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...effect in controlling shivering from [[rigors]], it was still a successful medicine for malaria. At the first opportunity, Salumbrino sent a small quantity to ...=2006-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine|New Engl J Med]] | volume=353 | pages=335&ndash;337 | year=2005 | issue=4 |

...hus fail to transmit an [[action potential]]. This creates the anaesthetic effect by not merely preventing pain signals from propagating to the brain but by * Serious [[adverse drug reaction]] to lidocaine or amide local anaesthetics

...of their antitumor treatment. Dexamethasone can augment the [[antiemetic]] effect of [[5-HT3 antagonist|5-HT₃ receptor antagonists]] like [[ondans ...sher=US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report |volume=USARIEM-TN94-2 |url=http://archive.rubico

...ucosil) – inhaled for mucolytic therapy or ingested for nephroprotective effect (to protect the kidneys) ...ref>) very unpleasant taste and odour, and [[adverse drug reaction|adverse effect]]s (particularly nausea and vomiting). Studies conducted by Baker and Dilge

...ush to see phenytoin evaluated for alternative uses has had little lasting effect on the medical community. This was partially because [[Parke-Davis]] was r According to the FDA's New Safety Information Identified by the [[Adverse Event Reporting System]] (AERS) Phenytoin Injection (Dilantin) has been ass

...most frequent cause of [[pseudomembranous colitis]]). Although this [[side-effect]] occurs with almost all antibiotics, including [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s ...ne in combination are also more effective than either drug alone, although adverse effects are more frequent;<ref name="Wolf">{{cite journal |author=Wolf JE,

| type of medicine = [[antibiotic]], [[antiprotozoal agent|antiprotozoal]] ...eduction usually happens only in anaerobic cells, it has relatively little effect upon human cells or [[aerobic bacteria]].<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Barry I. |

| class2 = [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfonamide antibiotic]] (83.3%) ...le''' (abbreviated SXT, TMP-SMX, TMP-SMZ or TMP-sulfa) is a [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]] [[antibiotic]] combination of [[trimethoprim]] and [[sulfame

===Adverse effects=== Although vancomycin levels are usually monitored, in an effort to reduce adverse events, the value of this is not beyond debate.<ref>{{cite journal

...involved led to the discoveries both of dapsone and of the [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|antibacterial sulfonamides]].<ref name="urlLeprosy | 14 History of dapsone ...ase inhibition has also been suggested as a mechanism for a neuron-sparing effect in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and st

==Adverse effects== The most serious [[Adverse drug reaction|adverse effect]] is related to rifampicin's [[hepatotoxicity]], and patients receiving rif

...erculosis]]''. It is never used on its own. It has no other [[Indication (medicine)|indicated medical uses]]. In particular, it is not used to treat other [[m | title = Effect of pyrazinamide and probenecid on peritoneal urate transport kinetics durin

...istered by regular [[intramuscular injection]]s. An adverse effect of this medicine is [[ototoxicity]], which can lead to hearing loss{{Citation needed|date=Ma * In [[veterinary medicine]], streptomycin is the first line antibiotic for use against [[gram negativ

Serious [[adverse effect (medicine)|side effect]]s include tinnitus or loss of hearing, [[toxicity to kidneys]], and [[alle

...ies with [[enantiomer]] separation and associated variations in biological effect.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} A number of related compounds were found ...ons where other antifungals have failed or are not tolerated (e.g., due to adverse effects), including:<ref name="AMH2006">Rossi S, editor. [[Australian Medic

...ch then evaporates.<ref>Katarzyna Waszkowiak & Krystyna Szymandera-Buszka. Effect of storage conditions on potassium iodide stability in iodised table salt a Thyroid iodine uptake blockade with potassium iodide is used in [[nuclear medicine]] [[scintigraphy]] and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are

...as awarded the 1988 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in Medicine]], partly for the development of aciclovir. Dr. Richard Whitley, a [[Univer An earlier review of scientific literature showed that there is some effect in reducing the number and duration of lesions if aciclovir is applied at a

...e|6-methylmorphine]]) is an [[opiate]] used for its [[analgesic]], [[Cough medicine|antitussive]], and [[Antidiarrhoeal|antidiarrheal]] properties. Codeine is ...hence further metabolism to glucuronide morphine conjugates) does have an effect on the abuse potential of codeine.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1097/00004714-

...to Greek mythology, chose how a person was to die. Atropine is a ''core'' medicine in the [[World Health Organization]]'s "[[WHO Model List of Essential Medic [[Injection (medicine)|Injection]]s of atropine are used in the treatment of [[bradycardia]] (an

...[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Insufflation (medicine)|Insufflate]]d, oral, [[topical]] '''Ketamine''' is a [[drug]] used in human and [[veterinary medicine]] developed by [[Parke-Davis]] (today a part of [[Pfizer]]) in 1962. Its [[

