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...=Informed Comment <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://www.juancole.com/2006/07/congress-expects-islamic-dawa-to.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcit [[Suicide bomber]]s detonated each of the truck bombs. In the attack on the American Marines barracks, the death toll was 241 America

.... The U.S. harvested 1,004,600 acres (4&nbsp;065&nbsp;km²) of sugarbeets in 2008 alone.<ref>[http://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/index2.jsp NASS - Stat ...ber 21, 2009, a federal court ruled that the USDA had violated federal law in deregulating Roundup Ready sugar beets without adequately evaluating the en

...oduces a large back blast, a significant problem when operating the weapon in urban environments. ...sweden">http://www.svenskafreds.se/english/vapenexport.pdf</ref><li> [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|Afghanistan War]]<ref name="amnestysweden"/><li>

...scandal was to the tune of Rs. 400 million.<ref>http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=89&id=39264&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=4</ref ...uattrochi.jpg|frame|right|Ottavio Quattrocchi was accused as the middleman in the scandal because of his intimacy with [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv]] and his Ita

...<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bosack|first1=Robert|title=Anesthesia Complications in the Dental Office|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118828625| ...be given until the desired effect is reached.<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> In those with previous heart disease, further heart problems have occurred.<re

...se transcriptase inhibitor]] (NRTI) for the treatment of [[HIV]] infection in adults and children. ...tion (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) on July 12, 2006 under the brand name '''Atripla'''.

...oppy (''Papaver bractreatum''), and codeine is extracted from this species in some places although the below-mentioned morphine methylation process is st ...] found in the [[opium poppy]], ''Papaver somniferum var. album'', a plant in the [[papaveraceae]] family. Opium poppy has been cultivated and utilized t

...s used as a [[colour retention agent|color fixative]] and [[preservative]] in meats and fish. ...in [[water]] and is [[hygroscopic]]. It is also slowly oxidized by oxygen in the air to [[sodium nitrate]], NaNO₃. The compound is a strong o

...tant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volum ...r a variety of different brand names and is also available for limited use in [[veterinary medicine]].

'''Fluoxetine''' (trade names: '''Prozac''', '''Sarafem''', or in combination with [[olanzapine]] as '''[[Symbyax]]''') is an [[antidepressan ...ion]] (including pediatric depression), [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] (in both adult and pediatric populations), [[bulimia nervosa]], [[panic disorde

| SolubleOther = soluble in [[alcohol]], [[ether]], [[sulfuric acid]] ...ept for [[California]] allow nitrous oxide as an [[anesthetic]]. Also used in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. -->

Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as [[cinnabar]] ([[mercuric sulfide]]) ...ration]]. It is used in lighting: electricity passed through mercury vapor in a phosphor tube produces short-wave [[ultraviolet light]] which then causes

...nt in [[Combivir]] and [[Trizivir]], among others. Zidovudine is included in the [[World Health Organization]]'s "[[WHO Model List of Essential Medicine | accessdate = 2006-03-12

...city|damage]] (due to [[acetaminophen]] or [[paracetemol]] (APAP; Tylenol) in many morphine preparations) *[[Respiratory acidosis]] or an abnormal decrease in the [[pH]] of the [[blood]]

...(genus)|Ephedra]]'' (family [[Ephedraceae]]). It is most usually marketed in the ''hydrochloride'' and ''sulfate'' forms. In traditional Chinese medicines, the herb ''má huáng'' (麻黄, ''[[Ephedra

...lintonia, Medeola, Prosartes, Scoliopus, Tricyrtis''), and flower arranged in threes. Several have bulbs, while others have [[rhizome]]s. Shade-dwelling ...]]ous if eaten and may cause serious complications, such as renal failure, in household pets, especially cats.

...tional Abuse: Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Insufflated, Sprinkled in ethanol, smoked ...ref>{{cite journal |author=Fuccella LM |title=Bioavailability of temazepam in soft gelatin capsules |journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol |volume=8 |issue=1 |page

...(standing on the right) with other Planetary Society enthusiasts sometime in the 1970's]] ...tzer Prize]] for his editorials in 1957 on the school integration conflict in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], [[Arkansas]].

...uary 2 | year=2004| title=Venerable tomes go digital| journal=The National Law Journal| pages=P8}}</ref> ...t the original three-volume work, published one volume at a time beginning in 1768.

...ritannica'' became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted and every article updated ...up> edition, ''Index'' preface}}</ref> Although publication has been based in the United States since 1901, the ''Britannica'' has maintained [[American

...ompanies, becoming editor-in-chief of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' in 1992, a position he held until 1997. McHenry is also author of the book ''[ ...Britannica | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9345326 | accessdate=2006-01-03}} (subscription)</ref>

...www.angelicum.net/html/in_memoriam_mortimer_j__adler.html Ralph McInerny, "In Memoriam Mortimer J. Adler," Crisis magazine, 2001]</ref> ....html?res=9A0DE2DC1738F933A25751C1A960948260 Charles A. Wagner] was editor-in-chief and [[Whittaker Chambers]] an associate editor).<ref>

...me "supplements" (3rd–6th) or undergone drastic re-organizations (15th). In recent years, digital versions of the ''Britannica'' have been developed, b ...[[Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopedia]]'' in 1728, which went through multiple editions and awakened publishers to the e

...1901 and 1906 by [[Funk and Wagnalls]]. It contained over 15,000 articles in 12 volumes on the history and then-current state of [[Judaism]] and the [[J ...Jews]] of the [[Middle Ages]]. From the 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, now in the public domain.]]

