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...lter Reed Army Institute of Research]] in the U.S. as a synthetic analogue of [[quinine]]. ...sed to prevent [[malaria]] (malaria prophylaxis) and also in the treatment of [[chloroquine]]-resistant [[Plasmodium falciparum|falciparum malaria]]. As

...wɪn}}) is a [[4-aminoquinoline]] drug used in the treatment or prevention of [[malaria]]. ...s introduced into clinical practice in 1947 for the prophylactic treatment of malaria.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine</ref>

.... It is considered a prototypical [[broad-spectrum antibiotic]], alongside the [[Tetracycline antibiotics|tetracycline]]s. ...|journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=593–600 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18847400 |doi=10.1586/14787210.6.5.593 |url=http:

...robAgentsChemother 1990 1342 commons.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Crystal structure of a short peptide L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (bacterial cell wall precursor, in green) ...after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant organisms means that it is increasingly being displace

...le=Rifomycin, a new antibiotic—preliminary report|journal=Farmaco Ed Sci|year=1959|volume=14|pages=146&ndash;147}}</ref> Rifampicin may be abbreviated ' ...mpts in order to obtain more stable semi-synthetic products, in 1959 a new molecule with high efficacy and good tolerability was produced and was named "rifamp

...velops. Isoniazid also has an [[antidepressant]] effect, and it was one of the first antidepressants discovered. ...>{{Cite journal|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9670|pages=1148&ndash;1149|year=2009

| image2 = Didanosine molecule structure.png ...and used in combination with other [[antiretroviral drug]] therapy as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

...sms have been proposed for this (see Mechanisms of Action, below) but none of these has been proven to date. Multiple mechanisms may be responsible for i ...as the drug is present, which can be as long as 6 months after a course of the drug has ended.

...2D6.17 |journal=Drug Metab. Dispos. |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=1292–300 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17470523 |doi=10.1124/dmd.107.015354 |url=}}</ref> ...tion process is still much more common. It is considered the prototype of the weak to midrange opioids.

...arean section |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=474–80 |year=1981 |month=June |pmid=7235275 |doi= 10.1097/00000542-198106000-00006|url= ...Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic healthcare system.<ref name="essentialWHO

| ImageName1 = Space-filling model of methylene blue in its oxidised form ...thyl blue]], another [[histology]] stain, [[new methylene blue]], nor with the [[methyl violet]]s often used as [[pH indicator]]s.

...cal reaction]]s.<ref>[http://www.activated-carbon.com/1-3.html "Properties of Activated Carbon", CPL Caron Link, accessed 2008-05-02]</ref> ...ough further chemical treatment often enhances the absorbing properties of the material. Activated carbon is usually derived from [[charcoal]].

{{Redirect|Asprin|the author|Robert Asprin}} ...r to create a patch over damage of the walls within blood vessels. Because the platelet patch can become too large and also block blood flow, locally and

...othe]] of [[Bayer]], [[Germany]] in 1916, and is still sold by Bayer under the [[brand name]] '''Germanin'''. ...g to the National Cancer Institute there are no active clinical trials (as of April 1, 2008). Completed and closed clinical trials are listed here: [http

...graphy |journal=J. Pharm. Pharmacol. |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=597–600 |year=1991 |month=August |pmid=1681079 |doi= |url= |issn= |accessdate=2008-05-19} .../en/NeLM-Area/Evidence/Guidelines/Updated-NICE-guideline-on-the-management-of-hypertension-in-adults-in-primary-care/ | date=2006-06-30 | publisher=[[Nat

| routes_of_administration = [[Route of administration#Enteral|Oral]], [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] ...by other [[medication]]. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the [[trade name]]s '''Lanoxin''', '''Digitek''', and '''Lanoxicaps'''. It is a

...]] (62&nbsp;[[Fahrenheit|°F]]) to a colourless [[crystal]]line [[solid]]. The pure acid and its concentrated solutions are dangerously corrosive. ...[[descaling agent]]s. In the [[food industry]], acetic acid is used under the [[E number|food additive code]] E260 as an [[acidity regulator]] and as a c

