this page is a basic overview.
Contents
High Explosive Cartridges
Standard High Explosive Cartridges
High explosive grenades were probably the first rounds created for the 40x46mm and 40x53mm calibers, and while basic HE grenades have largely been replaced by more complex multi-purpose ones, they are nonetheless an important part of their development.
40x46mm types include the M381, M386, M406, and M441. The M441 can be seen as a developmental improvement over the M381, probably with an improved filler and/or fuze mechanism. The M386/M406 differed from the M381/M441 in that they had a longer arming distance (14-28 meters compared to the 2-3 meters of the M381 and M441).
40x53mm types include the M383 (and the M383E1) and the M384. Most likely the differences are similar to their low velocity cousins, and have something to do with the reliability and safety improvements made over time.
Other High Explosive Cartridges
HE grenades may well be the standard for both types of 40 mm grenades, but over the years the functions of the weapons using these grenades has dramatically expanded, and as a result the need to be able to engage larger and more armored targets.
40x46 mm types include the M397A1, M433, M463, and the new M1060.
The M397 was a pre-set airburst munition, designed to allow grenadiers to engage targets in trenches and behind cover. It featured a bounding charge that was detonated by ground impact.[1]
The M433 HEDP (High Explosive, Dual Purpose), standardized in 1971, has largely become the standard with its ability to effectively engage light vehicles and personnel. The M433 combines a small shaped charge with a wire fragmentation mesh for the dual effect.[2]
The M463 was a specialist type developed during the conflict in Vietnam by AAI, and was "SF" or Smokeless/Flashless, and used a type of piston system to force the grenade out of the cartridge, but keep the propellant and gases contained. While this did reduce the effective range of the projectile it did allow for an almost silent 40 mm HE grenade.
The M1060 is a thermobaric cartridge, which means it is designed to destroy targets through a combination of intense heat and forceful overpressure (better known as "concussion"). The M1060 was developed in order to give grenade launchers a far greater effect against static targets such as bunkers, houses, and masonry.
The M430 and M430A1 are 40x53mm HEDP cartridges akin to the low velocity M433. They differ in how much armor they can penetrate, with the M430 being able to penetrate 51mm of steel plate, and the M430A1 being able to penetrate 76mm.[3]
Also produced was a special 40x53mm airburst munition for usage from either the M75 or M129 automatic grenade launchers, commonly used on helicopters. This round was designated M684.[4]
Anti-Personnel Cartridges
When 40 mm grenade launchers were first developed, the weapon was to be the primary weapon of the infantryman carrying it. It was quickly found that in most engagements while the grenadier gave the squad a decided force multiplier, they were also decidedly exposed if presented with an enemy within the arming distance of most high explosive rounds. Rounds with a shorter arming distance presented significant danger to the shooter if used at those ranges. Prior to development of grenade launchers attached to standard infantry rifles, development commenced on non-explosive cartridges to allow those armed with grenade launchers to engage targets at shorter ranges safely.
Similar rounds have also been developed for weapons chambering the higher velocity 40x53mm cartridge as well, probably in response to the desire by soldiers for such ammunition in ambush or similarly short range engagements.
These anti-personnel rounds fall primarily into what could be considered the "canister" category, and are designed in most cases to turn the grenade launcher into what many would consider a large shotgun.
40x46mm types include the M576 and the XM678.
The M576 contains 20 pellets of #4 buckshot. The XM576/XM576E1 was standardized to become the M576. Another test variant, the XM576E2, which had 27 pellets of #4 buckshot without a sabot within the shot cup was deemed to spread too quickly for effective use.[5]
The XM678 does not appear to have been standardized and contained 54 tungsten balls, again of unknown size and weight, but likely considerably smaller than those in the M576 if number of projectiles is any gauge.[6]
The only 40x53mm type is the M1001 and is a canister round filled with 115 17-grain 2.0-inch long flechettes. The choice of fin-stabilized flechettes over pellets or similar projectiles for the high velocity ammunition is most likely a product of their greater accuracy over slightly longer ranges.
Smoke, Signaling, and Illumination Cartridges
Smoke Cartridges
Most numerous of the 40x46mm grenades, smoke rounds can be launched further than normal smoke hand grenades can be thrown, and come in numerous colors. These grenades are used for both signaling and obscuration, and come in two main types, "canopy" and "ground marker."
40x46mm canopy smoke grenades come in 3 colors: yellow (M676), white (M680), and red (M682). These were developed to penetrate dense canopy foliage in order to mark or signal a position.[7]
Ground markers also come in 3 colors: red (M713), green (M715), and yellow (M716).[2]
In development are new marking cartridges designed to improve the already considerable night-fighting capabilities of US forces. The XM1062 and XM1065 operate like conventional ground markers, but the XM1062's marks in the IR spectrum, while the XM1065 shows up on thermal imaging devices.