...; and it does claim to be a 'complete account of all things' - to contain, in epitome, all that was known at the time it was written. ...ia'' contributed to the popularization and legitimization of [[Platonism]] in the Arabic world.<ref name="ency-borges">"George Sales observes that this u

...[[milieu interieur]] that was created by [[Claude Bernard]] and published in 1865. Multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustment and regulation mechanisms mak ...e's ultimate example of "regulators" because they control their parameters in a variety of climates and conditions.

...wattle and daub construction, and the technique is becoming popular again in more developed areas as a low-impact [[sustainable building]] technique. [[Image:Wattle hurdle under construction.JPG|right|175px|thumb|Wattle in the process of being made.]]

...rolytes when dissociated. PSS is a 'strong' polyelectrolyte (fully charged in solution), whereas PAA is 'weak' (partially charged).]] ...are polyelectrolytes. Both natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes are used in a variety of industries.

...sequence of events. "Forensic chemistry is unique among chemical sciences in that its research, practice, and presentation must meet the needs of both t ...g the drug to travel through the column. Different substances are retained in the column for different amounts of time. The retention time, as compared t

...nd [[heat]] and forms [[cations]] and [[ionic bonds]] with [[non-metal]]s. In [[chemistry]], a '''metal''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] "μέταλλο ...ompound]], or [[alloy]] characterized by high [[electrical conductivity]]. In a metal, atoms readily lose [[electrons]] to form positive [[ion]]s ([[cati

...rs |accessdate= |author= |date= |year= |publisher= UN |pages= }}</ref> In the past, DU has been called '''Q-metal''', '''depletalloy''', and '''D-38' ...>]]. Civilian uses include counterweights in aircraft, radiation shielding in medical [[radiation therapy]] and industrial [[radiography]] equipment, and

...consists of void spaces. The strength of foamed metal possesses a [[power law]] relationship to its density; i.e., a 20% dense material is more than twic ...ght optics. Due to the high cost of the material it is most typically used in advanced technology [[aerospace]] and manufacturing.

Polystyrene is a [[thermoplastic]] substance, which is in solid (glassy) state at room temperature, but flows if heated above its [[g Solid polystyrene is used, for example, in disposable [[cutlery]], plastic models, CD and DVD cases, and smoke detecto

...[[track ballast]], and [[filter stone]]. It may also be used with a binder in a [[composite material]] such as [[concrete]], [[tarmac]], or [[asphalt con ...ity [[limestone]] and [[dolomite]] suitable for specialty uses are limited in many geographic areas. Crushed stone substitutes for [[roadbuilding]] inclu

...Dust-storm-Texas-1935.png|thumb|A [[dust storm]] blankets [[Texas]] homes, in 1935.]] ...], minerals from outdoor soil, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment.<ref name="hesskosa">Kathleen Hess-Kosa, (2002), ''In

...the 14 August 1986. The law was last changed by decree on the 14 November 2006. ...sold in Germany, commercially imported into Germany or produced to be sold in Germany have to have a label indicating the type and fraction based on weig

...reasures'', those that have been designated since June 9, 1951 after the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into force. ...of items is much higher since groups of related objects have been joined in single entries.

The term "[[National Treasures of Japan|National Treasure]]" has been used in Japan to denote [[Cultural Properties of Japan|cultural properties]] since |title= Architecture and authority in Japan

...on to bring in [[First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] to dedicate the house. In a testament to the durability of such panel structures, it has endured the ...styrene core and paper overlaid with plywood skins were used in a building in 1967 and the panels have performed well to the present day.

In modern times, hemp has been used for industrial purposes including paper, [ title=Industrial Hemp Production in Alberta |

...almost any economic sector. However, at a global level, most of them work in agriculture (70%).<ref name=WHO_Childlab/> ...t available for younger adolescents who are also known to work, especially in agricultural settings.

In a wide variety of industrial environments workers may be expected to enter ...ear, complete understanding of the issues involved in entering and working in these spaces, and the management of potential hazards to ensure on-going wo

...typically [[tetrachloroethylene]] (perchloroethylene), abbreviated "perc" in the industry and "dry-cleaning fluid" by the public. It is often used inste ...owstuffworks.com/dry-cleaning1.htm|title=How Dry Cleaning Works|accessdate=2006-03-30}}</ref>

...uk/riddor/ UK Government advice site] accessed 5 March 2008</ref><ref name=law>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1995/Uksi_19953163_en_1.htm Statutory Instrume ...essed 9 March 2008</ref> Even today, hundreds are killed at work each year in the UK|thumb|left]]

...omplete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO₂) and is often produced in domestic or industrial settings by motor vehicles and other gasoline-powere ...mans by combining with [[hemoglobin]] to form [[carboxyhemoglobin]] (HbCO) in the blood. This prevents oxygen binding to hemoglobin, reducing the oxygen-

...out us | publisher=Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland | year=2006 | accessdate=2008-04-18 }}</ref> ...riginal_text.doc SI 1978/1039 (NI 9)]</ref> It was renamed '''Executive''' in 1998.<ref>Health and Safety at Work (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 19

In the [[law of the European Union]], '''indicative limit values''', more exactly '''ind ...nwards.<ref>Dikshith & Diwan (2003) ''p.''191</ref><ref>Walters & Grodzki (2006) ''pp''53-54</ref>

The NFPA was formed in 1896 by a group of [[insurance]] firm representatives with the stated purpo ...nt to be represented in the NFPA was the [[New York City Fire Department]] in 1905. Today, the NFPA includes representatives from many fire departments,

{{for|the ghost town in Minnesota |Manganese, Minnesota}} ...ganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

...esponsibility for the important role in [[occupational safety and health]] in the workplace. ...diseases. It was one of the fastest changing periods for Koreans who lived in during the industrial revolution of Korea. Before moving to the history of

...No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of C ...late wiring for its [[electrical insulation]] at elevated temperature, and in buildings for its [[flame retardant|flame-retardant]] and insulating proper

...ed by the state using an inspectorate, regulatory control and the criminal law. ...eek damages for the injury caused in the civil courts under areas of civil law such as [[negligence]] and occupiers liability.

...Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 ..., Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals|Reg. (EC) No 1907/2006]]

...dards. The European Union has implemented the United Nations' GHS into EU law as the [[CLP Regulation]]. * Facilitating international trade in [[chemicals]] whose [[hazards]] have been properly assessed and identified

...] and [[occupational safety]]. Its mission is to benefit those at work and in the community by providing quality research, consultancy and training and b ...antitative research|quantitative]] data to set protective health standards in the industry. 50,000 coalminers were eventually recruited into the study fr

...ailures through regulation, education and training. It can also be applied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of [[air t ...tion]]. Of particular significance was the [[United States government role in civil aviation|Air Commerce Act 1926]], which required pilots and aircraft

...United Kingdom</ref> In the [[United States]], this phrase was first used in 1986. ...that expects more and more from their employees yet offers little security in return.

...sks which were previously inaccessible due to physical restrictions, which in turn may reduce labor, land, or maintenance requirements placed on humans. ...ated exclusion of engineered nanoparticles from certified organic produce in Australia and the UK <ref>Paull, John (2010) , [http://orgprints.org/16786/

...ata management services in the United States. The company was established in 2004 following the consolidation of a number of small businesses providing ...ing services to US industrial and governmental companies and organizations in over 8,000 locations across the US.

...f anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling [[health]] hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker health and ...s and refers to "[[Employment|Work]]", "[[Workplace]]" and "Place of Work" in general. ''Environmental Hygiene'' addresses similar issues to ''Occupatio

...f the [[Health and Safety Executive]] or in some cases, [[Local government in England|local authorities]].<ref>Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, s ...uty of care|duty]] imposed by regulations, they have a [[cause of action]] in [[tort]] against the offender.<ref>Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974,

...anizational level after the current level's resources have been exhausted. In the private sector, emergency management is sometimes referred to as [[busi ...Reduction|disaster risk reduction]], particularly for emergency management in a development management context. This focuses on the mitigation and prepar

...e [[safety]], [[health]] and [[quality of life|welfare]] of people engaged in [[Employment|work or employment]]. The goal of all occupational health and ...from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological

...es of the Mine Act at all [[mining]] and [[mineral processing]] operations in the United States, regardless of size, number of employees, commodity mined ...and Health division is divided into 11 districts covering [[coal mining]] in different portions of the United States. The Metal-Nonmetal Mine Safety an

In the '''[[United Kingdom]]''' there are many '''regulations''' relevant to [ ...h a [[fine (penalty)|fine]] of up to £400. If convicted on [[indictment]] in the [[Crown Court]], an offender can be sentenced to an unlimited fine.<ref

...of the science and technology of fire protection engineering and is named in memory of the achievements of Arthur Guise <ref>Society of Fire Protection * [[Margret Law]] (1994)

...is Nicolas Vauquelin]] in the mineral [[crocoite]] (''[[lead chromate]]'') in 1797. Crocoite was used as a pigment, and after the discovery that the mine ...lete removal from the diet has caused [[chromium deficiency]]. It is toxic in larger amounts. [[Hexavalent chromium]] (Cr(VI)) is toxic and [[carcinogeni

...rous land-based work sector in [[Europe]], after the [[fishing industry]]. In the [[European Union]], the fatal accident rate is nearly 13 workers per 10 ...nonfatal injuries and illnesses at a rate of 7.9 per 100 full-time workers in the industry.<ref>BLS. Survey of occupational injuries and illnesses. Washi

...Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in [[zinc carbonate]]<ref>Cadmium in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1 ...declines have been due to competing technologies, cadmium’s [[toxicity]] in certain forms and concentration and resulting regulations <ref name="Refere

...sion with respect to the employment medical advisory service; to amend the law relating to building regulations, and the Building (Scotland) Act 1959; and ...two years. Further, the '''Act''' provides a critical interface with the [[law of the European Union]] on workplace health and safety.

...Symptoms include abdominal pain, headache, [[anemia]], irritability, and in severe cases [[seizure]]s, [[coma]], and [[death]]. ...e policies (e.g. laws that ban lead in products or reduce allowable levels in water or soil).

...nd [[fire]] at [[2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire|Buncefield]] in 2005. Though it formerly reported to the [[Health and Safety Commission]], ...s for and encourage research and publication, [[training]] and information in connection with its work.

...ut| the extraction of geological materials from the Earth|the municipality in [[Austria]]|Mining, Austria|the siege tactic|Mining (military)|name of the ...cumference and second deepest [[open-pit mining|open pit]] [[copper]] mine in the world.]]

...[[stratum corneum]], is the main contributor to the impedance of the body in the case of a [[macroshock]]&mdash; the passing of current between two cont ...u]]A can be sufficient to cause fibrillation in this case. This is concern in modern hospital settings when the patient is connected to multiple devices.