{{about|the naturally-occurring <small>D</small>-form of glucose|the <small>L</small>-form|L-Glucose}} .../cccda/sl/solubility/allsolvents.php?solute=D-glucose | title = Solubility of D-glucose in non-aqueous solvents}}.</ref>

| OtherNames = [[Sylvite]]<br/>Muriate of potash ...n (legal)|execution]] through [[lethal injection]]. It occurs naturally as the [[mineral]] [[sylvite]] and in combination with [[sodium chloride]] as [[sy

...Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.<ref name="essentialWH | month = March | year = 2005

...Frostburg State University| author=Senese, F}}</ref><ref name="Norrby" /> the others being [[caesium]], [[francium]], [[gallium]], and [[rubidium]]. ...f mercury (such as [[mercuric chloride]] or [[methylmercury]]), inhalation of mercury vapor, or eating seafood contaminated with mercury.

...[[oxygen]], with the formula MgSO₄. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate [[epsomite]] (MgSO₄·7H₂O), commonly cal ...edical preparations. Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of [[bath salts]].

{{About|the drug|other meanings|Morphine (disambiguation)}} *[[Cardiac arrest]], cessation of [[Cardiac cycle|heartbeat]], or [[heart failure]]

...al = Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data | volume = 44 | pages = 1391 | year = 1999}}</ref> ...States Adopted Name|USAN]]) is a widely used [[over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] [[analgesic]] (pain reliever) and [[antipyretic]] (fever reducer)

...fect of the neurotransmitter GABA by binding to the benzodiazepine site on the [[GABAA receptor|GABA_A receptor]] leading to [[central nervous s ...s-2008"/> Diazepam also has abuse potential and can cause serious problems of addiction. Urgent action by National Governments to improve prescribing pra

{{redirect|NaCl|the Google technology|Google Native Client}} {{about|the chemical compound|sodium chloride in the diet|Salt|sodium chloride as a mineral|Halite}}

...ll and stick model of the EDTA molecule, in the zwitterionic form found in the solid state ...widely used to dissolve [[Limescale|scale]]. Its usefulness arises because of its role as a hexadentate ligand and [[chelating agent]], i.e. its ability

...chairs and tables. Typically a plastic is not recycled into the same type of plastic, and products made from recycled plastics are often not recyclable. ...to dissolve such a large molecule; because of this, plastics must often be of nearly identical composition in order to mix efficiently.

...id = 11222255 | issue = 2 | jstor = 2657024 | publisher = American Journal of Botany, Vol. 88, No. 2}}</ref> ...urple [[tint]]s through various shades of light gray, and to purely white. The flowers can also possess various marks and spottings.

...usands of years for religious purposes. The plants are listed according to the substances they contain. ...ects of cannabis. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating the sale and use of [[medical cannabis]] to treat pain, insomnia, and stimulate appetite.

...listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the ''Britannica''. ==The Outline of Knowledge==

...pically used to refer to a living [[organism]], the concept came from that of [[milieu interieur]] that was created by [[Claude Bernard]] and published i ...example of "regulators" because they control their parameters in a variety of climates and conditions.

...re a new group of [[pharmaceutical]]s that are used primarily in treatment of [[hypertension]]. They act on the [[juxtaglomerular cell]]s of [[kidney]], which produce renin in response to decreased [[blood flow]].

...''Ampyra''' (pronounced "am-PEER-ah," according to the maker's website) in the United States by [[Acorda Therapeutics]] and will be available in March 201 ...ao Ichimura "Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives" in "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry" 2007; John Wiley & Sons: New York.</ref>

...echnology]], e.g., [[graphite]], [[carbon nanotubes]] consisting of sheets of [[carbon]] atoms rolled into tubes, spherical [[buckyballs]] and other [[gr ...</sub>H₃₀) | journal= Angewandte Chemie International Edition | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | pages= 2040–2044 |doi= 10.1002/anie.200250794 | pm

The main properties characterizing the photoresist types are: ...per. The portion of the photoresist that is unexposed remains insoluble to the photoresist developer.