...ifferent brand names and is also available for limited use in [[veterinary medicine]]. ...=4 September 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> in effect upholding Bayer’s agreement to pay Barr Laboratories, Rugby, and Hoechst-

===Medicine=== ...y|endoscopic]] [[polyp (medicine)|polypectomy]] as an adjunct to [[Saline (medicine)|saline]] or [[epinephrine]], and is used for injection into the submucosa

When prescribed appropriately, metformin causes few [[adverse drug reaction|adverse effects]]—the most common is gastrointestinal upset—and, unlike many ot ...officinalis|French lilac]] (''Galega officinalis''), a plant used in folk medicine for several centuries.<ref name = Witters>{{vcite journal |author=Witters L

==Adverse effects== Among the common [[adverse drug reaction|adverse effects]] associated with fluoxetine and listed in the prescribing informat

...cally as an [[antihistamine]] [[antiemetic]]. It has a strong [[sedative]] effect and in some countries is prescribed for insomnia when [[benzodiazepines]] a '''Some common [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effects]] include:'''

Aspirin also has an [[Antiplatelet drug|antiplatelet]] effect by inhibiting the production of [[thromboxane]], which under normal circums ...ans Administration Cooperative Study| journal = The New England journal of medicine| date = 1983-08-18| pmid = 6135989}}</ref> It has also been established tha

...oton pump will be equal in all patients, eliminating the "poor metabolizer effect".{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} Some of the most frequent [[adverse drug reaction|side effects]] of omeprazole (experienced by over 1% of those

...nergic]] [[neurotransmission]] in the [[peripheral nervous system]]. This effect may lower blood pressure and cause [[central nervous system]] effects such ...rapy|treatment]], but its use has declined on account of relatively severe adverse side effects, with increased use of other safer and more tolerable agents s

...are on the [[heart]]. Extracardiac effects are responsible for many of the adverse effects (see below). It has mechanical effects as it increases [[myocardium ...duction velocity increases in the atria, but decreases in the AV node. The effect upon [[Purkinje fiber]]s and ventricles is negligible. Automaticity is also

...osis.<ref>Renal and Electrolyte Disorders Schrier 1976: page 89</ref> This effect can also be used for therapeutic correction of [[respiratory alkalosis]]. ...rnal=US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report |issue=USARIEM-TR-T02/9 |url=http://archive.rubic

...e coronary arteries and some other blood vessels. Ibuprofen is a ''core'' medicine in the [[World Health Organization]]'s "[[WHO Model List of Essential Medic ...uries, with less risk of digestive problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/topical/topkin.html |title=Topical NSAIDs:

...and Philosophical (1800)''. In that publication, Davy notes the analgesic effect of nitrous oxide at page 465 and its potential to be used for surgical oper ...Anæsthesia: Dr. Horace Wells of Hartford|work=Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, May 1933; v.5, n.5, p.421–430|year=1933}}</ref> In the following weeks,

| routes_of_administration = [[Inhalation]] ([[smoking]]), [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] ([[snorting]]), [[oral]], [[rectal]], [[subcutaneous]] (S.C *[[Antidiarrheal]] [[therapeutic effect|effects]]

...Hoboken, N.J.}}</ref> Overshadowed in part by [[aspirin]], introduced into medicine by [[Heinrich Dreser]] in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, pa ...journal|last = Flinn|first = Frederick B|coauthors = Brodie BB|title = The effect on the pain threshold of ''N''-acetyl ''p''-aminophenol, a product derived

...Professor. http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/692-Chinese-medicine-s-great-waste-of-resources</ref> In traditional Chinese medicine, ephedrine has been used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis for cent

...0008/0009F.SGM}}</ref> The pharmacological action of diazepam enhances the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA by binding to the benzodiazepine site on the [ Adverse effects of diazepam include [[anterograde amnesia]] (especially at higher d

...ug reaction|Side effect]]s are as those for other [[Beta-lactam antibiotic#Adverse effects|beta-lactam antibiotic]]s. ...| last=Kagan | first=B | title=Ampicillin rash |journal=Western Journal of Medicine |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=333–335 |year=1977 |url = http://www.pubmedce

...ed treatments are being promoted on the Internet and in some [[alternative medicine]] circles, drawing a warning letter from the [[Food and Drug Administration ...enters Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.'' American Journal of Emergency Medicine 21 (5): 353-421.</ref> There are innumerable reported suicidal cases of con

It has a long history of use as a medicine, cosmetic, and poison. Before the [[Middle Ages]], it was used as an [[Anes ...ef name="harris">{{cite book | title=The Homoeopathic Vade Mecum of Modern Medicine and Surgery: For the Use of Junior Practitioners, Students, Clergymen, Miss

...| last3 = Olivier | first3 = B. | last4 = Verster | first4 = JC. | title = Effect of hypnotic drugs on body balance and standing steadiness. | journal = Slee ==Adverse effects==

...ng half-life allows for once a day dosing which aids patient [[compliance (medicine)|compliance]]. The usual daily dose in all indications ranges from 2.5 mg/d ==Adverse effects==

...it selectively and reversibly inhibits Shaker channels without significant effect on other sodium, calcium, and potassium conductances. ...de effects include dizziness, nervousness and nausea, and the incidence of adverse effects was shown to be less than 5% in all studies.

