Search results

...prolonged disruption of neuronal calcium homeostasis may lead to neuronal cell death and injury, it is reasonable to suppose that such events may contribu

...m channel|voltage gated sodium (Na⁺) channels]] in the neuronal cell membrane that are responsible for signal propagation<ref name="novartis">{{ ...S) and [[cardiovascular]] effects – CNS effects usually occur at lower [[blood plasma]] concentrations and additional cardiovascular effects present at hi

...ing malaria fever, its severity correlated to the malaria parasite load in blood. There is evidence that it has a genetic basis and is related to chloroquin ...r energy metabolism. Digestion is carried out in a vacuole of the parasite cell.

...d in virtually all tissues with variable numbers between 3000 - 10000 per cell depending on the tissue involved. Prednisolone can activate and influence b -Inhibition of gene transcription for COX-2, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules and inducible NO synthetase

...reathing difficulty (due to [[bronchospasm]]), [[hypotension|a decrease in blood pressure]], rash, [[angioedema]], and sometimes also nausea and vomiting.<r ...ts (NAC, [[vitamin C]] plus [[vitamin E]], or both) may prevent or delay b-cell dysfunction in diabetes by providing protection against [[glucose]] toxicit

...76. PMID: 17850672</ref> and release of inflammatory mediators by specific cell types<ref>Choi EY, Kim EC, Oh HM, Kim S, Lee HJ, Cho EY, Yoon KH, Kim EA, H ...(e.g. [[thalassemia]] and [[myelodysplastic syndrome]]) who require many [[blood transfusion]]s, which can greatly increase the amount of iron in the body.

...[[CYP450]] inducer, may increase clearance of many drugs, decreasing their blood levels.<ref name="urleMedicine - Toxicity, Carbamazepine">{{cite web |url=h ...eatening. This occurs commonly enough that a doctor may recommend frequent blood tests during the first few months of use, followed by three to four tests p

Levamsiole is known to suppress the production of [[white blood cell]]s, resulting in [[neutropenia]] and [[agranulocytosis]]. With the increasi

...relatively small amount enters systemic circulation. Praziquantel has a [[Blood serum|serum]] [[half-life]] of 0.8 to 1.5 hours in adults with normal renal ...with cerebral [[cysticercosis]] experience CNS side effects related to the cell-death of the parasites (headache, worsening of preexisting neurological pro

...omycin, which causes the death of the bacteria by [[lysis|breakdown of the cell membrane]], and clindamycin, which is a powerful inhibitor of [[toxin]] syn ...patients — clindamycin therapy has been associated with [[anaphylaxis]], blood [[dyscrasia]]s, [[polyarthritis]], [[jaundice]], [[elevated transaminases|r

...entration]] (MIC) is 32 [[Wiktionary:microgram|μg]]/mL or less. The peak blood concentration of nitrofurantoin following an oral dose of nitrofurantoin 10 .../ref> respiration, pyruvate metabolism and other macromolecules within the cell. It is not known which of the actions of nitrofurantoin is primarily respo

...regnancy, especially the first [[trimester]], and for sufferers of certain blood disorders.<ref>{{cite web|Use extra precautions when taking the contrecepti ...blood clot) by lowering folic acid levels and associated bone marrow blood cell formation.

...abresi PA, Chandy KG. |title=Kv1.3 channels are a therapeutic target for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=10 ...=Treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease with clofazimine. |journal=Blood. |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=2298–302 |year=1997 |month=Apr |pmid=9116272

=== Effects on the blood === ...apsone. Med J Aust 1977; 2: 247–51.</ref> Abnormalities in [[white blood cell]] formation, including [[aplastic anaemia]], are rare but the cause of the

...ars) of users, for a few hours after a dose. Maximal concentrations in the blood are decreased by about a third when the antibiotic is taken with food. <ref ...stribution to the [[central nervous system]] and penetration through the [[blood-brain barrier]].

