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...cells. The steroid/receptor complexes dimerise and interact with cellular DNA in the nucleus, binding to steroid-response elements and modifying gene tra

...rst1=Barry I. |last1=Eisenstein |first2=Moselio |last2=Schaechter |chapter=DNA and Chromosome Mechanics |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=1Zl70

...urnal | author=Tu Y, McCalla DR | title=Effect of activated nitrofurans on DNA, | year=1975 | journal=Biochem Biophys Acta | volume=402 | pages=142–

...inhibition of the enzyme starves the bacteria of two bases necessary for [[DNA replication]] and [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]].

...hibition of the enzyme starves the bacteria of nucleotides necessary for [[DNA replication]].

...orrison, N. E., and G. M. Morley. 1976. The mode of action of clofazimine: DNA binding studies. Int. J. Lepr. 44:133-135.</ref> It also increases activity

Rifampicin inhibits DNA-dependent [[RNA polymerase]] in bacterial cells by binding its beta-subunit ...cannot stop the elongation of mRNA once binding to the template-strand of DNA has been initiated.<ref name="Hardman">Hardman, Joel G., Lee E. Limbird, an

...he conversion into 5-flourodeoxyuridinemonophosphate which inhibits fungal DNA synthesis.

...clo-GTP from the chain, which results in inhibition of further activity of DNA polymerase. Acyclo-GTP is fairly rapidly [[metabolism|metabolised]] within ...ent viral thymidine kinase; and mutations to viral thymidine kinase and/or DNA polymerase, altering substrate sensitivity.<ref name="Martindale34">Sweetma

...g [[reverse transcriptase]], the enzyme that copies HIV RNA into new viral DNA. By interfering with this process, which is central to the replication of H

...ester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, and therefore, the viral DNA growth is terminated.

...atural substrate, thymidine triphosphate. It also causes termination of [[DNA synthesis]] by incorporating into it.

...ptase]] enzyme, an essential viral enzyme which transcribes viral RNA into DNA. Unlike nucleoside RTIs, which bind at the enzyme's active site, NNRTIs act

...ptase]] enzyme, an essential viral enzyme which transcribes viral RNA into DNA. Unlike nucleoside RTIs, which bind at the enzyme's active site, NNRTIs bin

Ribavirin is active against a number of [[DNA]] and [[RNA]] [[virus]]es. It is a member of the [[nucleoside]] antimetabol ...972 it was reported that ribavirin was active against a variety of RNA and DNA viruses in culture and in animals, without undue toxicity.<ref name="Sidwel

...ef> form carbocations that react with biological [[nucleophile]]s (such as DNA or an enzyme) in the cell.

...with the enzymes that cause DNA to rewind after being copied, which stops DNA and protein synthesis. ...|first2=X |issn=1092-2172}}</ref> enzymes necessary to separate bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division.

...taining technique, methylene blue can also be used to examine [[RNA]] or [[DNA]] under the [[microscope]] or in a gel: as an example, a solution of methyl }}</ref> In some circumstances, the combination can cause DNA damage that may lead to cancer.<ref name="pmid19218330">{{Cite journal

...ated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. Since platelets have no DNA, they are unable to synthesize new PTGS once aspirin has irreversibly inhib

A type of DNA variant known as a [[single nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNP) may help predic

...th the synthesis of purines]] (adenine and guanine), which is required for DNA synthesis. Fast-growing cells, including T-cells and B-cells, are particul Azathioprine is a [[DNA synthesis inhibitor]], as it is converted to a purine analogue inhibiting t

...of the wider Collie family unless they prove double positive after a MDR1 DNA test

...These unwanted side effects might be caused by the sensitivity of the γ-DNA polymerase in the cell [[mitochondria]].<ref>{{cite pmid | 20544523}}</ref> ...e transcription is necessary for production of the viral double-stranded [[DNA]], which is subsequently integrated into the genetic material of the infect

...nzyme]]s, either as an assay for their reactivity or to suppress damage to DNA or proteins. In analytical chemistry, EDTA is used in [[complexometric tit

...hora tomentosa'', the type species of the genus ''Sophora'', observed from DNA sequence data and morphological characters |journal=Botanical Journal of th

...analysis using the [[primary structure|sequences]] of nuclear [[ribosomal DNA]] [[internal transcribed spacer]] (ITS) loci was not conclusive but seems t

...nd ''[[Digitalis lanata]]''. It is used as a [[molecular probe]] to detect DNA or RNA. It can easily be attached to nucleotides by chemical modifications.

