68-pounder 95 cwt

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"68-pounder" redirects here. For other uses, see 68-pounder (disambiguation).
68-pounder smoothbore cannon
300px
Replica 68-pounder on HMS Warrior.
Type Naval gun
Coast Defence gun
Place of origin  United Kingdom
Service history
In service 1846 - 1921
Used by United Kingdom
Wars Crimean War
Production history
Designer William Dundas
Manufacturer Low Moor Iron Works
Produced 1846 - 1861
Number built In excess of 2000
Specifications
Weight 95 cwt
Barrel length 10 feet 10 inches (3.302 m)
Crew 9 – 18
Shell Solid Shot
Explosive Shell
Shell weight 68 pounds (30.84 kg)
Calibre 8.12 inches (20.62 cm)
Elevation 0 – 15 degrees
Muzzle velocity 1,280 feet per second (390 m/s)
Effective range Approximately 3,000 yards (2,700 m)
Maximum range 3,620 yards (3,310 m)

The 68-pounder cannon was an artillery piece designed and used by the British Armed Forces in the mid-19th century. The cannon was a smoothbore muzzle-loading weapon that weighed 95 long cwt (4,800 kg) and fired projectiles of 68 lb (31 kg). Colonel William Dundas designed the gun in 1846 and it was cast the following year. It entered service with the Royal Artillery and the Royal Navy and saw active service with both arms during the Crimean War. Over 2000 were made and it gained a reputation as the finest smoothbore cannon ever made.

The gun was produced at a time when new rifled and breech loading guns were beginning to make their mark on artillery. At first the 68-pounder's reliability and power meant that it was retained even on new warships such as HMS Warrior. Eventually new rifled muzzle loaders made all smoothbore muzzle-loading guns obsolete, but the large surplus stocks of 68-pounders were given new life when converted to take rifled projectiles. The cannon remained in service and was not declared obsolete until 1921.

Design

The cannon was designed in response to the need for heavier weaponry as armour on ships of the line improved.[1] Colonel William Dundas, the government's Inspector of Artillery between 1839 and 1852, designed the cannon in 1846.[1][2] It was cast by the Low Moor Iron Works in Bradford in 1847 and entered service soon after.[1] Like numerous cannon before it, it was a cast iron smoothbore loaded from the muzzle.[3] The cannon was relatively cheap to produce – the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom estimated that each cannon cost approximately £167.[4] Over 2000 were cast before 1861[5] and its exceptional durability, range and accuracy earned it a reputation as the finest smoothbore cannon ever made.[1][6]

Operation

The gun was a traditional muzzleloader; it needed to be loaded from the end of the barrel.[7] Before it could be loaded the bore of the barrel was cleaned with a sponge, after which an explosive charge (gunpowder in a cloth bag) was rammed down into the breech.[7] This was followed by a projectile, often encased in wadding.[8] The gun was primed (using a metal spike inserted through the vent that pierced the charge), and fired using a percussion cap (which detonated the charge and forced the projectile out of the barrel).[9]

With a 16 lb (7.3 kg) powder charge (smaller charges were possible, but 16 lb was the maximum the barrel could withstand), the cannon fired a 68 lb (31 kg) solid shot at a muzzle velocity of 1,280 ft/s (390 m/s).[8] The official weight of the shot was listed at 68 lbs but in reality this varied according to the material of the shot itself; cast iron shot weighed 67 lb (30 kg), wrought iron shot and steel shot weighed 72 lb (33 kg), and chilled steel weighed 68 lb 8 oz (31.1 kg).[8] It was estimated that one 68-pound shot had the destructive power equivalent to five 32-pound shot.[6][10]

File:Cannon diagram.svg
A muzzle-loaded cannon: 1) projectile (shot), 2) powder charge, 3) vent

The cannon could also fire explosive shells primed with 4 lb (1.8 kg) of gunpowder.[8] These shells were fitted with simple fuses that were ignited by the flash of the charge – early wooden fuses were eventually replaced by more reliable fuses designed by Captain Edward Boxer in 1849.[9] The gun crew still had to gauge the best length of fuse for the range they were firing – ideally the shell should explode just before hitting its target.[8] To prevent the shell exploding in the barrel it was fitted with a sabot to ensure the fuse faced away from the charge.[9] The cannon could also fire grapeshot, case shot and molten iron shells (thin walled shells filled with molten iron).[11]

The 68-pounder had an effective range of approximately 3,000 yd (2,700 m), however at its maximum elevation of 15 degrees it had a maximum range of 3,620 yd (3,310 m), a distance that the projectile would cover in 15 seconds.[8] Although the cannon's barrel bore was 8.12 inches (20.6 cm), both shot and shells were 7.92 inches (20.1 cm) in diameter. This allowed a windage gap of 0.1 in (0.25 cm) around the projectile; enough to aid the loading process, but not enough to seriously diffuse the explosive gasses.[8]

On land a minimum crew of nine men (usually commanded by a non-commissioned officer) was required to fire the gun, which was normally mounted on a traversing gun carriage.[7] On board a ship the gun crew could be doubled to 18 men who needed to traverse the gun carriage by hand, using hand spikes and rope tackles.[8] The extra crew was on account of the fact that sailing ships usually only fired their cannon from one side of the deck. In the unlikely event of both sides being in action at once, nine men would be detached to man the gun opposite.[8] In both cases the gun was elevated using wooden wedges driven under the breech of the barrel by brute force.[8][12] It was aimed using an advanced hexagonal sighting mechanism marked with the elevation on one face and the gun's range (according to different weights of cartridge charges) on the other five faces.[13][14]

