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...id-overdose-antidote-naloxone-over-counter-will-save-lives | title=Selling opioid overdose antidote Naloxone over counter 'will save lives' | publisher=The G ...].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Naloxone may be combined within the same pill as an opioid to decrease the risk of misuse.<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> When given [[i

...g. However, by blocking the action of [[acetylcholine]] at [[muscarinic]] receptors, atropine also serves as a treatment for poisoning by [[organophosphate]] [ ...imation, Salivation, and Sweating (only sympathetic innervation using Musc receptors).

...ta K, Sikand KS, Lambert DG |title=Interaction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells |journal=Journal of Anesthesia |volume ...nting side effects.<ref name="elia" /> The combination of ketamine with an opioid is, however, particularly useful for pain caused by cancer.<ref>{{Cite jour

...rl=}}</ref> This effect may be mediated by 5HT2a and, in particular, 5HT2c receptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine. The Ely Lilly ...ects on serotonin, fluoxetine also increases density of endogenous opioid receptors<ref>{{cite journal |author=de Gandarias JM, Echevarría E, Acebes I, Abecia

...7 |pmid=17585966 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.024 }}</ref> as well as D4 receptors<ref>Browman KE, Curzon P, Pan JB, Molesky AL, Komater VA, Decker MW, Brioni ==== Opioid and cannabinoid transmission ====

...ytic effect in mice in the elevated plus maze: mediation by benzodiazepine receptors|author = Emmanouil, D.E., Johnson, C.H. & Quock, R.M.|journal = Psychopharm ...of N₂O.<ref name="branda"/> Several experiments have shown that opioid receptor antagonists applied directly to the brain block the antinociceptiv

*Other [[opiate]]s and [[opioid]]s ([[narcotic]]s or [[analgesic]]s) ...]] [[analgesic]] [[medication]] and is considered to be the prototypical [[opioid]]. It was discovered in 1804 by Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1

...[[common cold|cold]] and [[Influenza|flu]] remedies. In combination with [[opioid analgesic]]s, paracetamol can also be used in the management of more severe In some formulations, paracetamol is combined with the [[opioid]] [[codeine]], sometimes referred to as [[co-codamol]] ([[British Approved

...[sympathetic nervous system]]. Sympathetic stimulation of α1 [[adrenergic receptors]] causes the [[Muscle contraction|contraction]] of the [[radial muscle]], ...eceptor|muscarinic acetylcholine]] receptors in the eye. By blocking these receptors, the pupils are no longer capable of constriction and dilation results. Su

...rug/combination with a lesser effect (i.e. Acetylpromazine + an Opioid, an Opioid + a Benzodiapezine) would not allow the administration of the inductive age ...ders Blomberg [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488921%20 ''Octopamine receptors from the barnacle Balanus improvisus are activated by the alpha2-adrenocept

...morphine and other opioids by broadening the antinociceptive action of the opioid and possibly other mechanisms, generally lowering the dose requirements of ...an alternative to opioids, or as an adjunctive treatment for use alongside opioid(s) or other analgesics.<ref name="Heel">{{cite journal | author= Heel RC, B

...inobutyric acid ('''GABA'''), but is not believed to act on the same brain receptors. ...rity of withdrawal symptoms experienced by those physically dependent on [[opioid]] analgesics, such as [[heroin]], [[morphine]], and [[oxycodone]].<ref>[htt

'''Endorphins''' ("'''endo'''genous mo'''rphin'''e") are [[endogenous]] [[opioid]] [[peptide]]s that function as [[neurotransmitters]].<ref>Oswald Steward: [[Opioid peptide|Opioid neuropeptides]] were first discovered in 1974 by two independent groups of

...idal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) such as the [[salicylate]]s, and [[opioid]] drugs such as [[morphine]] and [[opium]]. They are distinct from [[anesth {{Main|Opioid|Opiate}}

...cology is quite different, acting primarily as [[Mu opioid receptor|mu]]-[[opioid receptor]] agonists. Other active chemicals in kratom include [[raubasine] ...ohimbine]] and [[ibogaine]] but which act on the brain primarily on opiate receptors. The subjective effects of kratom use are similar to the effects of opiate

...ed to relieve minor throat irritation. Menthol also acts as a weak [[kappa Opioid receptor]] [[agonist]]. Menthol's ability to chemically trigger the cold-sensitive [[TRPM8]] receptors in the skin is responsible for the well known cooling sensation that it pro

...mediated through CB₂-mediated peripheral release of endogeous [[opioid peptide]]s,<ref name="pmid15705714">{{cite journal |author=Ibrahim MM, Porr

...n cells of the [[immune system]]. It acts as a partial [[agonist]] on both receptors, i.e., it activates them but not to their full extent. The psychoactive eff ...ist [[rimonabant]] (SR141716A) as well as [[opioid receptor]] antagonists (opioid blockers) [[naloxone]] and [[naloxonazine]].<ref name="Lupica 2004">{{cite

...r case the receptors are typically 7-membrane spanning [[G-protein coupled receptors]] while in the latter case they are [[ligand-gated ion channels]]. The form | [[Locus coeruleus]] || [[adrenergic receptors]] in:

...as testosterone, can pass through the cell membrane, and bind directly to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. ...hin the [[cytoplasm]], and usually act by stimulating the binding of their receptors to the [[promotor (biology)|promoter region]] of steroid-responsive [[genes

...spx?CdrID=41911 US National Cancer Institute, Drug Dictionary]</ref> is an opioid [[medication|drug]] effective against [[diarrhea]] resulting from [[gastroe ...ioid]]-receptor [[agonist]] and acts on the [[Mu Opioid receptor|μ-opioid receptors]] in the [[myenteric plexus]] of the large intestine; by itself it does not

...diction in higher dosages (>2&nbsp;mg) and to control moderate pain in non-opioid tolerant individuals in lower dosages (~200&nbsp;µg). ...uprenorphine's high-dose sublingual pill preparations, were approved for [[opioid]] addiction treatment in September 2006. In the [[Netherlands]], Buprenorph

..., it is a synthetic strong agonist at the [[mu opioid receptor|μ-opioid]] receptors. Historically it has been used to treat [[breakthrough pain|chronic breakth ...tanyl by assaying analogues of the structurally-related drug pethidine for opioid activity.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jm040195b|url=http://www.pauljanss

...chemically unlike [[morphine]] or [[heroin]], methadone also acts on the [[opioid receptor]]s and thus produces many of the same effects. Methadone is also u ...on of effect. Oral doses of methadone can stabilise patients by mitigating opioid [[withdrawal]] syndrome. Higher doses of methadone can block the euphoric e

...syn.20647 | author = Seeman P, Guan HC, Hirbec H | title = Dopamine D2High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and ...nits - this may well be mediated by the lack of related efficacy at the mu-opioid receptor, though the NMDAR certainly does play a role in transmission of pa

...potential]];<ref name="Zhang2005pabs" /><ref name="Valdés1983" /> as a κ-opioid agonist. ...ot contain a [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] [[nitrogen]]), unlike most known [[opioid receptor]] [[ligand]]s.<ref name="Harding2006p107">[[#refHarding2006|Hardin

...de a possible synergy of analgesic effects between hydrocodone and the non-opioid compounds present. However, the effectiveness and safety of hydrocodone com ...thadone linctus, about 33 percent the concentration of the liquid used for opioid physical dependence maintenance or detoxification) and [[dihydrocodeine]] b

...oid]] analgesic. It is also a [[stereoisomer]] of [[levomethorphan]], an [[opioid]] [[analgesic]]. It is named according to [[IUPAC]] rules as (+)-3-methoxy ...n to possess the following properties, mainly in binding assays to various receptors of animal tissues.

[[Image:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Heroin, a powerful opioid and narcotic.]] ...er of ways. Some people define narcotics as substances that bind at opiate receptors (cellular membrane proteins activated by substances like heroin or morphine

...etomidate and propofol at beta3-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. ''Neuropharmacology''. 2009 Sep;57(4):446-55. PMID 19555700</ref> ...{cite web|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/u622522pgw454730/ |title=Opioid and benzodiazepine contributions to etomidate-associated adrenal insufficie

..., and differential electrophysiological profile at recombinant human GABAA receptors. ''Journal of Medicinal Chemistry''. 1998 May 21;41(11):1846–54. PMID 959 ...al anesthesia. Its use is not associated with nausea as is often seen with opioid medications. These characteristics of rapid onset and recovery along with i

...zitoyeva S, Satta R, Imbesi M, Yildiz S, Manev H |title=Drosophila GABA(B) receptors are involved in behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) |jour ...reas of the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus, and these are the receptors that GHB displays the highest affinity for. There has been somewhat limited