...n their ordinary sense as covering weapons whose prime, or even exclusive, effect is to poison or asphyxiate," also removes depleted uranium weaponry from co ...hey listed [[weapons of mass destruction]], or weapons with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering and ur

...t of multiple prophylaxis"] at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</ref>) is a [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]] [[bacteriostatic]] [[antibiotic]]. It is most often used as ...ntrolled bleeding. [[Neutropenia]] and [[thrombocytopenia]] also are rare adverse effects to be monitored if a patient is placed on long-term therapy.

...] and [[enteroviral]] infections.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |last=Marx |first=John |authorlink= |coauth |title=[[Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine]]

...ound]]s), [[particulate]]s, or any mass or energy stressor that can induce adverse health conditions. Indoor air is becoming an increasingly more concerning ...nclude a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors

...ssion]], [[confusion]], and [[memory loss]]. Carbon monoxide mainly causes adverse effects in humans by combining with [[hemoglobin]] to form [[carboxyhemoglo ...rbon monoxide toxicity at high altitude|journal=Wilderness & Environmental Medicine|year=2006|pages=144–145|volume=17|issue=2|pmid=16805152|doi=}}</ref><ref>

...to the risk of needlestick injury, thus surgery, anesthesia, ENT, internal medicine, and dermatology tend to show relatively high, and radiology and pediatrics

*An identifiable [[disease]] or adverse health effect may be related to the exposure; *There is a "reasonable likelihood" that the disease or health effect may occur under the particular conditions of work;

...ay involve interactions among many subject areas, including [[occupational medicine]], [[occupational hygiene|occupational (or industrial) hygiene]], [[public ...rotection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational env

...ited States was used for this purpose.<ref name="YB1956"/> The stabilizing effect of cadmium-containing chemicals (carboxylates such as the laureate and the ...link.com/content/n0773057mw738u05/|title = Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan|first = Koji|last = Nogawa|jour

MEDICINE--> ...#CITEREFMycyk05|Mycyk, Hryhorczuk, Amitai (2005)]] pp. 462</ref> Another effect of lead's interference with heme synthesis is the buildup of heme precursor

...eel of sailboats. Its high density allows it to counterbalance the heeling effect of wind on the sails while at the same time occupying a small volume and th ...a [[superconductor]] at 7.2&nbsp;K and [[IBM]] tried to make a [[Josephson effect]] computer out of lead-alloy.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://adsabs.harvard.ed

...ber 2009}} Fast access to medical literature and current best practices in medicine are hypothesised to enable proliferation of ongoing improvements in healthc ...POE can tremendously decrease medical errors: CPOE could eliminate 200,000 adverse drug events and save about $1 billion per year if installed in all hospital

...ing is prevented. It evolves at a rapid rate, is spread by [[transmission (medicine)|airborne transmission]], and is extremely [[infectious disease|contagious] ...rmones (i.e. those after puberty and women before menopause) or are taking medicine that include similar hormones. It was released by the President of the Unit

...s]], whose work was later recognized with a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]. Thomas' work showed that bone marrow cells infused intravenously could r journal=New England Journal of Medicine | volume=157 | pages=491–496|

...mal studies have shown that nefopam has a potentiating (analgesic-sparing) effect on morphine and other opioids by broadening the antinociceptive action of t ...has additional action in the prevention of shivering, which may be a side effect of other drugs used in surgery.<ref name="Alfonsi">{{cite journal | author=

...ffective when added to other antiseizure drugs). In 2002, an [[indication (medicine)|indication]] was added for treating [[postherpetic neuralgia]] (neuropathi ...Syndrome]]). Finally, it may be effective in treating akathisia —a side effect of antipsychotics that causes severe agitation and anxiety.{{Citation neede

...society.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/treatments/complementary--alternative-medicine/marijuana/index.aspx|title=Marijuana (Cannabis)|publisher=National Multiple ...[[dronabinol]] had a significant reduction in tic severity without serious adverse effects. More significant reduction in tic severity was reported with longe