Older cartridges designed specifically for the M79 grenade launcher or the AN/M8 pyrotechnic pistol also remain in inventory. The XM675/M675 is a red smoke cartridge used primarily for training in the use of the XM674/M674 riot control cartridge mentioned later in this article.[8]
A 40x53mm white phosphorus cartridge, designated XM574, was developed, but not standardized. Intended for use in the UH-1B Iroquois helicopter using the M5 Armament Subsystem, the round was not adopted because of safety concerns. Testing during 1966 concluded that there were significant reliability issues, as well as, potential environmental concerns (detonation or malfunction from high temperatures and humidity in the South East Asian theater) and increased vulnerability (the WP filler was dangerous if struck by small arms fire often encountered).[9]
Signalling and Illumination Cartridges
Unlike conventional hand grenades, a personal grenade launcher can easily be used to launch flares as a signaling or illumination device. Like 40 mm smoke grenades, in the US military they are all of 40x46mm caliber, serving more of a use in the individual rather than the crew-served capacity. They also come in two main types, cluster flares and parachute flares. Cluster flares are used primarily for signaling, while parachute flares are used primarily for illumination.
40x46mm cluster flares come in 3 colors: white (M585), green (M663), and red (M664). Individual flares burn for 7 seconds after ignition.[2] The M585 is the standardization of the XM585E1. Differences between it and the XM585 are unclear.[10]
Parachute flares come in 4 colors: white (M583/A1), green (M661), red (M662), and orange (XM695). The parachute is designed to create a 7 feet per second descent, while the flare itself has a 40 second burn time.[2] The XM695 was never standardized.
Also, because of the development in the United States military of complex night-fighting tactics, an illumination cartridge for use with night vision equipment, that illuminates in the infrared spectrum was also developed. This Infra-Red Illumination Cartridge (or IRIC) was designated XM992/M992.
Less Lethal and Riot Control Cartridges
With the greater emphasis on improving less-lethal capabilities of the U.S. military in response to the changing nature of U.S. deployments around the world, less-lethal and riot control cartridges have been developed over the years. These rounds are often akin to 37 mm cartridges that have been in use by the Law Enforcement community for years. These cartridges are also mainly 40x46mm, as it is likely that a high velocity variant would greatly detract from their less-lethal capabilities.
Oldest of these types is the riot control 40 mm gas cartridges. In the U.S. military the standard CS gas cartridge is designated M651. The M651 has 53 grams of CS mixture. Burn time is 25 seconds, with an area coverage of 120 square meters. The round is effective to 200 meters against point targets and 400 meters against area targets.[11] It is unclear which of the experimental variants, either the XM651 or XM651E1 was standardized, but the differences most likely have to do with the nature of the agent or the type of agent (though the evidence is relatively clear that CN was never used in the XM651).
Older cartridges designed specifically for the M79 grenade launcher or the AN/M8 pyrotechnic pistol also remain in inventory. The XM674/M674 is a CS riot control agent cartridge. The unit contains 90-100 grams of CS mixture, with a 2-7 ignition delay and burn time of 10 to 40 seconds. The round is effective to a distance of 65 to 90 meters. It can also be hand fired.[12]
More recent have been a variety of canister rounds and other less-lethal projectiles. The M1029 contains 48 rubber balls of .48" diameter. The M1029 is still considered to be potentially lethal under 10 meters and ineffective at distances over 30 meters.[2]
The M1006 launches a solid foam "sponge grenade" at high enough velocity to wind someone or in extreme cases perhaps even break bones. The use of a softer foam sponge in the M1006 is likely a product of the serious injuries and fatalities caused by rubber and plastic batons in use by police forces around the world over the last 30 years or so. Despite this, the M1006 is still potentially lethal when fired at distances under 10 meters, having an 81 meter per second muzzle velocity, as well as, being largely ineffective at distances over 50 meters.[2]
Unique and Specialist Cartridges
The XM688 cartridge does not really fit into any of the above categories. Designed as a sort of giant grenade launching cartridge, the XM688 was supposed to be coupled with the Grapnel, Launcher Propelled, XM1 and the M79. The resulting combination allowed the user to launch the hook over a greater distance than if it had been thrown, thus allowing them to scale higher places. Similar systems had been developed independently, and had been used during the landings at Normandy during the Second World War at Pointe du Hoc, but the XM688 allowed an existing infantry weapon to be used in this capacity.
Green Ammunition
The MK281 is a new type of 40mm grenade ammunition that has been accepted for use into the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army. It is 'green' because it is non-toxic and non-dud producing, meaning that there is no unexploded ordnance left to clean up on the range and heavy metals in the fuze don't leak into the ground. The MK281 was introduced into parts of the US Armed Services because of an executive order mandating that they buy green ammunition. The MK281 is manufactured by an American subsidiary of the Rheinmetall Group.
References
Citations
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- United States, US Army, Army Concept Team in Vietnam. Final Report of the Cartridge, 40mm, WP, XM-574. Saigon, Vietnam: Army Concept Team in Vietnam, 1966.
- United States, US Army, Armament Research and Development Command, Chemical Systems Laboratory. Civil Disturbance Countermeasures - Chemical. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Armament Research and Development Command, Chemical Systems Laboratory, 1983.
- United States, US Marine Corps. MCRP 3-37C Flame, Riot Control Agents and Herbicide Operations. Washington, DC: US Marine Corps, 1996.
See also
- List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces
- 40 mm grenade
- List of vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces
