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...ing of the digestive system and be toxic to the other organs including the liver and kidneys. * Large amounts of liver Can cause Vitamin A toxicity, which affects muscles and bones.

| metabolism = Liver ...agent, meaning that it accumulates preferentially in the [[lysosomes]] of cells in the body. The pKa for the quinoline nitrogen of chloroquine is 8.5, me

...s. This may lead to severe liver damage and even death by [[fulminant]] [[liver failure]]. ...o toxic metabolites. These actions serve to protect [[hepatocyte]]s in the liver from NAPQI toxicity.

...Iron chelator triggers inflammatory signals in human intestinal epithelial cells: involvement of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pat

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]]—by [[CYP3A4]], to active [[epoxide]] form (carbamazepine-10,11 ...fic patient. However, after enough carbamazepine has been presented to the liver tissue, the CYP3A4 activity increases, speeding up drug clearance and short

...ientia Vol. 32..702, 1976, ''Anthelminitic Activity of Albendazole Against Liver Flukes, Tapeworms, Lung and Gastrointestinal Roundworms''</ref> ...ndazole causes degenerative alterations in the [[tegument]] and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the [[colchicine]]-sensitive site of [[tubulin]],

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...ively inhibits]] most [[isoform]]s of [[alkaline phosphatase]] (e.g. human liver, bone, kidney, and spleen) except the intestinal and placental isoform.<ref

Praziquantel is also used to treat [[liver fluke]]s such as ''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'', <ref name="pmid17570980">{{ci ...have a half-life of 4 to 5 hours. In patients with significantly impaired liver function (Child Pugh classes B ll///d C), the serum half-life is increased

...ctase. This reduction causes the production of toxic products to anaerobic cells, and allows for selective accumulation in anaerobes. ...appens only in anaerobic cells, it has relatively little effect upon human cells or [[aerobic bacteria]].<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Barry I. |last1=Eisenstein

| metabolism = liver (75%) ...l concentrated in the urine: 75% of the dose is rapidly metabolised by the liver, but 25% of the dose is excreted in the urine unchanged, reliably achieving

...tients have found [[crystal]]lized clofazimine in the intestinal mucosa, [[liver]], [[spleen]], and [[lymph nodes]]. ...handy KG. |title=The voltage-gated Kv1.3 K(+) channel in effector memory T cells as new target for MS. |journal=J Clin Invest. |volume=111 |issue=11 |pages=

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] (mostly [[CYP2E1]]-mediated) ..., Molin L, Lindroth M. Granulocyte-mediated release of histamine from mast cells. Effect of myeloperoxidase and its inhibition by antiinflammatory sulfone c

|metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] and intestinal wall Rifampicin inhibits DNA-dependent [[RNA polymerase]] in bacterial cells by binding its beta-subunit, thus preventing transcription to [[RNA]] and s

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...f the treatment of [[tuberculous meningitis]]. It is metabolised by the [[liver]] and the metabolic products are excreted by the kidneys.

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] It binds to [[keratin]] in keratin precursor cells and makes them resistant to fungal infections. It is only when hair or skin

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] [[oxidation]] and [[glucuronidation]]<br>[[Cytochrome P450 oxidas ...patient's body and can indirectly increase the number of [[immune system]] cells (called [[T cell]]s or [[Helper T cell|CD4+ T-cell]]s). Both of these chang

...e inhibitors. More specifically, ritonavir is used to inhibit a particular liver enzyme that normally [[metabolize]]s [[protease inhibitor]]s, [[CYP3A4|cyto ...nsulin-regulated transporter, keeping glucose from entering fat and muscle cells{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}. This can lead to [[insulin resista

...increased concentration of the enzymes which convert amidine to amide, in liver tissue. Viramidine is in [[Clinical_trial#Phase_III|phase III]] human trial ...provided by adenine kinase. This enzyme is more active in virally infected cells.

...YP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes |journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition |volume=30 |issue=7 |pa ...ction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells |journal=Journal of Anesthesia |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=107–9 |year=199

...also against eukaryotic topoisomerases and are toxic to cultured mammalian cells and in vivo tumor models. |first1=C |first2=M |issn=1568-0118}}</ref> Although quinolones are highly toxic to mammalian cells in culture, its mechanism of cytotoxic action is not known. Quinolone induc

...A, Szajewska H |title=Pharmacological interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and in children: a systematic review |journal=J Pediatr G ...2010). Retrieved on September 2, 2010.</ref> Rosiglitazone actively makes cells more sensitive to insulin, complementing the action of the metformin. In 20

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]]—[[glucuronidation|glucuronide conjugation]] 30–50%, mitochond ...deacetylase]] [[HDAC1]] is needed for [[HIV]] to remain latent in infected cells. A study published in August 2005 found that three of four patients treated

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...sdate=2009-11-01}}</ref> In addition, the high doses of aspirin used cause liver toxicity in about 20% of the treated children,<ref>{{cite pmid|14651540}}</

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] (16%) ...lux, thus increasing calcium concentration in myocardiocytes and pacemaker cells. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na⁺/

...ansduction that normally results from the bending of stereocilia on [[hair cells]]. (demonstrated in 1991 by Mario Ruggero and Nola Rich from the University ...experiencing kidney failure. It should be used with caution in horses with liver problems or electrolyte abnormalities. Overdose may lead to dehydration, ch

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...s, used primarily to treat [[heart failure]], [[ascites]] in patients with liver disease, low-[[renin]] [[hypertension]], [[hypokalemia]], secondary hyperal

...ride]]), is an important [[carbohydrate]] in [[biology]]. [[Cell (biology)|Cells]] use it as a source of energy and a metabolic intermediate. Glucose is one In animals, glucose is synthesized in the [[liver]] and [[kidney]]s from non-carbohydrate intermediates, such as [[pyruvate]]

...78-0-323-05371-6.</ref> Permissive effect of cortisol on insulin action on liver glycogenesis is observed in hepatocyte culture in laboratory, although the ....</ref> Cortisol (as opticortinol) may inversely inhibit [[IgA]] precursor cells in the intestines of calves.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Husband AJ, Brandon

...e]] and [[fatty acid]]s, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body.<ref name="sabyasachi"/> | [[Liver]]

...was killed by drinking a mercury and powdered [[jade]] mixture (causing [[liver failure]], [[poison]]ing, and [[brain death]]) intended to give him eternal ...een discontinued with the replacement of other technologies using membrane cells.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2010-09-06|url=http://www.ehjournal.net/content/

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...[[mitochondria]].<ref>{{cite pmid | 20544523}}</ref> Drugs that inhibit [[liver|hepatic]] [[glucuronidation]], such as [[indomethacin]], [[acetylsalicylic

*[[Hepatotoxicity]] or [[liver]] [[toxicity|damage]] (due to [[acetaminophen]] or [[paracetemol]] (APAP; T *[[Liver failure]] (again, due to acetaminophen)

| metabolism = 90 to 95% [[Liver|Hepatic]] ...journal |author=Khashab M, Tector AJ, Kwo PY |title=Epidemiology of acute liver failure |journal=Curr Gastroenterol Rep |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=66–73 |

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] - [[CYP2C19]] ...as body weight and condition being treated. For the elderly or people with liver disorders, initial dose is at the low end of the range, with the dose being

Strychnos is recommended for liver cancer, upset stomach, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, intestinal i ...However some Chinese studies have reported that Strychnos can kill cancer cells grown in laboratory dishes.

...t, [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] occurs. Glucagon, secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, helps the body utilise stored [[glycogen]] or convert non- ...ntrolling influence of regulatory T cells and tolerance-inducing dendritic cells.

* Can induce microvesicular [[fatty liver]]. ...ein. This protein actively exports tetracycline out of the cell, rendering cells harboring this gene more resistant to the drug.

...ifylline's [[anti-TNF]] properties indicates it for treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease. ...=Insights into the regulation of TNF-alpha production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition. | journal=Clinic

...biodegradation by peptidases in the intestine, blood circulation, and the liver. It was approved by the United States FDA on 6 March 2007, and for use in E

...nates have been used to encapsulate various herbicides, microorganisms and cells. ...bons, however, can be degraded by microbes. They are taken in by microbial cells, ‘activated' by attachment to coenzyme-A, and converted to cellular metab

...to kill cancerous cells during [[chemotherapy]] whilst protecting healthy cells within the body. ...dietary polyprenols and their modification to active dolichols by the rat liver” // Biol. Chem. – 1983. – Vol. 258. – P. 916-922”</ref>.