*[[ISA 240 The Auditor's Responsibility to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements]] *[[ISA 250 Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit of Financial Statements]]

...personal health record” is not new. The earliest mention of the term was in an article indexed by [[PubMed]] dated June 1978;<ref name=FIRST>{{cite jou ...ed systems; however, current usage usually implies an electronic resource. In recent years, several formal definitions of the term have been proposed by

...health-care records in enterprise-wide systems|local computerized records in a specific health-care organization|Electronic medical record}} ...e-wide information systems. Such records may include a whole range of data in comprehensive or summary form, including [[demographics]], medical history,

...saka|Kadoma]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]], [[Japan]]. Its main business is in [[electronics]] manufacturing and it produces products under a variety of n ...ation services. Panasonic was ranked the 89th-largest company in the world in 2009 by the Forbes Global 2000 and is among the [[Worldwide Top 20 Semicond

<!--This article is in Commonwealth English--> ...(D) is the ratio of [[concentration]]s of a [[chemical compound|compound]] in the two phases of a mixture of two [[immiscible]] [[solvent]]s at [[Partiti

...ro) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures can be expressed directly in terms ...tion]]s or [[partial pressure]]s of the substances present e.g. [[Raoult's law]]. Deviations from ideality are accommodated by modifying the concentration

...eak acid]], donates a proton (hydrogen ion, highlighted in green) to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the [[acetate]] ion and the [[hydronium]] i ...for a chemical reaction known as [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociation]] in the context of [[acid-base reactions]]. The equilibrium can be written symb

...in composition cannot be observed. Equilibrium constants can be expressed in terms of the rate constants for elementary reactions. ...uid is given by [[Henry's law]], which states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the [[partial pressure]] of that gas a

...ent]]s. They can be used to calculate single-ion [[activity coefficient]]s in solutions which for which the [[Debye–Hückel equation]] is inadequate. T ...eal gas]]. The remaining terms quantify the departure from the [[ideal gas law]] with changing pressure, ''P''. It can be shown by [[statistical mechanics

'''Equilibrium chemistry''' is a concerned with systems in [[chemical equilibrium]]. The unifying principle is that the [[thermodynami ...hange, but the rate of change is negligibly slow, the system is said to be in a [[metastable]] state. The equation of chemical equilibrium can be express

...ican Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.</ref> is a mechanism and rate law in coordination chemistry governing the [[associative substitution]] reactions A simple derivation of the Eigen-Wilkins rate law follows:<ref>G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr “Inorganic Chemistry” 3rd Ed

...e hypersensitivity to a stimulus, usually sensory (e.g., [[photophobia]]). In common usage they also form words that describe dislike or hatred of a part ...m The A- Z of Fear], an October 30, 1998 ''[[BBC News]]'' unsigned article in the "Entertainment" section</ref>

...e credited as their founders. A few institutions were named by the founder in honor of a parent, child, spouse, or other close family member. | University was established by the Aga Khan in 1983 as part of the [[Aga Khan Development Network]].<ref>[http://www.aku.e

...ases are unique to dogs or closely related species, while others are found in other animals, including humans. Not all of the articles listed here contai ...ww.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/102300.htm | accessdate = 2006-11-26 }}</ref>

...r be part of an organic molecule ([[organophosphate]]). Bringing phosphate in any form into the cell and when needed transporting phosphate out of the ce ...[[Cell signaling|signaling]]. Outside the cell, phosphate may be dissolved in [[extracellular fluid]] (ECF) or form structures such as [[bone]] and [[tee

| bioavailability = Rapid, in part by saturable carrier-mediated L-amino acid transport system<br />60% f | title = The mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain

...n secondary [[metabolite]] of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] which is formed in the body after [[Cannabis]] is consumed. ...f cannabis use by the analysis of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites in blood and urine by combined HPLC and RIA. ''Journal of Analytical Toxicolog

...ture]]), or '''dronabinol''', is the main [[psychoactive substance]] found in the [[cannabis]] plant. ...m]] from the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in [[Rehovot]], [[Israel]], in [[1964]].<ref name="doi10.1021/ja01062a046">{{cite journal

...in the USA and Canada. Several US states have made it illegal under state law. .... A survey of readers of ''[[Mixmag]]'' in the UK in 2009, found that one in eight respondents had used synthetic cannabis, compared to 85% who had used

...misuse for parents, teachers and other professionals", Emmett D. & Nice G. 2006, Pg 41</ref><ref>"James Bong's Ultimate SpyGuide to Marijuana", Arooka, Pg ==Use in different countries==

:''This article is about cannabis used in a [[religious]] or [[spirituality|spiritual]] context.'' ...last=Cook|first=John Granger|title=The Interpretation of the Old Testament in Greco-Roman Paganism|year=2004|publisher=Mohr Siebeck Publishers|page=78|IS

{{About|the plant genus|use as a psychoactive drug in the genus|Cannabis (drug)}} ...amsterdam.JPG|thumb|220px|[[Hash Marijuana & Hemp Museum|Cannabis Museum]] in [[Amsterdam]].]]

...the hemp plant Cannabis sativa...is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the United States"[http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/marijuana.html] --> ...= http://www.idmu.co.uk/can.htm | title = Types of ''Cannabis'' Available in the United Kingdom (UK) | author = Matthew J. Atha (Independent Drug Monito

...2&nbsp;mg) and to control moderate pain in non-opioid tolerant individuals in lower dosages (~200&nbsp;µg). ...national control]</ref> In recent years, buprenorphine has been introduced in most [[Europe]]an countries as a [[transdermal patch|transdermal formulatio

...of Fentanyl |publisher=Aspi.wisc.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref> In addition, it is a synthetic strong agonist at the [[mu opioid receptor|μ-o ...sp;milligrams per kilogram in monkeys, and an undetermined LD₅₀ in humans.