...and can be used to fabricate sensors, catalysis or for separation methods. The functional mechanism is similar to [[antibodies]] or [[enzymes]]. ...ve one or more functional groups and should not be polymerisable or retard the polymerisation process.

...er''') are [[polymer]]s that can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to their own mass.<ref>Horie, K, ''et. al'', 890.</ref> ...ns in the solution will impede the polymers ability to bond with the water molecule.

...cules within the lamellae results in [[birefringence]] producing a variety of colored patterns, including [[Maltese cross (optics)|Maltese cross]], when ...ormation during the crystallization of polymers. Arrow shows the direction of temperature gradient.<ref name="Menges">Georg Menges, Edmund Haberstroh, Wa

...ulators. Among them, Parylene C is the most popular due to its combination of barrier properties, cost, and other manufacturing advantages. ...inated (no termination group needed) with no solvent or catalyst required. The precursor, [2.2]paracyclophane, yields 100% monomer and initiator and does

...[[polymer]] similar to [[DNA]] or [[RNA]] but differing in the composition of its "backbone". TNA is not known to occur naturally. ...epeating [[threose]] units linked by [[phosphodiester bond]]s. The threose molecule is easier to assemble than ribose making it a possible precursor to RNA.

[[File:ADN animation.gif|thumb|right|220px|Microstructure of part of a [[DNA]] [[double helix]] '''biopolymer''']] ...[peptide]]s, [[DNA]] and [[RNA]] are all examples of biopolymers, in which the [[monomer]]ic units, respectively, are [[sugar]]s, [[amino acid]]s, and [[n

...agel EA, Bacic A, Clarke AE|year=2000|title=Cell and developmental biology of arabinogalactan-proteins|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers|id= IS The microbial arabinogalactan is a major structural component of the [[mycobacterial]] [[cell wall]].<ref>

...erature, moisture and atmospheric oxygen, that acts as the main parameters of stress for outdoor weathering. ...gical conditions. Therefore, in order to understand and predict the effect of weather on materials, data are required on each factor that may contribute

[[Image:Single Polymer Chains AFM.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Appearance of real linear polymer chains as ...l of the American Chemical Society|volume=127|issue=45|pages=15688–15689|year=2005|pmid=16277495}}</ref>]]

...title=The Chemistry and Applications of Antimicrobial Polymers: A State of the Art Review|journal=BioMacromolecules|publisher=American Chemical Society|vo ...mall molecule antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial polymers are shown in the following table:<ref name="Review"/>

...nal|last=You|first=X.|year=2006|title=Synthesis, structures and properties of alkaline earth metal benzene-1,4-dioxylacetates with three-dimensional hybr ...ef name="Chen">{{cite journal|last=Chen|first=X|coauthors=Ye, B., Tong, M.|year=2005|title=Metal-organic molecular architectures with 2,2′-bipyridyl-like

...ly by the degree of crystallinity, but also by the size and orientation of the molecular chains. [[File:Polymerketten - amorph und kristallinEN.svg|thumb|The arrangement of molecular chains in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers.]]

{{Redirect|Polythene|the Feeder album|Polythene (album)}} [[Image:Polyethylene-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Space-filling model of a '''polyethylene''' chain.]]

...regular single-strand organic polymers|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|year=2002|volume=74|issue=10|pages=1921–1956|doi=10.1351/pac200274101921}}</re ...polyoxyethylene (POE)''', depending on its [[molecular weight]], and under the tradename '''Carbowax'''.

...d [[thermal motion]] rather than being firmly anchored. It is thus called the '''diffuse layer'''. ...solid, there may be another double layer (unmarked on the drawing) inside the solid.]]