...esis of [[mycolic acid]], required for the [[mycobacterium|mycobacterial]] cell wall. A range of radicals are produced by KatG activation of Isoniazid, inc ...e effectiveness of isoniazid. However, slow acetylation may lead to higher blood concentrations with chronic administration of the drug, with an increased r

...so commonly used in [[tissue culture]] to prevent fungi from contaminating cell cultures. It is usually sold in a concentrated solution, either on its own ...esearchers found evidence that pore formation is not necessarily linked to cell death (i.e. Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed. Engl. 2004).<ref>Baginski, M., and J

...arrow function (e.g. [[cytostatic]]s) should be treated carefully. [[Blood cell count]]s should be taken very frequently. * Renal function: Increased [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]] and serum [[creatinine]] have been noted. [[Crystalluri

...first reported the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity of Lamivudine in cell culture which eventually led to the first oral antiviral agent for the trea ...ility of over 80%. Some research suggests that lamivudine can cross the [[blood-brain barrier]]. Lamivudine is often given in combination with [[zidovudine

...ion within the cell and release of mature viral particles from an infected cell. Saquinavir inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. ...hat they can take less saquinavir, while maintaining sufficient saquinavir blood plasma levels to efficiently suppress the replication of HIV.

...little if any clinical usefulness against HIV, and it can greatly increase blood levels and also toxicity of the HIV antiviral didanosine (ddI, Videx). Othe ...ellular mRNAs, causing poor cellular translation of these. This would be a cell-toxic effect, but it does not seem to be important at therapeutic ribavirin

...s ongoing to investigate its applicability towards treatments for [[sickle cell anemia]], cyanide poisoning, [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]s, [[bra ...t react with biological [[nucleophile]]s (such as DNA or an enzyme) in the cell.

...s, including [[analgesia]], [[anesthesia]], [[hallucination]]s, elevated [[blood pressure]], and [[bronchodilator|bronchodilation]].<ref>{{Cite book|author= ...ion equipment is not available. Ketamine tends to increase heart rate and blood pressure. Because ketamine tends to increase or maintain cardiac output, i

...72}}</ref> enzymes necessary to separate bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division. This mechanism can also affect mammalian cell replication. In particular, some congeners of this drug family (for example

...ed alone. [[Lactic acidosis]] (a buildup of [[lactic acid|lactate]] in the blood) can be a serious concern in [[overdose]] and when it is prescribed to peop ...was rekindled in the late 1940s after several reports that it could reduce blood sugar levels in people, and in 1957, French physician Jean Sterne published

...d then stop the virus, whilst the immune system could destroy the infected cell. Flushing out all latent virus in this manner would potentially cure HIV pa ...proic acid induces non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms in multiple myeloma cell lines. | journal = [[Int J Oncol.|International Journal of Oncology]] | vol

...re. (typically in cases when patient is already taking medication for high blood pressure) ...er at least 10-15min. Rapid administration may produce a transient fall in blood pressure.

...d over an adsorbent substance in order to remove toxic substances from the blood. ...ed charcoal is used in Intensive Care to filter out harmful drugs from the blood stream of poisoned patients. Activated charcoal has become the treatment of

* [[High blood pressure]] (HBP) or [[hypertension]] (HTN) ...ransmission]] in the [[peripheral nervous system]]. This effect may lower blood pressure and cause [[central nervous system]] effects such as [[clinical de

...is just slightly increased. Overall, the heart rate is decreased, while [[blood pressure]] increases as the stroke volume is increased, leading to increase Digoxin also affects the [[kidney]] by increased renal blood flow and increased [[glomerular filtration rate|GFR]]. A mild [[diuretic]]

...hich is the precursor of dopamine, can be given because it can cross the [[blood-brain barrier]]. ...nucleus]] of the hypothalamus is secreted into the hypothalamo-hypophysial blood vessels of the [[median eminence]], which supply the [[pituitary gland]]. T

...excrete bicarbonate (HCO₃^-), thus re-acidifying the blood. ...> backs up due to acetazolamide CA inhibition in the tubule and enters the cell with Cl^-, then passes into the bloodstream, creating a hyperchlo

...s kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the [[pH]] of the cell contents. Unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (the [[fatty acids]]), aceti ...manual [[white blood cell]] counts. Another clinical use is for lysing red blood cells, which can obscure other important constituents in urine during a mic

...in themselves increase the risks of [[non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[squamous cell carcinoma]]s of the skin, [[Cholangiocarcinoma|hepatobiliary carcinomas]] a Under FDA rules, this drug, like many others, excludes eligibility for blood donation.