...action and very low cost. Methadone was introduced into the United States in 1947 by [[Eli Lilly and Company]]. Methadone is useful in the treatment of opioid dependence. It has [[cross-tolerance]] with other o

...istry|chemical]] structure, PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative, and, in [[pharmacology]], it is a member of the family of [[dissociative anestheti ...nnels (nAChR). Some analogues have greater potency at nAChR than at NMDAR. In some brain regions, these effects act synergistically to inhibit excitatory

...[[Sierra Madre de Oaxaca|Sierra Mazateca]] of [[Oaxaca]], Mexico, growing in shady and moist locations.<ref name=Reisfield1993intro/><ref name="Valdes19 ...ame="Imanshahidi2006p430">[[#refImanshahidi2006|Imanshahidi & Hosseinzadeh 2006]], p.&nbsp;430.</ref> a potent [[Kappa Opioid receptor|κ-opioid]] and [[D2

...ne]]. [[Rofecoxib]] (commonly known as [[Vioxx]]) was taken off the market in 2004 because of these concerns. ...mons any royalties and profits from his discovery. A lawsuit is currently in progress by Simmons against the drug developers. [http://www.the-scientist.

| metabolism = 95%, mainly [[Hepatic]], also in blood and tissues ...title -->].</ref> to treat [[cataplexy]] and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with [[narcolepsy]]. The same company is also investigating the dr

...ember to the first weekend in October. It is one of the most famous events in Germany and the world's largest fair, with some six million people attendin ...ays when the 1st Sunday is October 2nd and 18 days when it is October 1st. In 2010, the festival lasts exceptionally until the first October Monday, to m

...ce]] [[DINA]] of the government of [[Augusto Pinochet]] was one among many in [[Operation Condor]]. [[Image:Letelier1975.jpg|thumb|right|Letelier in 1975.]]

...>[http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1998/October/477crm.htm Eric Rudolph charged in Centennial Olympic Park bombing]</ref> ...ml |publisher=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |date=2005-04-15 |accessdate=2006-06-29 |quote=Rudolph called himself a Roman Catholic at war over abortion.

...a [[Brink's]] [[armored car (valuables)|armored car]] at the Nanuet Mall, in [[Nanuet, New York]], killing two police officers, [[Edward O'Grady II|Edwa ...arm from his body. The criminals then took $1.6 million in cash, got back in their van, and fled the scene.

...Park bombing''' was a [[terrorism|terrorist]] [[bomb]]ing on July 27, 1996 in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States during the [[1 ...ed|date=June 2010}} It was the largest pipe bomb in U.S. history, weighing in excess of 40 pounds. It used a [[steel]] plate as a directional device.<ref

...er reportedly details 4 new shootings] Associated Press/KX net.com 16 June 2006</ref> In September 2003, Muhammad was [[Capital punishment in the United States|sentenced to death]]. One month later, Malvo was sentence

...-post-bombing.jpg|thumb|350px|Rubble of the ''Los Angeles Times'' building in 1910]] ...onvicted, and sentenced to life in prison. J.J. was sentenced to 15 years in prison for bombing a local iron manufacturing plant, and returned to the Ir

...re two blacks and two whites were killed in [[Rosewood, Florida|Rosewood]] in January 1923]] ...]]s in the years before the massacre, including a well-publicized incident in December 1922.

{{About|the first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in 1993|the 2001 attack and destruction of the World Trade Center|September 11 ...iciary Committee }}</ref><ref>Wright, Lawrence, ''Looming Tower'', Knopf, (2006) p. 178.</ref> It failed to do so, but did kill six people and injured 1,04

...ed support for people working for civil rights. It marked a turning point in the U.S. [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|1960s Civil R ...rn Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)]] to integrate public facilities in the country.

...an Patriot movement]], based in [[Adrian, Michigan|Adrian]], [[Michigan]], in the [[United States]].<ref name=ReportBBC>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/worl The group was formed in early 2008. The name "Hutaree" appears to be a [[neologism]]; the group's w

| caption = Four of the restaurants in The Dalles affected by the attack ...ent was the first, and single largest [[bioterrorism|bioterrorist]] attack in United States history.<ref name="healthexperts" /><ref name="lewis">{{cite

| caption = [[George Tiller]] gives a mock [[consultation]] in 1997 in the setting of his clinic, Women’s Health Care – [[Wichita, Kansas]], w ...s |url=http://airamerica.com/news/11-13-2009/fbi-got-warning-about-suspect-in-kan-doctor-death/ |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=2009-11-13 |title=Scott

...ennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and [[Texas Governor]] [[John Connally]] in the [[Presidential state car (United States)|presidential limousine]], minu |caption6= The assassination site in 2008. White arrows indicate the sixth floor window and the mark on the road

...itaries]], [[police department]]s and [[corporation]]s adopt to prevent or in response to terrorist threats and/or acts, both real and imputed. ...ticular context. Individuals, such as [[Timothy McVeigh]], may also engage in terrorist acts such as the [[Oklahoma City bombing]].

...vary due to difficulties measuring but, there is a general consensus that in 1996 there was just under 100 websites and to well over 5000 websites today ...h primarily occurred due to evidence recovered from [[Al Qaeda]] computers in Afghanistan, that indicate the Internet was being used to collect intellige

...[[Evangelism|evangelist]]s working among poor and poorly educated Muslims in British India.<ref name=USIoPeace> [[Nicholas Howenstein]], [http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2006/1011_islamist_networks.html Islamist Networks: The Case of Tablighi Jamaat]

[[File:Vcfightersboat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Viet Cong]] insurgents in the mid-1960s]] ...rd English Dictionary]] second edition 1989 "insurgent B. n. One who rises in revolt against constituted authority; a rebel who is not recognized as a be

...lly charged.<ref name="Hoffman-1998-p32">Hoffman (1998), p. 32, See review in The [[New York Times]][http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrori ...]] that incorporates a single, all-encompassing, legally binding, criminal law definition terrorism.<ref>Diaz-Paniagua (2008), p. 47.</ref>

...pponents.”<ref name="Hoffman-1998-p32">Hoffman (1998), p. 32, See review in The [[New York Times]][http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrori ...se of "systematic use of terror as a policy" was first recorded in English in 1798.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/terrorism]</ref>

...ttp://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue8_3/garfinkel/ | accessdate = May 7, 2006 }}</ref> While it lacks a central command, the concept does not necessarily ...a movement’s role model instills motivation, ideas and assumed sympathy in the minds of potential agitators who lend further authority to the figurehe

...nal Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September], Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002. Some definitions also include acts of [[Law|unlawful]] violence and war. The history of terrorist organizations suggest

...name="B. Raman">{{cite web | author = B. Raman | title = PLANE HIJACKING: IN PERSPECTIVE | publisher = [[South Asia Analysis Group]] | date = 2000-01-02 ...f Rickards was informed that the revolution was successful and he could go in return for giving one group member a lift to [[Lima]].