...no-scale. Phenomena of fluids in nano-scale structure are discovered to be of different properties in [[electrochemistry]] and [[fluid dynamics]]. ...ailure of moving parts in these systems are usually the critical issue and the main drawback. Mechanism to control flow without using mechanical parts are

...s first used in the treatise ''De Natura Fossilium'', published in 1546 by the [[Germany|German]] mineralogist [[Georg Bauer]], also known as Georgius Agr ...es depending on the subsurface conditions, and on the [[phase diagram]] of the petroleum mixture.<ref name="Hyne 2001">Hyne (2001), pp. 1–4.</ref>

...:Milk.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Milk]] is an [[emulsion|emulsified]] colloid of liquid [[butterfat]] globules dispersed within a [[water]]-based liquid.]] A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a ''dispersed phase'' (or ''internal phase'') and a ''

{{About|the biology of coffee|the beverage|Coffee}} |image2_caption = Mature fruit of a ''Coffea'' species

:''For the common table sugar, see [[sucrose]].'' [[Image:Sugar 2xmacro.jpg|right|thumb|Magnification of grains of [[sucrose]], the most common sugar.]]

...and is used to preserve deceased (dead) individuals, sometimes only until the [[funeral]], other times indefinitely. ...vents. The formaldehyde content generally ranges from 5 to 29 percent and the ethanol content may range from 9 to 56 percent.

'''Ski wax''' is a material applied to the bottom of [[ski]]s or [[snowboard]]s to help them perform better on snow. == Types of ski wax ==

...elke, A.R. Kaminski, J.D. Doll, D.H. Putnam, S.M. Combs, and C.V. Hanson | year = 1990 }}</ref> ...he American Oil Chemists' Society 54(5).</ref> The approximate percentages of [[fatty acid]]s in jojoba oil are as follows:

...ican Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil ''kerosene''.<ref>{{Cite book | title = The golden flood: an informal history of America's first oil field

{{For|other kinds of building materials|Hardware|Biology|Star formation}} ...uilding materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such

...binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum, ...constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water produces hydrates that are not

...iquid is an [[ester]] formed by the [[condensation reaction|condensation]] of [[2-Ethylhexanol|2-ethylhexanol]] with [[dimethylaminobenzoic acid]]. Othe ...breaks| journal=Mutation Research| volume=1999| issue=444| pages=49–60| year=1999 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477339}}</ref>

...ses Gomberg|M. Gomberg]] and [[Werner Emmanuel Bachmann|W. E. Bachmann]] | year = 1941 | title = p-Bromobiphenyl}}</ref>

...pages = 723 | doi = 10.1039/C19680000723 | title = The remarkable basicity of 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene}}</ref> ...attached on the same side or [[Arene substitution patterns|peri position]] of a [[naphthalene]] system. Proton-sponge has several very interesting proper

...nal = J Bone Joint Surg Am. | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–82 | year = 1971 | pmid = 4250366 | doi = | url = http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/ab ...h between the two. Commercial safranin preparations often contain a blend of both types.

| ImageName = Chemical structure of arsanilic acid ...mageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of the solid-state zwitterionic structure of arsanilic acid

....P. | last5=Tainter | first5=M.L. | year=1972 | title= Acute oral toxicity of methylrosaniline chloride | volume=22 | pages=1–5 | doi=10.1016/0041-008X ...en largely superseded by more modern drugs, although it is still listed by the [[World Health Organization]].

[[Image:Ethidium-bromide-abs.png|thumb|220px|Absorption spectrum of ethidium bromide]] ...be a [[mutagen]], [[carcinogen]] or [[teratogen]] although this depends on the organism and conditions employed.