...p>+</sup> [[ion]]s produced in the form of hydrochloric acid by [[parietal cell]]s in the [[stomach]] to produce water. ...uch would wear out the kidney and lead to toxic levels of magnesium in the blood. Healthy individuals should not use this type of medication continuously fo

...compound is also used to control [[phosphate]] (phosphorus) levels in the blood of people suffering from kidney failure. ...= Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends | journal = [[Immunol Cell Biol.]] | year = 2004 | volume = 82 | issue = 5 | pages = 488–96 | doi =

| OtherNames = Dextrose, grape sugar, blood sugar, corn sugar ...] ([[monosaccharide]]), is an important [[carbohydrate]] in [[biology]]. [[Cell (biology)|Cells]] use it as a source of energy and a metabolic intermediate

...ow level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase [[blood sugar]] through gluconeogenesis, suppress the immune system, and aid in fat ...etion of adrenal corticotrophic hormone ([[ACTH]]); ACTH is carried by the blood to the adrenal cortex where it triggers glucocorticoid secretion.

...ter]].<ref>{{cite pmid|6278965}}</ref>. It increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the [[fight-or-flight res ...olysis]] by [[adipose tissue]]. Together these effects lead to increased [[blood glucose]] and [[fatty acid]]s, providing substrates for energy production w

...rm.org/details.cfm?ID=782|title=Two States Pass First-time Bans on Mercury Blood Pressure Devices|date=June 2, 2003|publisher=Health Care Without Harm|acces ...either [[Sodium hydroxide#Methods of production|membrane cell or diaphragm cell technologies]] to produce chlorine.

...significant exposure to the virus (such as a needle-stick injury involving blood or body fluids from an individual known to be infected with HIV).<!-- ...effects might be caused by the sensitivity of the γ-DNA polymerase in the cell [[mitochondria]].<ref>{{cite pmid | 20544523}}</ref> Drugs that inhibit [[l

*[[Hypotension]] or decreased [[blood pressure]] *[[Orthostatic hypotension]] or very low [[blood pressure]]

...f [[eclampsia]], when [[Intravenous therapy|IV]] [[magnesium sulfate]] and blood pressure control measures have failed.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kaplan ...are also more sensitive to the effects of benzodiazepines even at similar blood plasma levels. Doses of diazepam are recommended to be about half of those

...lysis of liquid sodium chloride. This is now done in a [[Downs Cell|Down's cell]] in which sodium chloride is mixed with [[calcium chloride]] to lower the ...cannot live in an overly salty environment: water is drawn out of their [[cell (biology)|cells]] by [[osmosis]]. For this reason salt is used to [[Food pr

...n the presence of cicutoxin this depolarization continues unabated causing cell overactivity. The hyperactivity in brain cells results in seizures.<ref nam ...-09-14}}</ref> and alternating [[hypotension|low]] and [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref name="Costanza"/> Other cardiac effects may include [[ECG]]

...ic]] [[glycoside]] [[aesculin]], which causes [[hemolysis]] of [[red blood cell]]s.

...most tissues. Vacuolation is most obvious in [[neuron]]s and [[epithelial cell]]s. The vacuolation resolves shortly after poisoning is discontinued, but i ...by documenting exposure, identifying the neurologic signs, and analyzing [[Blood serum|serum]] for alpha-mannosidase activity and swainsonine.<ref name="pmi

...roves blood flow through peripheral blood vessels and therefore helps with blood circulation in the arms and legs (e.g. intermittent claudication), and the It also helps prevent strokes and can be used in managing [[sickle cell disease]].

...ular cell]]s of [[kidney]], which produce renin in response to decreased [[blood flow]]. ...he system. The catalytic role played by renin is thus crucial in mediating blood pressure by the Renin-Angiotensin System.<ref name="ref 1"> [http://pharmax

...eins (1 to 3 mm in diameter). Asclera works by damaging the cell lining of blood vessels, causing them to close and eventually be replaced by other types of

...aracteristic of the exponential growth stage of bacteria to the program of cell survival under stationary conditions, “a life in the slow line”. They p *They are important for cell motility, biofilms formation and virulence.

...ng high-pressure homogenizers. The homogenizers are used to delaminate the cell walls of the fibres and liberating the nanosized fibrils. This production r * Filter medium partly based on nanocellulose for leukocyte free blood transfusion

...yethylene glycol allows a slowed clearance of the carried protein from the blood. This makes for a longer-acting medicinal effect and reduces [[toxicity]], ...sing PEG can mask antigens without damaging the functions and shape of the cell.