...refers to the use of symbolic acts of violence against structural targets, in which the act is intended to evoke a broader meaning. ...om deeds and not the other way around." [[Mikhail Bakunin]] (1814–1876), in his "Letters to a Frenchman on the Present Crisis" (1870) stated that "we m

{{About|the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution}} ...ly as to how many were killed, with numbers ranging from 16,000 to 40,000; in many cases, records were not kept or, if they were, they are considered lik

...illa warfare''' is a form of [[irregular warfare]] and refers to conflicts in which a small group of [[combatant]]s including, but not limited to, armed The term means "little war" in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and the word, ''guerrilla'', has been used to

...ainst women ostensibly supported by Islam's tenets, references to violence in the [[Qur'an]], and acts of terrorisms motivated and/or justified by Islam. ...n-copenhagen-protest-reprinting-of-danish-cartoons.html Bloomberg: Muslims in Copenhagen Protest Reprinting of Danish Cartoons<!-- Bot generated title --

...e.htm</ref> Such crime is commonly referred to as the work of the ''Mob'' in the U.S. ...lian Mafia]] based in [[Sicily]], known to its members as [[Cosa Nostra]]. In the [[United States]], "the Mafia" generally refers to the [[American Mafia

...ker Protest Run 6.jpg|thumb|220px|Various outlaw motorcycle clubs gathered in Australia to protest new laws against them.]] ...) is a type of [[motorcycle club]] that is part of a subculture with roots in the post-[[WWII]] USA, centered on [[Types of motorcycles#Cruiser|cruiser]]

...n.<ref name="Schwirtz">{{cite news |title=Vory v Zakone has hallowed place in Russian criminal lore.|author=Michael Schwirtz |work=[[International Herald ...ure with its own slang, culture and laws became known as ''Vorovskoy Mir'' in Russian (i.e. воровской мир) or "Thieves World" (World of Thiev

...an illegal business, usually run as part of [[organized crime]]. Engaging in a racket is called ''racketeering''. ...the [[protection racket]], in which criminals demand money from businesses in exchange for the service of "protection" against crimes that the racketeers

...n Afghanistan]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]] and the [[War in North-West Pakistan|Waziristan War]] .../www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=36208 Taliban have opened office in Waziristan (Pakistan)].</ref>

|logo = Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg ...[Islamic fundamentalism]]<br/>[[Wahhabi|Wahhabi Islam]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Atwan|2006|p=40}}</ref><br/>[[Pan-Islamism]]

...have had members accused) of such activity but are not inherently criminal in their nature (such as [[Outlaw motorcycle club|motorcycle clubs]] or Chines ...local corruption and lack of law enforcement to establish cartels turning in millions if not billions of dollars each year. Sometimes if government enfo

{{For|information on handling copyright concerns in Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Copyright violations}} ...s]] from 1906, when copyright registration formalities were still required in the US.]]

{{About|a law enforcement term}} ...h associated with the [[United States]], the term is used by police forces in other countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10438989 |t

...igation of the [[2001 anthrax attacks]]. [[FBI]] searches of his apartment in July and August 2002 were well-attended by [[journalists]], many of whom ha |title=Scientist Is Paid Millions by U.S. in Anthrax Suit

...intended to be the principal U.S. biodefense research institution engaged in laboratory-based threat assessment and bioforensics. NBACC will be an impo ...t seeks to quantitatively answer questions pertaining to what might happen in a biological attack.

...on/la-na-anthrax1-2008aug01,0,2864223.story?page=1 |title=Apparent suicide in anthrax case |first=David |last=Willman |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2 ...ot believe in any way, shape or manner that he is the only person involved in this attack on Congress and the American people. I do not believe that at a

...nvestigation became "one of the largest and most complex in the history of law enforcement."<ref>http://www.fbi.gov/anthrax/amerithraxlinks.htm</ref> ...bs at [[Fort Detrick]] in [[Frederick, Maryland|Frederick]], [[Maryland]]. In June 2008, Ivins was told of the impending prosecution, and on July 27, 200

...umb|250px|[[NBC Nightly News|NBC's]] [[Tom Brokaw]] was one of the targets in the first mailing.]] ...be the "murder weapon." The timeline also shows that the Ames strain used in the attacks was originally thought to be a common strain from Iowa, and it

...fense|Department of Defense]] reports that he was born on October 29, 1979 in [[Entebbe]], [[Uganda]]. ...(1996-1998) and enrolled in a two-year computing course at Nescot College in [[Epsom]], which he apparently did not finish to go travelling.

|war =the [[Insurgency in the Philippines]] ...ead, September 4, 2006</ref><br/>[[Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani]] [[Killed in action|KIA]] <ref>Reported dead, December 8, 1998</ref>

...url =http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/humanrights/declaration/9.asp |date=2006-11-09 | accessdate =2007-09-30}}</ref> ...cteristic of [[dictatorship]]s or [[police state]]s, which may also engage in [[forced disappearance]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

...mo, Bagram, and Kandahar] [[Amy Goodman]], ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' 1 August 2006</ref> ...501.html ''A Prison We Need to Escape''], ''[[Washington Post]]'', 14 June 2006</ref><ref name="Bran"/>