...[[mineral]] [[malachite]] &mdash; the name just comes from the similarity of colour. ...en color of the cation results from an intense ([[extinction coefficient]] of 10⁵ M⁻¹cm⁻¹) absorption band at 621&nb

...r J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16: 695–9.</ref> (Enhanced by co-administration of caffeine <ref name="kinetics1" />) ...1918 and marketed as Gynergen in 1921. <ref> AJ Giannini, AE Slaby. Drugs of Abuse. Oradell, NJ, Medical Economics Books, 1989.</ref>

...ed product is a racemic mixture of 2 stereoisomers; [[dexmedetomidine]] is the compound with more useful effects, and is now marketed as Dexdomitor. ...form of medetomidine is distributed by the Swedish company I-Tech AB under the product name '''Selektope''' for use as an antifouling substance in marine

{{Redirect|Oxirane|oxiranes as a class of molecules|epoxide}} ...of its special molecular structure, ethylene oxide easily participates in the [[addition reaction]], opening its cycle, and thus easily [[polymerisation|

...-monoxide-3D-vdW.png|Caption=Spacefilling model of a [[carbon monoxide]] [[molecule]]|DiseasesDB=2020|ICD10={{ICD10|T|58||t|51}}|ICD9={{ICD9|986}}|ICDO=|OMIM=| ...eople to detect. Carbon monoxide is a product of [[incomplete combustion]] of organic matter with insufficient [[oxygen]] supply to enable complete oxida

...ide, ed.|title= "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, <http://www.hbcpnetbase.com>| ...ants, Volume 1|author=A. Kayode Coker, Ernest E. Ludwig|publisher=Elsevier|year=2007|isbn=075067766X}}</ref>

{{About|the chemical compound|the 1993 rock album|Formaldehyde (album)}} ...= International Agency for Research on Cancer | location = Lyon, France | year = 2006 | isbn = 92-832-1288-6}}. {{11thRoC|file=s089form|name=Formaldehyde

{{About|the chemical element|the bleach|Sodium hypochlorite|the upcoming film|Chlorine (film)}} ...rocarbons]] have been implicated in the [[ozone depletion|destruction]] of the [[ozone layer]].

Caption = An X ray demonstrating the characteristic finding of lead poisoning, dense [[metaphyseal]] lines.| ...[[nervous system|nervous]] systems. It interferes with the development of the nervous system and is therefore particularly toxic to children, causing pot

...oms that are [[oxygen]]. Crown ethers are much broader than the oligomers of ethylene oxide; an important group are derived from catechol. ...-5 for sodium cation, and 12-crown-4 for lithium cation. The high affinity of 18-crown-6 for potassium ions contributes towards its toxicity.

| ImageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of the TMEDA molecule ....; Vonwiller, S. C. "N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylethylenediamine" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New

...len Zinc InorgChem 1997 4579 commons.jpg|thumbnail|150px|Crystal structure of a Zn(II) coordinated to a cyclen and an ethanol reported in Inorg. Chem., 1 ...imine) is always the same. Like crown ethers, cyclen compounds are capable of selectively binding [[cation]]s. They are used as a [[ligand]] in [[chemist

...ethane''', also known as triphos, is an [[organophosphorus compound]] with the formula CH₃C[CH₂PPh₂]₃. An air ...= 1490–1494 | doi = 10.1039/JR9620001490 | title = 283. The preparation of di- and tri-tertiary phosphines | author = W. Hewertson and H. R. Watson}}<

[[Image:Phosphonate.png|thumb|right|General ester of phosphonic acid.]] ...ber of phosphonic acid groups. Phosphonates are highly water-soluble while the phosphonic acids are only sparingly soluble. Phosphonates are not volatile

[[Image:Porphyrin.svg|thumb|right|200px|Structure of porphine, the simplest porphyrin.]] [[Image:Porphyrin3D.png|thumb|right|200px|Space-filling model of porphyrin]]

...tructural and functional evolution of metallacrowns|journal=[[Chem. Rev.]]|year=2007|volume=107| number=11 | pages=4933|author1=Mezei, G.|author2=Zaleski, ...ge: Mcwiki.png|thumb|300px|left|Figure showing the metallacrown analogy to the organic crown ether. Ligand substituents are omitted for clarity. a) 12-cro