...[higher organisms]]. The exceptions are [[Spermatozoon|sperm cells]] and [[blood cells]], which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to their membrane struct

|Binucleated cells with micronuclei, Inhibition of cell cycle kinetics and proliferation; Sister chromatid induction, tumorigenic p |Blood

...ing showed that controlling all carbohydrates is necessary for controlling blood glucose levels, the idea behind carbohydrate counting.<ref>{{cite book |las ...ter digestion and absorption. the principal monosaccharides present in the blood and internal tissues include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Many pentose

...esult also creates the simulation, via color changes, of the appearance of blood flowing under the skin. *Cell Conditioner. These chemicals act to prepare cells for absorption of arteria

...ing from the evolutionarily primitive [[archaea]] to humans. The color of blood is due to the [[hemoglobin]], an iron-containing protein. As illustrated b ...ds iron absorbed from the [[duodenum]] and carries it in the [[bloodstream|blood]] to cells.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000079|title=How M

...297}}</ref> because it can cause [[hemolysis]] (destruction of [[red blood cell]]s) due to [[oxidative stress]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite journal |author=Fran

...irement. This allows for the selective toxicity to bacterial cells (or any cell dependent on synthesizing folic acid) over human cells. Bacterial resista ...ctor immediately. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim is also known to increase blood concentrations of the drug [[warfarin]] (U.S. brand name: '''Coumadin''') a

...is important because it, not MG, traverses cell membranes. Once inside the cell, it is then metabolized into LMG. Only the cation MG is deeply coloured, wh ...i_lab_pro_2.18.pdf Protocol 2.18 Leucomalachite Green Presumptive Test for Blood], ''National Forensic Science Technology Center'', July 8, 2010, Retrieved

..., 997-1007</ref><ref>Tecott, L. H. and Heberlein, U. (1998) Y do we drink? Cell 95: 733-735</ref><ref>[http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/Columnists/ru ...e that octopamine facilitates weight loss. Octopamine may also increase [[blood pressure]] significantly when combined with other [[stimulant]]s, as in som

...dosed with metiamide developed [[agranulocytosis]] (decreased white blood cell count).<ref name=Tagamet/>

...oxidizing agent, so this will in turn rapidly oxidize other thiols in the cell such as glutathione.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hand CE, Taylor NJ, Honek J ...the other hand, since these antioxidant properties were measured in simple cell-free systems, their relevance to the actual function of ergothioneine in th

* Reaction to incompatible blood products ...liver produces extra heat. If these measures are insufficient to make the blood temperature in the brain match the new setting in the hypothalamus, then [[

...oxygen binding to hemoglobin, reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]. Additionally, [[myoglobin]] and ...]] or [[cardiovascular disease]], [[cardiac output]], [[anemia]], [[sickle cell disease]] and other hematological disorders, [[barometric pressure]], and [

Although called skin prick test, it does not involve drawing blood, in fact, the skin is not even scratched. It is usually performed on the in Immunoglobulin E is an antibody found in our blood and is effective against toxins. Since it can also trigger allergic reactio

...mes ''[[metastasis]]'' (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from [[ben ...tions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the [[cell cycle]], orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with prot

...of the [[urinary tract]], bloodstream, and other parts of the body. Their cell structure makes them more difficult to attack with antibiotics than Gram-po ...] (10,2 %), other respiratory infections (6,8%) and bacterial infections / blood poisoning (6,4 %).<ref>Ibid, Vol. 1, Tableau 31, p. 24.</ref> The rates amo

...ode (electron acceptor) material in standard and alkaline disposable [[dry cell]]s and batteries. The invention of the [[Leclanché cell]] in 1866 and the subsequent improvement of the batteries containing mangan

...sociated with the enhanced virulence enhanced destruction of [[white blood cell]]s, presumably the key to the higher infectivity. Expression of the psm-alp

..., assembling in the membrane of host defense cells, in particular, [[white blood cells]], [[monocytes]], and [[macrophages]].<ref name=Melles>{{cite journal The subunits fit together and form a ring with a central pore through which cell contents leak and which acts as a [[superantigen]].<ref name=bradley /><ref

...man kidney cells and ''in vivo'' tests with rat liver cells and peripheral blood leukocytes in humans.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baccarelli|first=A.|year=2009 ...d to death from multi-system [[organ failure]], probably from [[necrotic]] cell death, not [[apoptosis]]. A [[post mortem]] reveals brick red coloured [[mu