Service

The cannon was put to use both on land and at sea.[1] It was fitted to numerous Royal Navy warships of different sizes such as HMS Queen, HMS Odin, HMS Victor Emmanuel, HMS Sepoy and the Conqueror-class ships of the line.[15] Several of these ships saw action during the Crimean War where the 68-pounder was used extensively during the Siege of Sevastopol.[16] Along with 32-pounders and Lancaster guns they were taken from their ship mountings and dragged up to siege batteries by the Naval Brigade, from where they regularly bombarded Russian positions for the next year.[16] The cannon was also fitted in large numbers to the Aetna-class ironclad floating batteries, although these had little impact on the war.[15]

File:Iron 64lb RML at Fort Nelson.JPG
A typical land based traversing carriage. This is actually a 64-pounder rifled muzzle loading cannon, displayed at Fort Nelson.

Most notably the 68-pounder was fitted to the Warrior-class battleships Warrior and Black Prince. Originally it was intended to fit forty 68-pounders, primarily on one gun deck, but this specification changed during their building and they were finally equipped with twenty-six 68-pounders (13 on each side).[17] Alongside these, the ships were equipped with new rifled breech loading Armstrong guns of two types; 7 inch and 40 pounders.[17] Although the Armstrong guns represented a new direction in artillery, the breech loading mechanism meant that they were unable to withstand the explosion of a heavy cartridge. Smaller cartridge charges were therefore required and the gun's muzzle velocity suffered as a result.[3] Ironically the Armstrong Guns were therefore incapable of penetrating the armour fitted to the Warrior-class ships, while the 68-pounder (with its high muzzle velocity) could.[3][18] As late as 1867 it was planned to fit the new Plover class gunvessels with 68-pounders, but they were instead completed with a RML 7 inch gun and a RML 64 pounder 64 cwt gun.[19]

On land the 68-pounder was used extensively in British coastal defences constructed during the 1850s - notably at forts like Gomer and Elson defending Portsmouth, and Forts Victoria, Albert and Freshwater Redoubt defending the Needles Passage.[20] The 1859 Royal Commission envisaged arming the numerous new forts they proposed with the 68-pounder cannon and costed for them accordingly.[3][4] The introduction of the Armstrong gun initially led many to think that weapon would be used instead, but whilst the forts were being built, the Armstrong gun's weaknesses were exposed and the military reverted to using muzzle loaded weapons.[3] However, the advantages of rifling and the Armstrong's wrought iron construction were retained, leading to a new design of artillery piece – rifled muzzle loaders.[3]

Conversion to rifled muzzle loader

File:RML 80 pounder 5 ton gun Smiths Hill Fort Wollongong.jpg
RML 80-pounder 5 ton gun at Smiths Hill Fort, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

The introduction of rifled muzzle loaders (also classed as RMLs) rendered smoothbore guns largely obsolete.[21] However, the 68-pounder and other smoothbores still existed in large numbers and various attempts were made to adapt the guns to fire new projectiles.[3][21] Eventually Captain William Palliser patented a method of boring out the gun barrel and inserting a wrought iron rifled liner.[21] This allowed rifled shot and shells to be fired from old smoothbore cannon and experiments revealed that it made them even more powerful than they had been before.[22] Introduced in 1872, 68-pounders adapted in this way were classified as RML 68-pounder 5 ton or RML 80-pounder 5 ton and had a calibre of 6.3 inches (16.00 cm). With a 10 lb (4.5 kg) powder charge they could fire an 80 lb (36 kg) projectile at a muzzle velocity of 1,240 feet per second (380 m/s).[23] They were deployed as coast defence and garrison artillery around the British Empire and remained in service until eventually declared obsolete in 1921.[24]

See also

References

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Bibliography

  • Cantwell, Anthony (1985). Fort Victoria: 1852–1969. Isle of Wight County Council Cultural Services. ISBN 0906328322. 
  • Hogg, Ian (1974). Coast Defences of England and Wales, 1856 – 1956. Vancouver: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-6353-0. 
  • Lambert, Andrew (1987). Warrior: Restoring the World's First Ironclad. London: Conway. ISBN 0-85177-411-3. 
  • Winton, John (1987). Warrior, The First and the Last. Cornwall: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-907771-34-3. 
  • Winton, John (2001) [First published in 2000]. An Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. London: Salamander Books. ISBN 1-84065-218-7. 
Template:VictorianEraBritishNavalWeapons
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Template:Cite sign
  2. ↑ "HMS Warrior - Armament". The Warrior Preservation Trust. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Hogg, p. 37
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hogg, p. 25
  5. ↑ Lambert, p. 99
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lambert, p. 82
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cantwell, p. 21
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Winton (1987), p. 30
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Cantwell, p. 28
  10. ↑ Winton (1987), p. 29
  11. ↑ Lambert, pp. 86–87
  12. ↑ Cantwell, p. 28
  13. ↑ Winton (1987), p. 33
  14. ↑ Cantwell, pp. 21, 28
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Template:Winfield
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Winton (2001), p. 112
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Winton (1987), p. 6
  18. ↑ Cantwell, p. 31
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  20. ↑ "The Palmerston Forts Society - Fortlog data sheets". Retrieved 2010-05-08. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Hogg, p.39
  22. ↑ Hogg, p. 40
  23. ↑ Owen, John Fletcher (1879). Treatise on Construction of Service Ordnance 1879. p. 94. 
  24. ↑ Hogg, p. 248
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