...l/solubility/allsolvents.php?solute=citric%20acid%20monohydrate Solubility of citric acid monohydrate in non-aqueous solvents]</ref> ...te in the [[citric acid cycle]] and therefore occurs in the [[metabolism]] of virtually all [[Life|living things]]. It can also be used as an environment

...ll and stick model of the EDTA molecule, in the zwitterionic form found in the solid state ...widely used to dissolve [[Limescale|scale]]. Its usefulness arises because of its role as a hexadentate ("six-toothed") [[ligand]] and [[chelating agent]

...ition = | language = | publisher = Blackwell Science | location = Oxford | year = 1997 | origyear = | pages = | quote = | isbn = 0-86542-684-8 | oclc = | d ...ntially distributed to hydrophobic compartments such as [[lipid bilayers]] of cells while hydrophilic drugs (low partition coefficients) preferentially a

...h other long enough with no interference or only gradual interference from the outside. ...ertain cases such VLE data can be determined or approximated with the help of certain theories such as [[Raoult's Law]], [[Dalton's Law]], and/or [[Henry

{{About|one of the gas laws in chemistry|the chemist|William Henry (chemist)|all other uses|Law (disambiguation)}} In [[chemistry]], '''Henry's law''' is one of the [[gas laws]], formulated by [[William Henry (chemist)|William Henry]] in 18

...gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture. ...pressure to one of lower pressure; the larger this difference, the faster the flow. Gases dissolve, diffuse, and react according to their partial pressur

...mally, the [[enthalpy]] of mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures can be expressed directly in terms .... [[Raoult's law]]. Deviations from ideality are accommodated by modifying the concentration by an ''activity coefficient''. Analogously, expressions invo

...the concentration(s) of the complex(es) in solution. There are many areas of application in chemistry, biology and medicine. ...at such a late date, nearly 50 years after [[Alfred Werner]] had proposed the correct structures for [[coordination complexes]], have been summarised by

...with another constituent of the solvent, such as acid or alkali. Each type of equilibrium is characterized by a temperature-dependent [[equilibrium const ...to equilibrium by the addition of a "seed" which may be a tiny crystal of the solute, or a tiny solid particle, which initiates precipitation.

...t can be defined by<ref>F.J,C. Rossotti and H. Rossotti, The Determination of Stability Constants, McGraw-Hill, 1961.</ref> ...umerator]] and those of the reactants in the [[denominator]]. A derivation of this expression is given [[#Derivation from Gibbs Free Energy|below]].

...tant]] of the [[solvent]]. Ion-associates have been characterized by means of [[vibrational spectroscopy]]. ...ee distinct types of ion-pair, depending on the extent of [[solvation]] of the two ions.

...green) to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the [[acetate]] ion and the [[hydronium]] ion. Red: oxygen, black: carbon, white: hydrogen.]] ...tion (chemistry)|dissociation]] in the context of [[acid-base reactions]]. The equilibrium can be written symbolically as:

...D. A., (1991) p166 - Table of discoveries attributes Antoine Lavoisier as the first to posit a scientific theory in relation to [[oxyacid]]s.</ref> === Lavoisier's oxygen theory of acids ===

...utodissociation of water''') is the chemical reaction in which two [[water molecule]]s react to produce a [[hydronium]] ion (H₃O⁺) and a ...an example of [[autoprotolysis]], and relies on the [[amphoteric]] nature of water.