...and the book "Live Free or Die" by Shona Banda relate experiences with the medicine. ...ion=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=95a842fef02272cc8b862ad11cc89cb8 |title=Adverse Effects of Cannabis on Health: An Update of the Literature Since 1996 |publ

...phine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000 Dec 22;61(1):85-94.</ref> but has no such effect when taken sublingually. However, the Suboxone formulation still has potent ...Reckitt Benckiser Buprenorphine Bibliography]</ref> and its [[analgesic]] effect is due to [[agonist|partial agonist]] activity at μ-[[opioid receptor]]s,

Hydromorphone is used in medicine as an alternative to [[morphine]] and [[heroin]] for analgesia, and as a se ...e displays superior solubility and speed of onset, a less troublesome side effect profile, and lower dependence liability as compared to [[morphine]] and [[d

...ss from the blood into the brain. As a result, fentanyl begins to have its effect almost immediately after it enters the blood. The speed with which it enter ...ll also affect individual rates of absorption. The typical patch will take effect under normal circumstances usually within 8–12&nbsp;hours, thus fentanyl

...other opioids including [[heroin]] and [[morphine]] and a long duration of effect. Oral doses of methadone can stabilise patients by mitigating opioid [[with ...ability between individuals. Its main [[route of administration]] is oral. Adverse effects include [[hypoventilation]], [[constipation]] and [[miosis]], in ad

| routes_of_administration= [[Smoking|Smoked]], [[Insufflation (medicine)|Insufflate]]d, [[Pill (pharmacy)|Oral]]}} ...Neuroprotective NMDA antagonists: the controversy over their potential for adverse effects on cortical neuronal morphology |journal=Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien

* [[Cough medicine|Antitussive]] | '''[[Adverse drug reaction|Side effects]]:'''

...neric drug|generic]] labels. Dextromethorphan has also found other uses in medicine, ranging from [[pain relief]] to [[psychological]] applications. It is sold ...respiratory infections]].<ref>Paul IM, Yoder KE, Crowell KR (July 2004). "Effect of Dextromethorphan, Diphenhydramine, and Placebo on Nocturnal Cough and Sl

...cy)|capsule]]) and [[Intramuscular injection|intramuscular]] ([[Injection (medicine)|injected]]) preparations is a [[racemic mixture]] of both (''S'')-(−)-ke The protein-binding effect of most non-[[aspirin]] NSAIDs are inhibited by the presence of aspirin in

...of [[arthritis]]. Its use is limited by such severe [[adverse effect|side effect]]s as suppression of [[white blood cell]] production and [[aplastic anemia] ...ntravenous]]ly. It should not be given [[intramuscular]]ly or [[Injection (medicine)|injected]] in any place other than a [[vein]], as it can cause tissue dama

==Adverse effects== ...ffects in animals are similar to those found in humans; the principal side effect is gastrointestinal irritation (vomiting, diarrhea and [[Peptic ulcer|ulcer

...during [[pregnancy]] and [[Breast feeding|nursing]]. [[NSAIDs]] may cause adverse cardiovascular effects in the fetus during pregnancy. Etodolac may cause [[adverse effect|side effects]], or [[adverse drug reaction]]s. Tell your doctor if any of these [[symptom]]s are severe

Marketing slogans have included "Advanced Medicine for Pain", "For today's tough pain, one is often enough" and "The Everyday In 2007, the manufacturer added an adverse effect warning to Advil's packaging and website informing consumers that "[Advil]

...s. COX-2 selectivity does not seem to reduce other [[adverse drug reaction|adverse effects]] of NSAIDs (most notably an increased risk of [[renal failure]]), ...irritation, and promising to be a boon for those who had experienced such adverse effects previously or had [[Comorbidity|comorbidities]] that could lead to

...pyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppresion. AJ of Medicine [internet]. 2001 Sep [cited 2010 Jan 31]; 111(4):[about 1p]. Available from ...s is useful in the management of arterial [[thrombosis]] and prevention of adverse cardiovascular events. Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting

|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Under adverse conditions, relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes ma

...nd [[procedural sedation]]. Propofol is also commonly used in [[veterinary medicine]]. Propofol is approved for use in more than 50 countries, and [[generic dr ...mergency department procedural sedation with propofol. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2007 Aug;50(2):182–7, 187.e1. Epub 2007 Feb 23.</ref> Due to its [[amnes

...ampus, but fail to activate G protein and to produce the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid |journal=[[J. Neurochem.]] |volume=87 |issue=3 ...eceptor and GABA(B) is responsible for the addictive profile of GHB. GHB's effect on dopamine release is biphasic,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hechler V, Goba

| publisher = Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa ...des breast milk, infant formula is the only other milk product which the [[medicine|medical]] community considers nutritionally acceptable for infants under th