...="Aulton"/> Popular medicated emulsions include [[calamine lotion]], [[cod liver oil]], [[Polysporin]], [[cortisol]] cream, [[Canesten]] and [[Fleet (laxati ...r organisms]]. The exceptions are [[Spermatozoon|sperm cells]] and [[blood cells]], which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to their membrane structures.

...8/rsif.2009.0300.</ref> Normal functioning of the [[kidney]], [[brain]], [[liver]], [[heart]], and numerous other systems can be affected by uranium exposur ...U is also a point of medical controversy. Multiple studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents suggest the possibility of [[leukemia|leukemogenic]]

...e student Jessica Gluck has demonstrated that viable and functioning liver cells can be grown on textile scaffolds [http://www.physorg.com/news96302396.html

...orbed from the [[duodenum]] and carries it in the [[bloodstream|blood]] to cells.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000079|title=How Mammals Acqu ...or-α-induced iron sequestration and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells |first9=H |last9=Eguchi |first8=M |last8=Izumi |first7=Y |last7=Hasuike |fi

Food sources of PABA include liver, brewer's yeast (and unfiltered beer), kidney, molasses, and whole grains.< ...al growth is limited through [[folate]] deficiency without effect on human cells.

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] [[acetylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] ...terial cells (or any cell dependent on synthesizing folic acid) over human cells. Bacterial resistance to sulfamethoxazole are caused by mutations in the

...used extensively to reduce mitochondrial DNA copy number in proliferating cells.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Diaz F, Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Rana M, Mora M, Hao ...green was actually found to be more mutagenic than EthBr to the bacterial cells exposed to UV (which is what a researcher typically does) <ref>{{cite journ

...nterstain]]. Malachite green can also directly stain [[endospore]]s within cells; here a [[safranin]] counterstain is often used. Malachite green can also ...aused carcinogenic symptoms, but a direct link between malachite green and liver tumor was not established.<ref>{{cite journal | author = S.J. Culp et al. |

Although ergothioneine cannot be made in human cells, it is present in some tissues at high levels as it is absorbed from the di ...araman-Jurukovska N, Dong KK, Damaghi N, Smiles KA, Yarosh DB. |title=Skin cells and tissue are capable of using l-ergothioneine as an integral component of

...educes heat loss through the skin and causes the person to feel cold. The liver produces extra heat. If these measures are insufficient to make the blood ...a part of the [[innate immune system]]. They are produced by [[phagocytic cells]] and cause the increase in the thermoregulatory set-point in the hypothala

...4&nbsp;ribs, 5&nbsp;[[aorta]], 6&nbsp;[[spleen]], 7&8&nbsp;kidneys, 9&nbsp;liver. ...eoplasm]]) is a class of [[disease]]s in which a group of [[cell (biology)|cells]] display ''uncontrolled growth'' ([[cell division|division]] beyond the no

...the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1083/jcb.2. ...ommercial use as the chief cathodic material for commercial disposable dry cells and dry batteries of both the standard (zinc-carbon) and alkaline types.<re

...Benzene damages the [[bone marrow]] and can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to [[anemia]]. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress th Human exposure to benzene is a global health problem. Benzene targets liver, kidney, lung, heart and the brain and can cause [[DNA]] strand breaks, [[c

...tro'' studies with human kidney cells and ''in vivo'' tests with rat liver cells and peripheral blood leukocytes in humans.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baccarel ...has been linked to bladder and kidney cancer in addition to cancer of the liver, prostate, skin, lungs and nasal cavity.<ref>The Tox Guide for Arsenic (200

...romium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells|volume = 9|pages = 1643–1648|date=1 December 1995| journal = Federation ...ransport mechanisms, only limited amounts of '''chromium(III)''' enter the cells. Several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium(II