...gle.com/books?id=JKMNuwMAmr4C&pg=PA287&lpg=PA287&dq=raoult%27s+law+history+of+discovery&source=bl&ots=FkH_LvtyiA&sig=NLtAO9FyUjkE-LDqh1_wwXzIYJU&hl=en&ei ...[[mole fraction]] of the component present in the solution''.<ref>''A to Z of Thermodynamics'' by Pierre Perrot. ISBN 0198565569</ref>

...ate out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45). It can exist in varying levels of severity, some life-threatening. ...ic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis). This yields the following four basic processes:

...ion cannot be observed. Equilibrium constants can be expressed in terms of the rate constants for elementary reactions. ...uid is directly proportional to the [[partial pressure]] of that gas above the liquid.<ref>Atkins, Section 5.3</ref> This relationship is written as

...nt|acid-base]], [[Host-guest chemistry|host-guest]], [[stability constants of complexes|metal-complex]], [[solubility]], [[partition coefficient|partitio ...bly slow, the system is said to be in a [[metastable]] state. The equation of chemical equilibrium can be expressed symbolically as

Please DO NOT change the spelling to match your personal preference. ...t read Wikipedia:Manual of Style (spelling) and then begin a discussion on the talk page.-->

| OtherNames = Oil of vitriol ...d production in 2001 was 165 million [[tonne]]s, with an approximate value of US$8 billion. Principal uses include [[lead-acid battery|lead-acid batteri

In [[inorganic chemistry]], the '''trans effect''' is the labilization of [[ligand]]s which are [[Cis-trans isomerism#Inorganic coordination complexe ...abtree]] | title = The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals | year = 2005 | edition = 4th edition | isbn = 0-471-66256-9 | publisher = Wiley-I

...ular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the [[oxidation state]]s of atoms. ...m is the sum of the individual bond valences ''v_i'' surrounding the atom:

{{About|the co-ordination of a ligand to a central atom|the sense of touch in technology|Haptic technology}} ...ation is only used when there is more than one atom coordinated (otherwise the κ-notation is used, see also [[hapticity#Hapticity vs. denticity|hapticity

...moves that degeneracy, because the distortion lowers the overall energy of the complex. ...eometry. The two axial Cu−O distances are 238 [[picometre|pm]], whereas the four equatorial Cu−O distances are ~195 pm.]]

...d bonding can range from [[covalent bond|covalent]] to ionic. Furthermore, the metal-ligand [[bond order]] can range from one to three. Ligands are viewed | year = 1999

...or ion (usually metallic), [[chemical bond|bonded]] to a surrounding array of molecules or anions ([[ligand]]s, complexing agents). <ref>[http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01203.html IUPAC definition of complex]</ref>

...nd]]s were removed along with the [[electron pair]]s that were shared with the central atom<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=oxidation number|file=O04363}}</ref> ...gative charges, the electrons, is effectively equivalent to the 'presence' of 2 positive charges).

...s conditions|Category:Cutaneous conditions|ICD-10 Chapter XII: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}} ...e way to skin . . |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=976–85 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18413712 |pmc=2732395 |doi=10.1101/gad.1645908 |url

Caption = Lymph capillaries in the tissue spaces. | Caption2 = The thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. |

...hor=Butterworth PJ |title=Phosphate homeostasis |journal=Mol Aspects Med. |year=1987 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=289–386 |pmid=3302583 |doi=10.1016/0098-29 ...ine triphosphate), or participate in [[Cell signaling|signaling]]. Outside the cell, phosphate may be dissolved in [[extracellular fluid]] (ECF) or form s

...cortex]]. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up. ...iotensin system |journal=Hypertension |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1246–9 |year=2001 |month=December |pmid=11751697 |doi= 10.1161/hy1201.101214|url=http://

...L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |pages=73 |isbn=1-4160-2999-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> ...he lymphocytes and anchor them to the HEV wall in preparation for crossing the endothelium.

...ncentrations of virodhamine in the human hippocampus are similar to those of [[anandamide]], but they are 2- to 9-fold higher in peripheral tissues that ...ation of a novel endocannabinoid, virodhamine, with antagonist activity at the CB1 receptor

<!-- Here is a table of data; skip past it to edit the text. --> |title=Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts: Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts?