...was placed in the family [[Liliaceae]], but [[phylogenetic]] analyses of [[DNA sequence]]s later showed that it did not belong there. <ref name="bogler200

...'' and ''[[Digitalis lanata]]''. It is used as a molecular probe to detect DNA or RNA. It can easily be attached to nucleotides by chemical modifications.

...et into the nucleus of the [[epithelial]] cells, forming a bond with the [[DNA]], causing the cells to die. The brown colour is caused by the production o

...e. The purpose of this "Yew Conservation Hedge Project" is to maintain the DNA of ''Taxus baccata''. The species is threatened by felling, partly due to r

According to recent studies of [[DNA sequence]] data<ref name = dnaphylogeny>Steinmann & Porter (2002), Steinman

...st = Kuklin | first = Alexander | title = How Do Witches Fly?| publisher = DNA Press | month = February | year = 1999

....bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1310950 |title=h2g2 - Stinging Nettles |publisher=BBC DNA |date= |accessdate=2010-07-05}}</ref> or can be used to make a liquid ferti

| title = Propolis and some of its constituents down-regulate DNA synthesis and inflammatory cytokine production but induce TGF-beta1 product

...ganic anions (e.g. benzoate, succinate) to complex biomolecules, including DNA. This has led to an intense interest in the use of LDH [[intercalate]]s for * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080318212430.htm LDH, DNA and Hydrothermal Vents - Science Daily]

...electrolytes. For instance, [[polypeptides]] (thus all [[proteins]]) and [[DNA]] are polyelectrolytes. Both natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes are use ...[[adsorption|adsorb]] to two (or more) oppositely charged macroions (e.g. DNA molecule) thus establishing molecular bridges and via its connectivity medi

'''[[Threose]] nucleic acid''' (TNA) is a [[polymer]] similar to [[DNA]] or [[RNA]] but differing in the composition of its "backbone". TNA is not DNA and RNA have a [[deoxyribose]] and [[ribose]] sugar backbone, respectively,

[[File:ADN animation.gif|thumb|right|220px|Microstructure of part of a [[DNA]] [[double helix]] '''biopolymer''']] ...ms. [[Cellulose]], [[starch]], [[chitin]], [[protein]]s, [[peptide]]s, [[DNA]] and [[RNA]] are all examples of biopolymers, in which the [[monomer]]ic u

...ion does not necessarily produce identical molecules as in the case in the DNA-coded synthesis of biopolymers. A polymeric material typically consists of

...banov AM, Langer R |year= 2004| title= Exploring polyethylenimine-mediated DNA transfection and the proton sponge hypothesis. | journal= Journal of Gene M ...>Brissault, B. et al. Synthesis of Linear Polyethylenimine Derivatives for DNA Transfection. Bioconjugate Chemistry 14, 581-587 (2003)</ref> and sold as j

...s Research Center at University of Auckland is developing a range of novel DNA sensor technologies based on conducting polymers, photoluminescent polymers

...s being [[silly putty]] and waterproof plumbing sealant. The backbone of [[DNA]] is in fact based on a [[phosphodiester bond]], and repeating units of [[p ...es to [[Transcription (genetics)|transcribe]] genetic information from the DNA to [[ribonucleic acid|RNA]] and subsequently [[Translation (biology)|transl

| Release of [[norfloxacin]] which inhibits bacterial DNA [[gyrase]] and cell growth.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moon|first=W.-S.|coauth

...e drawing more attention. Research on microfluidic found its advantages in DNA analysis, lab-on-a-chip, and micro-TAS. Devices in a microfluidic system in ...are utilized to achieve single-molecule sensing and diagnosis, as well as DNA separation. In many cases, nanofluidic devices are integrated within a micr

...ical hazard.<ref>Miller, A.C. (2002) "Depleted uranium-catalyzed oxidative DNA damage: absence of significant alpha particle decay," ''Journal of Inorgani |DNA

...i=b609495c|title = Synthetic metallomolecules as agents for the control of DNA structure|journal = Chem. Soc. Rev.|volume = 36|pages = 471–483|doi = 10.