...able]] [[nickel-cadmium battery|nickel-cadmium batteries]]. Nickel-cadmium cells have a nominal cell potential of 1.2&nbsp;[[Volt|V]]. The cell consists of ...n.ca/View.asp?Document_ID=10690&Attachment_ID=25585 Warning Moose and Deer Liver]

Elevated lead in the body can be detected by the presence of changes in blood cells visible with a microscope and dense lines in the bones of children seen on ...ract.<ref name="Brunton07-31"/> [[Hemolysis]] (the rupture of [[red blood cells]]) due to acute poisoning can cause [[anemia]] and [[hemoglobinuria|hemoglo

| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] [[glucuronidation]] ...ith [[deferiprone]], deferasirox seems to be capable of removing iron from cells (cardiac myocytes and hepatocytes) as well as removing iron from the blood.

...{alpha}- and {beta}-globin in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and glial cells.] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106:15454–15459. PMID 19717439 {{doi|10.1073/ ...e described growing hemoglobin crystals by successively diluting red blood cells with a solvent such as pure water, alcohol or ether, followed by slow evapo

...[[Thomas Addis]] ||nephrology ||[[pyelonephritis]] || ||quantitative cells and casts in 24hr. urine ...||yellow fever, viral haemorrhagic fevers || ||eosinophilic globules in liver

...splace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface.<ref name="RooksCD" /> In normal ski ...al |author=Swerlick RA, Lawley TJ |title=Role of microvascular endothelial cells in inflammation |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=1

|red blood cells |red blood cells

...fectious canine hepatitis]] is a sometimes fatal infectious disease of the liver.<ref name=Ettinger_1995>{{cite book|author=Ettinger, Stephen J.;Feldman, Ed ...s]] is an infectious disease caused by a [[spirochaete]]. Symptoms include liver and kidney failure and [[vasculitis]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Heuter, Ke

...St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries]], is to bind the [[liver]] of a [[toad]] around the victim's throat and stand [[nude]] in a barrel o ...the victim's body temperature to skyrocket to deadly levels. Also damages cells upon contact.

...]]), gases, hormones, [[blood]] cells, etc. to and from [[cells (biology)|cells]] in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature an ...ch consists of [[blood plasma|plasma]], [[red blood cells]], [[white blood cells]], and [[platelets]]. Also, the [[digestive system]] works with the circul

...>f’. Leucocytes below epithelium.<BR>g. [[Bloodvessels]].<BR>h. [[Muscle cells]] cut across. | ...and, in particular, the released fatty acids can be stored in [[adipose]] cells as [[triglycerides]]. As triglycerides are lost from VLDL the lipoprotein p

...efore 1654.It was first described in [[1651]] as the source of white blood cells.<ref name=Thomson1843/>--> ...[[interstitial fluid]], which comes into contact with the [[parenchyma]]l cells of the body. Lymph is the fluid that is formed when [[interstitial fluid]]

...ability of phosphorus governs the rate of growth of many organisms. Living cells also use phosphate to transport cellular energy via [[adenosine triphosphat ...de muscle and neurological dysfunction, and disruption of muscle and blood cells due to lack of ATP.

...ation of [[lymphocyte]]s, one of the five different types of [[white blood cells]] (WBC), and is also more formally called [[lymphoid]] [[hematopoiesis]]. ...ed to be of the [[lymphoid]] lineage as opposed to other lineages of blood cells such as the [[myeloid]] lineage and the [[erythroid]] lineage.

...blood stem cells for allogeneic transplantation: a review |journal=[[Stem Cells]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=108–17 |year=2001 |pmid=11239165 |doi= 10.16 ...l.'' |title=Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases |journal=JAMA |volume=299 |issue=8 |pages=925–3

...the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the [[liver]]. It plays an important role in the [[renin-angiotensin system]]. Angioten ...is produced constitutively and released into the circulation mainly by the liver.

...capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the capillary cells. [[Vein]]s bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. ...ells. At the same time, carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse from the cells into the bloodstream.

...a contractile manner. The interior is lined with [[Endothelium|endothelial cells]] called tunica intima. Most veins have one-way flaps called venous valves ...use portal hypertension, which results in a decrease of blood fluid to the liver.