:''[[Honey oil]] redirects here. For the sweet liquid or solid that bees make, see [[honey]].'' ...jpg|thumb|150px|right|A closeup image of a drop of cannabis oil on the end of a needle]]

{{About|the plant genus|use as a psychoactive drug in the genus|Cannabis (drug)}} ...ous extracts including [[hashish]] and [[hash oil]] are also produced from the plant.<ref name = erowid>Erowid. 2006. [http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannab

...teomics is a complex field that has a long way to go in terms of profiling the entire neuronal proteome. It is a relatively recent field that has many ap ...e have been mapped, and then only when applied to the proteins involved in the synapse.

...[[tyrosine]] residues that play a role in metal coordination are shown in the Cu(I) bound, Cu(II) bound, and unbound conformations, which differ by only ...omain | journal = Mol. Cell | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 343–53 | year = 2004 | month = August | pmid = 15304215 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.06.

...neural activity. The science of [[neurochemistry]] studies the functions of neurochemicals. ...issues such as the [[mammary gland]]s ([[Breastfeeding|milk letdown]]). In the diagram inset, oxytocin is shown bound to a carrier protein, neurophysin.

[[Image:Signal transduction v1.png|thumb|upright=2.5|right|Overview of signal transduction pathways]] ...ell, Neil|title=Biology|publisher=Benjamin Cummings|location=San Francisco|year=2002|pages=|isbn=0-8053-6624-5|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref>&nbsp; Signal

{{dablink|Another, unrelated ion channeling process is part of [[ion implantation]].}} ...assium_channel#Selectivity_filter|selectivity filter]], '''4''' - diameter of selectivity filter, '''5''' - [[phosphorylation]] site, '''6''' - [[cell me

...tries as a [[transdermal patch|transdermal formulation]] for the treatment of [[chronic pain]]. ...osages which are currently available in limited distribution in America as of 20 June 2010.

.... Analg. | volume = 97 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–23, table of contents | year = 2003 | month = July | pmid = 12818953 | doi = | url = }}</ref> ...| journal = J Clin Pharmacol | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 152–6 | year = 1981 | month = April | pmid = 6165742 | doi = | url = }}</ref>

...l 30 page review in this matter published in 2007 in [[Angewandte Chemie]] the Woodward/Doering claim is valid. ...reogenic]] groups making synthesis potentially difficult because it is one of 16 [[stereoisomer]]s.

'''Fenamic acid''' is a molecule which serves as a parent structure for several [[non-steroidal anti-inflamm ...benzoic acid]] and [[aniline]], with base and [[copper oxide]] catalyst in the [[Goldberg reaction]].<ref name = allen/>

...bon atom bearing two [[hydrogen]] atoms. Cyclopropane and [[propene]] have the same [[empirical formula]] but have different structures, making them [[str ...ene]]s {{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}. [[Bent bond]]s also describe the bonding in cyclopropane.

...creases in production facilities have been added globally, particularly in the [[Persian Gulf]] countries. ...otation about the C-C bond is a high energy process that requires breaking the π-bond.

{{about|the chemical element}} ...umber]] is 54. A colorless, heavy, odorless [[noble gas]], xenon occurs in the [[Earth's atmosphere]] in trace amounts.<ref>{{cite web

...ed as a [[general anesthetic]]. Ether is sparingly [[soluble]] in [[Water (molecule)|water]] (6.9 g/100 mL). ...ered ether's [[analgesic]] properties. The name ''[[ether]]'' was given to the substance in [[1730]] by [[August Siegmund Frobenius]].

'''Casein''' (from [[Latin]] ''caseus'' "cheese") is the predominant [[phosphoprotein]] (αS1, αS2, β, ...ytic]] [[enzyme]] typically obtained from the stomachs of [[calf|calves]]. The [[enzyme]] [[trypsin]] can hydrolyze off a [[phosphate]]-containing [[pepto

...es of introduction. Note the [[Semi-log plot|logarithmic vertical scale]]; the line corresponds to [[exponential growth]] with transistor count doubling e ...much (adjusting for inflation), and has 1/100th the [[clock frequency]] of the iPhone.]]