...image removed: [[Image:SaltPitAfghanistan.jpg|thumb|225px|The [[Salt Pit]] in [[Afghanistan]].]] --> ...facilities that are controlled by the CIA used by the [[U.S. government]] in its [[War on Terror]] to detain alleged [[unlawful enemy combatant]]s.<ref

...hreats. It also discusses the government policies and procedures currently in place at land border crossings, ports, and airports to combat the terrorist ...re capable of getting past the government screening restrictions that were in place, one could only imagine how great of a threat to America was posed by

{{wikisource|Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism}} ...ei=5088&partner=rssnyt Guantánamo Prisoners Getting Their Day, but Hardly in Court], ''[[New York Times]]'', November 11, 2004 - [http://cageprisoners.c

...ned to Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) assemble in a formation in the [[Gulf of Oman]], 6 May 2004]] ...|Arabia Sea]] to support [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] (OIF), and operations in the [[Indian Ocean]]) to support [[Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Afr

...onitors all outside communication (telephone, mail, visitation) of inmates in the unit. ..."Limited Communication for Terrorist Inmates"] Federal Register, April 3, 2006</ref>

...es is particularly critical where civil liberties and the rule of law hang in the balance. <br> ...hat period, and what was the asserted legal authority for such activities. In sum, we must determine the facts. <br>

|conflict=Drone attacks in Pakistan |partof= the [[War on Terrorism]], [[War in North-West Pakistan]], [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]

...in/query/z?c109:H.R.1076.IH: Detention of Enemy Combatants Act (Introduced in House) 109th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 1076] March 3, 2005 ...be replaced by the more general term "Party to the conflict" (as described in the 1949 [[Third Geneva Convention|Geneva Conventions]] [[S:Third Geneva Co

.../> "'''Torture by proxy'''" is used by some critics to describe situations in which the United States has transferred suspected terrorists to countries k ...tp://washingtonindependent.com/46882/obama-administration-seeks-re-hearing-in-extraordinary-rendition-case

...Fugitives]] list. It now serves as a companion to that earlier list, which in years past, had listed several major terrorist fugitives. In response to the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the [[United States]], fo

...ried out the act, thereby placing the victim outside the protection of the law. ..., and thus is not subject to a [[statute of limitations]]. On December 20, 2006, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted the [[International Conven

...detentions in Council of Europe state, reported by Dick Marty, January 22, 2006]</ref> ...ties abroad since the capture of suspected Al Qaeda operative Abu Zubaydah in 2002.<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/article/62199 "CIA Chief Defends Detention

...by the [[Military Commissions Act of 2006]] for prosecuting detainees held in the [[United States]] [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]s. ..., or to have been, members of the al Qaeda organization or to have engaged in, aided or abetted, or conspired to commit acts of international terrorism t

...[[ International Security Assistance Force|United States forces]] in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]]. <ref name="NYTimes2008-06-17"> ...n of 75,000 classified documents the public learned that Siraj Haqqani was in the tier one of the [[ International Security Assistance Force]]'s [[Joint

.../article.jsp?aid=123</ref> According to the FBI, the JDL has been involved in plotting terrorist attacks within the [[United States]].<ref name=fbi />. Founded by [[Rabbi]] [[Meir Kahane]] in [[New York City]] in 1968, JDL's self-described purpose was to protect [[Jews]] from local manif

...process of becoming a German citizen when he was arrested in [[Pakistan]] in late 2001. His [[Internment Serial Number]] was 53.<ref name=DoDList2> ...tment of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006

| name= Military Commissions Act of 2006 | fullname= Military Commissions Act of 2006

...ommissions Act of 2009''', which amended the [[Military Commissions Act of 2006]].<ref name=TheJurist2009-10-09> | url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2009/10/house-passes-amendments-to-military.php

...e]] without parole at the [[ADX Florence|Federal ADX]] [[Supermax prison]] in [[Florence, Colorado|Florence]], Colorado. ...sa (document)|visas]]. However, prosecutors in Moussaoui's drawn-out trial in the US had difficulty directly connecting him to the 19 participants.

...S. citizens from the four largest [[telephone company|telephone carriers]] in the United States: [[AT&T]], [[SBC Communications|SBC]], [[BellSouth]] (all | url =http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-05-10-nsa_x.htm

...his son [[Joshua Denbeaux]], and some of his law students, on October 17, 2006.<ref name="No-hearing_hearings"> | url=http://law.shu.edu/news/final_no_hearing_hearings_report.pdf

...in some of the intercepts including communications were "purely domestic" in nature, igniting the [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]]. ...ork Times|author=James Risen and Eric Lichtblau|date=2005-12-21|accessdate=2006-05-28}}</ref> The technical details of the program are still classified, a

...ork Times|author=James Risen and Eric Lichtblau|date=2005-12-21|accessdate=2006-05-28}}</ref> This action was challenged by a number of groups including t ...t1=David E. | last1=Sanger | first2=John | last2=O'Neil | date=January 23, 2006}}</ref> part of the broader [[President's Surveillance Program]], the NSA i

|image=[[File:US Marines in Operation Enduring Freedom.jpg|300px]] '''In Afghanistan:'''

...providing a mainframe computer system to facilitate immigration processing in half a dozen countries. Foreign authorities used the technology to watchlis ...ainst facial images, fingerprints and biographical information at airports in high-risk countries. A high-speed data network permits U.S. authorities to

| conviction_penalty = Sentenced to 17 years and four months in prison. | conviction_status = Incarcerated, [[ADX Supermax Prison]] in Florence, Colorado

