Adams-Stokes syndrome
| Adams-Stokes syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | I45.9 |
| ICD-9 | 426.9 |
| DiseasesDB | 12443 |
| MeSH | D000219 |
The term Stokes-Adams Attack refers to a sudden, transient episode of syncope, occasionally featuring seizures. It is named after two Irish physicians,[1] Robert Adams (1791–1875)[2] and William Stokes (1804–1877).[3]
Signs and symptoms
Prior to an attack, a patient may become pale, their heart rhythm experiences a temporary pause, and collapse may follow. Normal periods of unconsciousness last approximately thirty seconds; if seizures are present, they will consist of twitching after 15–20 seconds. Breathing continues normally throughout the attack, and so on recovery the patient becomes flushed as the heart rapidly pumps the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary beds into a systemic circulation which has become dilated due to hypoxia.[4]
As with any syncopal episode that results from a cardiac dysrhythmia, the faints do not depend on the patient's position. If they occur during sleep, the presenting symptom may simply be feeling hot and flushed on waking.[4]
Diagnosis
Stokes-Adams attacks may be diagnosed from the history, with paleness prior to the attack and flushing after it particularly characteristic. The ECG will show asystole or ventricular fibrillation during the attacks.
Causes
The attacks are caused by loss of cardiac output due to cardiac asystole, heart block, Lev's disease or ventricular fibrillation. The resulting lack of blood flow to the brain is responsible for the faint.
Treatment
Initial treatment can be medical, involving the use of drugs like isoproterenol (Isuprel) and epinephrine (adrenaline). Definitive treatment is surgical, involving the insertion of a pacemaker – most likely one with sequential pacing such as a DDI mode as opposed to the older VVI mechanisms,[4] and the doctor may arrange the patient to undergo Electrocardiography to confirm this type of treatment.[5]
Prognosis
If undiagnosed (or untreated), Stokes-Adams attacks have a 50% mortality within a year of the first episode. The prognosis following treatment is very good.
References
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sv:Adams-Stokes syndrom- ↑ synd/1158 at Who Named It?
- ↑ R. Adams. Cases of Diseases of the Heart, Accompanied with Pathological Observations. Dublin Hospital Reports, 1827, 4: 353-453.
- ↑ W. Stokes. Observations on some cases of permanently slow pulse. Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science, 1846, 2: 73-85.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Chart 63: "Faintness and Fainting" ISBN: 0-86318-864-8, page 161