...ahweol and cafestol against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage |journal=Toxicol. Lett. |volume=173 |issue=2 |pages=80–7 |year=200

DNA and RNA are built up of the sugars ribose and deoxyribose. The sugar in DNA, [[deoxyribose]], has the formula C₅H₁₀O₄.

...y amine group in a protein molecule with a nearby nitrogen in a protein or DNA molecule through a -CH₂- linkage called a [[Schiff base]]. The e

...tide reductase]] (reduces [[ribose]] to [[deoxyribose]]; [[DNA replication|DNA biosynthesis]]), [[hemerythrin]]s ([[oxygen]] transport and fixation in [[M ...<ref name="pmid16226281">{{cite journal |title=Hemoglobin and hemin induce DNA damage in human colon tumor cells HT29 clone 19A and in primary human colon

...t Padimate-O and through an SPF-15 sunscreen reduces direct photodamage to DNA but increases strand breaks| journal=Mutation Research| volume=1999| issue=

...of PABA for the synthesis of [[folic acid]], an important metabolite in [[DNA synthesis]].<ref>Martindale, ''The extra pharmacopoeia'', 30th ed, p. 208</

...m being performed on a piece of evidence. However, it has been shown that DNA can be successfully extracted from samples treated with luminol [[reagent]]

...ce]] with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to [[DNA]]. Under the name '''homidium''', it has been commonly used since the 1950s The reason for ethidium bromide's intense fluorescence after binding with DNA is probably not due to rigid stabilization of the [[phenyl]] [[wiktionary:m

...e of a green color indicates the presence of [[blood]].<ref>[http://static.dna.gov/lab-manual/Linked%20Documents/Protocols/pdi_lab_pro_2.18.pdf Protocol 2 ...-5107(02)00152-5 | title = Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in relation to DNA adduct formation in rats fed leucomalachite green | volume = 506-507 | pmid

...inhibitor]]s, stopping DNA from being unwound, which is required for both DNA replication and RNA/protein synthesis. ...{{ATC|L01|DC01}}). Bleomycin acts in unique way through [[oxidation]] of a DNA-bleomycin-Fe(II) complex and forming [[free radicals]], which induce damage

...cer-promoting genetic abnormalities may randomly occur through errors in [[DNA replication]], or are [[genetic disorder|inherited]], and thus present in a ...resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the [[cell cycle]], orientation and adhesion with

.... Benzene targets liver, kidney, lung, heart and the brain and can cause [[DNA]] strand breaks, [[chromosomal]] damage etc. Benzene causes [[cancer]] in b ...of the glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) showed a greater frequency of DNA single-stranded breaks.<ref name=r2>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/152873908023

...ular of arsenic and its other bases involved in epigenetic modification of DNA.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nicholis|first=I.|year=2009|title=Arsenite medicin

...ndicated that high concentrations of chromium(III) in the cell can lead to DNA damage.<ref name="Eastmond">{{cite journal ...NA]]. The last mechanism attributed the genotoxicity to the binding to the DNA of the end product of the chromium(III) reduction.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite

...mino group]]s in proteins with other nearby nitrogen atoms in protein or [[DNA]] through a -CH₂- linkage. This is exploited in [[ChIP-on-chip]]

...mid|19106443}}</ref> Lead also interferes with [[Transcription (genetics)|DNA transcription]], [[enzyme]]s that help in the synthesis of [[vitamin D]], a

...ub>2</sub>], a catalyst for hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in DNA.^[3]

...nzyme]]s, either as an assay for their reactivity or to suppress damage to DNA or proteins. In analytical chemistry, EDTA is used in [[complexometric tit

...ind polar cellular components after breaking open cells. Non-polar nuclear DNA and RNA remain in water solution above chelex.

...nd its relation with the [[low-frequency collective motion in proteins and DNA|low-frequency resonance]] has been discussed.<ref name="pmid2763333">{{cite

* [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)]], a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup * [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)]], a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup

...eous conditions are caused by two main groups of [[virus]]es–[[DNA virus|DNA]] and [[RNA virus|RNA]] types–both of which are [[Obligation|obligatory]]

| [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]] || DNA mismatch repair dysfunction <br> usually in [[MSH2]] and MLH1 genes || usua

...The disease is common in [[Border collies]].<ref>{{cite web | title = TNS DNA Border Collie Test Results | url = http://www.bordercolliehealth.com/TNSdat

...this refers to the Descolada virus's effects: it breaks the link of the [[DNA double helix]] (ungluing it) and induces mutations. ...the Vidiian species. Organ transplants are required for survival. Klingon DNA seems to be highly resistant to the phage. It was cured by the Think Tank.