...coso]] in the final days of her term.<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'', 25 October 2006, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/cuba/story/0,,1930703,00.html US embarrassed by ...ril 8, 2009, the [[United States Attorney]] filed a superseding indictment in the case. Mr. Posada-Carriles' jury trial had been set for February 26, 201

...|Attorney General]] publicly acknowledged the existence of such activities in 2007.<ref name=IG/> The other activities have reportedly included [[data mi and telephone [[call detail record]]s in the [[NSA call database]].<ref name="USA"> {{cite news

...o strengthen the [[United States]]' stance throughout the [[Middle East]]. In [[military]] terms, "reset" refers to "a series of actions to restore units ...ultiple [[civil war in Iraq|internal]] and [[Iraq war|external]] conflicts in [[Iraq]]. The plan for strategic reset entails four key measures:

...dministration|Bush administration]]'s "Global [[War on Terrorism]]". Based in [[Belgium]], SWIFT ([[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommuni ...s Secretly Tapped]", ''Washington Post'', June 23, 2006. Accessed June 23, 2006.</ref>

...b non-citizens who, under the pretext of immigration violations, were held in detention for several months.<ref name=NYTimes1> | title=11 Jail Guards Are Indicted in 2 Beatings in Brooklyn

...tes Constitution]], which vests "the executive power" of the United States in the President. In several [[U.S. state|states]], in contrast to the federal government, executive officers such as [[Lieutenant

...rc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/terrorism-ihl-210705 The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism]'', 21 July 2005</ref> ...[Fourth Geneva Convention]] so that he must be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular tria

...hen, other operations have commenced, the largest being the [[Iraq War|War in Iraq]], beginning with a [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 invasion]]. Originall ...ghan and American soldier standby to engage an enemy, a car bomb detonates in Baghdad, Iraq.

.../16166/16166-h/16166-h.htm#2HCH0023|last= Rawlinson| first= George}}</ref> In more modern times, caltrops are used against wheeled vehicles with pneumati The late [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writer [[Vegetius]], referring in his work ''[[De Re Militari]]'' to [[scythed chariot]]s, wrote:

The '''buttered cat paradox''' is a [[paradox]] based on the [[tongue-in-cheek]] combination of two [[adage]]s: ...age&PAGE_id=2&MMN_position=30:30|title=The Buttered Cat Paradox|date=02/13/2006|publisher=Butteredcat.com|accessdate=29 June 2010}}</ref>

...Archaeological Paradigms | publisher=University of California Press | year=2006 | isbn=0-520-24638-1 | pages=.264}}</ref> It was also consumed by [[Hungari ...] similar to [[kefir]], but is produced from a liquid [[starter culture]], in contrast to the solid kefir "grains". Because mare's milk contains more sug

...coffee]] and [[tea]]. Eggnog-flavoured [[ice cream]] is a seasonal product in the United States and Canada; as eggnog is a [[custard]] it can be easily r ...Cooking America |url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/Eggnog.htm |accessdate=2006-12-16 }}</ref>

...average age of introduction of other foods (such as cow's milk), resulting in increased use of both breastfeeding and infant formula between the ages of | title = Infant Feeding in the 20th Century: Formula and Beikost

...p of milk-based [[food]] products. Cheese is produced throughout the world in wide-ranging flavors, textures, and forms. ...g costs. The long storage life of some cheese, especially if it is encased in a protective rind, allows selling when markets are favorable.

| caption = Ice-cream or [[Gelato]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]], August 2005 ...icial [[seasoning|flavourings]] and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly whi

[[Image:Margarine.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Margarine in a tub]] ...f butter. Margarine is an ingredient in the preparation of many foods and, in recipes and colloquially, is sometimes called '''oleo''', short for '''oleo

'''Rock's law''' or '''Moore's Second Law''', named for [[Arthur Rock]], says that the cost of a semiconductor chip [ ...er higher levels of [[integrated circuits|large-scale integration]], which in turn leads to creation of even more innovative products.

...y an input pole) to lower frequencies, pole splitting causes the pole next in frequency (usually an output pole) to move to a higher frequency. This pole |title=Trade-offs in analog circuit design: the designer's companion

...-circuit time constant method''' is an approximate analysis technique used in electronic circuit design to determine the corner frequency of [[complex ci ...e extremely inaccurate in some cases where a zero in the numerator is near in frequency.<ref name=Thompson>

...is roughly linearly proportional to the increase in complexity. Complexity in this context means processor logic, i.e its area. Pollack's Rule gained increasing relevance in 2008 due to the broad adoption of [[multi-core]] computing and concern expr

...'s iconic "The Round" model [[Honeywell T87|T87]] thermostat. There is one in the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]].]] ...|date= |accessdate=September 13, 2011}}</ref> The company is headquartered in [[Morristown, New Jersey]]. Its current [[chief executive officer]] is [[Da

...or linear filters in general see [[Linear filter]]. For electronic filters in general see [[Electronic filter]].'' ...sations onto a single channel; the selection of a chosen [[radio station]] in a [[radio receiver]] and rejection of others.

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}} ...sing [[complex analysis]]. Simple nonlinear circuits can also be analyzed in this way. Specialized software has been created to analyze circuits that a

...ricity)|current]] through one [[active device]] by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant reg ...oltage is dictated by the need to keep the output transistor of the mirror in active mode. The range of voltages where the mirror works is called the '''

[[Image:Transistor Count and Moore's Law - 2011.svg|thumb|350px|Plot of CPU [[transistor count]]s against dates of i [[File:Osborne Executive with iPhone in 2009.jpg|thumb|An [[Osborne Executive]] portable computer, from 1982, and a

...different frequencies or power levels. Historically the means of operation in most power sensor and meter combinations was that the sensor would convert ...requency-selective. To measure the power of a specific frequency component in the presence of other signals at different frequencies a [[spectrum analyze