Reaction quotient
In chemistry, a reaction quotient: Qr is a function of the activities or concentrations of the chemical species involved in a chemical reaction. In the special case that the reaction is at equilibrium the reaction quotient is equal to the equilibrium constant.
A general chemical reaction in which α moles of a reactant A and β moles of a reactant B react to give σ moles of a product S and τ moles of a product T can be written as
- αA + βB 15px σS + τT
The reaction is written as an equilibrium even though in many cases it may appear to have gone to completion. When a mixture of A and B is made up and the reaction is allowed to occur, the reaction quotient, Qr, is defined as [1]:
- <math>Q_r = \frac{\left\{S_t\right\}^\sigma \left\{T_t\right\}^\tau }{\left\{A_t\right\}^\alpha \left\{B_t\right\}^\beta } </math>
where {Xt} denotes the instantaneous activity[2] of a species X at time, t. A compact general definition is (where Пj is the product across all j-indexed variables, and idem for Пi):
- <math>Q_r=\frac{\prod_j a_j^{\nu_j}}{\prod_i a_i^{\nu_i}}</math>
where the numerator is a product of reaction product activities, a j, each raised to the power of a stoichiometric coefficient, ν j, and the denominator is a similar product of reactant activities. All activities refer to a time t.
As the reaction proceeds (assuming that there is no energy barrier to the reaction) with the passage of time the species' activities and hence the reaction quotient change. Eventually the activities become constant and the mixture is then said to be at equilibrium. An equilibrium constant, K, can be expressed symbolically as
- K = Qr (t=∞)
though equilibrium will be effectively reached in a finite time in most reactions.
External links
Reaction quotient tutorials
References
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<references />, or <references group="..." />- ↑ Zumdahl, Steven; Zumdahl, Susan (2003). Chemistry 6th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-22158-1.
- ↑ Under certain circumstances (see chemical equilibrium) each activity term such as {A} may be replaced by a concentration term, [A]. Both the reaction quotient and the equilibrium constant are then concentration quotients.