...[organ (biology)|organ]]. The more [[Metabolism|metabolically]] active the cells, the more capillaries they will require to supply nutrients and carry away ...laries which branch mainly from metarterioles and provide exchange between cells and the circulation. Secondly, capillary beds also consists of a vascular s

...nd back, to the legs and back, etc.), so it is incorrect to think of blood cells travelling the ''entire'' circulatory distance. The average adult heart pum

Sinusoids are found in the [[liver]], [[lymphoid tissue]], [[endocrine]] organs, and [[hematopoietic]] organs ...nter-cellular clefts, fewer tight junctions, and fenestrated [[endothelial cells]]. The level of permeability is such as to allow small and medium-sized [[p

...ppler echocardiography in the assessment of portopulmonary hypertension in liver transplant candidates. Transplantation 2001;71:572-574</ref><ref name=Tappe ...of invasive hemodynamic monitoring following anesthesia induction prior to liver transplantation.<ref>Hadengue et al. Pulmonary hypertension complicating po

...nabinoid CB₂ receptors are expressed by perivascular microglial cells in the human brain: an immunohistochemical study |journal=Synapse |volume=5 .... PMID 16449552</ref><ref>Downer EJ, Campbell, VA. "Phytocannabinoids, CNS cells and development: A dead issue?" ''Drug and Alcohol Review''. 2010 Jan;29(1)

In propanoic acidemia, propionate acts as a metabolic toxin in liver cells by accumulating in mitochondria as propionyl-CoA and its derivative, methyl

...m the body, perhaps by interfering with the [[metabolism]] of THC in the [[liver]]. ...was reported that CBD reduces growth of aggressive human [[breast cancer]] cells ''[[in vitro]]'' and reduces their invasiveness.

...[[Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB₂]] receptor, mainly present in cells of the [[immune system]]. It acts as a partial [[agonist]] on both receptor ...an [[animal model]] by preventing the inflammation caused by [[microglia]] cells which are activated by binding of [[amyloid]] protein.<ref name="pmid157288

...ith exceptions being the [[pancreas]], [[placenta]], [[adipose tissue]], [[liver]], [[prostate]] and [[skin]].<ref name="pmid15127180"/> K_Ca2.3 i ...I, Roncarati R, Grasso S, ''et al.'' |title=SK3 trafficking in hippocampal cells: the role of different molecular domains. |journal=Biosci. Rep. |volume=26

| metabolism = Hepatic (liver) enzymes: major [[CYP2D6]], minor [[CYP3A4]], and minor [[CYP3A5]] ...stigation of [[dimemorfan]], dextromethorphan and [[dextrorphan]] in mouse cells, dextromethorpan binds with relatively high affinity to Sigma-1 receptors a

...the body to the active NSAID. More specifically, the agent is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide that is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from ...ase. Sulindac is much more likely than other NSAIDs to cause damage to the liver or pancreas.

| metabolism = liver ...nst COX) r-enantiomer of etodolac inhibits beta-catenin levels in hepatoma cells. <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275129 </ref>

# Disorders involving the formation of blood cells (haematopoietic disorders) # Mild to moderately decreased liver function

...xposure to trichloroethylene has been associated with toxic effects in the liver and kidney <ref name="epa.gov"/>. Over time, occupational exposure limits o ...d that exposure to trichloroethylene is carcinogenic in animals, producing liver cancer in mice, and kidney cancer in rats.<ref name="epa.gov"/><ref>http://

...potassium ions through certain types of [[potassium channels]] in [[nerve cells]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1 = Patel|first1 = Amanda J.|last2 = Honoré|first ...iness, fatigue, and headache. Chronic chloroform exposure can damage the [[liver]] (where chloroform is metabolized to [[phosgene]]) and to the [[kidney]]s,

...].<ref name="dea-daterape"/> GHB is naturally produced in the human body's cells and is structurally related to the [[ketone body]] [[beta-hydroxybutyrate]] ...ase in tryptophan transport to the brain and in its uptake by serotonergic cells. As the serotonergic system may be involved in the regulation of sleep, moo