[[antibody]]-[[encode|encoding]] [[DNA]] and thus generate a diversity of [[Clone (genetics)|clone]]s in the

...osphate]]s are found pervasively in biology. Phosphate is a component of [[DNA]] and [[RNA]] and an essential element for all [[living cell]]s. Phosphate Inside a cell, phosphate may be structural to a nucleic acid such as [[DNA]] and [[RNA]] or [[phospholipid]]. Outside the cell, phosphate may be disso

...se pair]] is significant so perfect matches require knowledge of the exact DNA sequence of these genes for both donor and recipient. Leading transplant c

...indicating that the cells had divided after the person's birth. By using DNA samples from many hearts, the researchers estimated that a 20-year-old rene

...carcinomas in rats through an unknown mechanism, perhaps by stimulation of DNA synthesis; these tumors did not affect the lifespan of the rats and did not

...ojoka2002a">Kojoka M., O. Iida, Y. Makino, S. Sekita, and M. Satake. 2002. DNA fingerprinting of ''Cannabis sativa'' using inter-simple sequence repeat (I ...=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3a350afeb216af59a8129f894dce17ee Organelle DNA haplotypes reflect crop-use characteristics and geographic origins of ''Can

...tle=Dysfunction of amyloid precursor protein signaling in neurons leads to DNA synthesis and apoptosis. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1772 |issu

...uch as components of the [[cytoskeleton]], [[cell membrane|membrane]], and DNA.

..., the signal creates a change in the cell, either in the expression of the DNA in the nucleus or in the activity of enzymes in the cytoplasm. ...t the DNA at receptor-specific ''Hormone-Responsive Elements'' (''HREs''), DNA sequences that are located in the [[promotor (biology)|promoter]] region of

...al L |title=The anti-bacterial action of diclofenac shown by inhibition of DNA synthesis |journal= Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=2

...fter treatment with CELEBREX (celecoxib), the restored p53 function allows DNA damaged neuroblastoma cells to commit suicide through apoptosis reducing th

...at least six in tomato, most of which have been shown to bind ethylene. [[DNA]] sequences for ethylene receptors have also been identified in many other

...oamyl alcohol 25:24:1 is used to dissolve non-nucleic acid biomolecules in DNA and RNA extractions.

...en Stevens, is suing the government for lax security, because she states [[DNA]] testing would prove the particular strain used in this attack comes from

...cientist Journal'' which contained an article entitled 'The Linguistics of DNA,' and discussed, among other things, [[Genetic code|codon]]s and hidden mes DNA sequencing of the anthrax taken from Robert Stevens (the first victim) was

*December 16: [[DNA]] testing of the anthrax in the Leahy letter matches the [[Ames strain]]. ...at [[The Institute for Genomic Research]] publishes their findings on the DNA sequence of the anthrax spores used in the attacks. The report, which appe

.... Khadaffy's death was officially confirmed on January 20, 2007, through [[DNA analysis]] of both brother's remains. Both were natives of [[Isabela City]] ...been recovered near Patikul, in Jolo in the southern Philippines and that DNA tests had been ordered to confirm the discovery. He was allegedly shot in t

.../news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8192893.stm|title= Pakistan to seek Mehsud DNA proof|date=2009-08-10|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-08-11}}</ref><ref name=

...Atwah's death was confirmed by US officials on October 24, 2006, following DNA testing.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/24/alqaeda.operative ...found the remains of his body on December 27, 2006. Death was confirmed by DNA testing on January 20, 2007<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireSt

...nzymatic reactions. Also, as the building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) they are essential for normal body functions. C

...n the analysis of milk-borne diseases have enabled scientists to track the DNA of the infectious bacteria to the cows on the farms that supplied the raw m

...of technology (e.g. [[Optical computer|optical]], [[quantum computer]]s, [[DNA computing]]) will replace current integrated-circuit technology, and that M ...ssence also a digital problem. Therefore, because of the digital coding of DNA, progress in genetics may also advance at a Moore's law rate. Many futurist