...n vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium(III) in the cell can lead to DNA damage.<ref name="Eastmond">{{cite journal .... After it reaches the blood stream, it damages the kidneys, the liver and blood cells through oxidation reactions. [[Hemolysis]], [[renal]] and liver failu

...el-cadmium cells have a nominal cell potential of 1.2&nbsp;[[Volt|V]]. The cell consists of a positive [[nickel hydroxide]] [[electrode]] and a negative ca ...[cadmium telluride]], which can be used for [[light]] detection or [[solar cell]]s. [[HgCdTe]] is sensitive to [[infrared]]<ref name="HgCdPb"/> light and t

...en on X-ray. However, the main tool for diagnosis is measurement of the [[blood lead level]]; different treatments are used depending on this level. The m The amount of lead in the blood and tissues, as well as the time course of exposure, determine toxicity.<re

...ervous system]] and causes [[brain]] disorders. Excessive lead also causes blood disorders in mammals. Like the element [[mercury (element)|mercury]], anoth ...account of renewed interest in [[recycling]], and rapid progress in [[fuel cell]] technology.

...in nature. One of the best known is [[heme]], the pigment in red [[blood cell]]s. Heme is a cofactor of the protein hemoglobin. They are heterocyclic [[

...n the p''K''_a values of the many acids and bases present in the cell and in the body. In chemistry, a knowledge of p''K''_a values is ...in [[drug development]] to increase the concentration of a compound in the blood by adjusting the p''K''_a of an ionizable group.<ref name=avdeef>

is established in the blood of cigarette smokers. ...which a substance can pass from the blood (an aqueous solution) through a cell wall which is like an organic solvent. They are usually measured using wate

...on]]-containing [[oxygen]]-transport [[metalloprotein]] in the [[red blood cell]]s of [[vertebrate]]s<ref>{{cite book ...o the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases the oxygen for cell use.

...on of pH.</ref> Primary pH standard values are determined by the [[Harned cell]], a hydrogen gas electrode, using the [[Bates-Guggenheim Convention]]. ...Biochemical Sciences|volume= 25|issue=1|pages=36–37|url=http://download.cell.com/trends/biochemical-sciences/pdf/PIIS0968000499015170.pdf}}</ref> H then

- [[Blood diseases]] - [[Blood test]]

...ritical care<ref>if the palmar arch is not present,radial artery stick for blood gases is contraindicated</ref> || arterial supply of the hand || ||tests | A || [[Auberger's blood group]] || Auberger (patient) ||haematology ||normal physiology ||

...|author=Lippens S, Hoste E, Vandenabeele P, Agostinis P, Declercq W |title=Cell death in the skin |journal=Apoptosis |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=549–69 |y ...for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.<ref name="

* [[Basal cell carcinoma]] * [[Basal cell nevus anodontia abnormal bone mineralization]]

* [[Pancreatic beta cell agenesis with neonatal diabetes mellitus]] * [[Pancreatic islet cell neoplasm]]

|red blood cells |[[Giemsa stain|Giemsa-stained thin blood smear]]

...'[[Rhipicephalus sanguineous]]''. Signs include fever, vasculitis, and low blood counts.<ref name=Ettinger_1995/> ...ciency of a protein called [[von Willebrand factor]], which is involved in blood clotting. The disease varies from mild to severe, depending on the amount o

|''[[Blood Nation]]'' ...d, but not cured, with a pill containing a fusion inhibitor and dehydrated blood.

Caption = The human circulatory system. Red indicates oxygenated blood, blue indicates deoxygenated. | ...trients (such as [[amino acids]] and [[electrolytes]]), gases, hormones, [[blood]] cells, etc. to and from [[cells (biology)|cells]] in the body to help fi

...c vessel]]s and passed back to the heart, where it is again mixed with the blood. On its way, the fluid passes through the [[lymph node]]s, small nodular or

...general structure of lymphatics is based on that of [[Blood vessel#Anatomy|blood vessel]]s. There is an inner lining of single flattened cells composed of a | journal= The Journal of Cell Biology| volume = 163 | issue =2 | pages = 209–213| doi = 10.1083/jcb.2

...ect something foreign passing through them such as a bacterium or a cancer cell they will swell up. This is called ''[[lymphadenopathy]]'' or ''swollen gla

...tissue, i.e., a meshwork or fibers called ''reticulum'' with [[white blood cell]]s enmeshed in it. The regions where there are few cells within the meshwor

In [[hematopoiesis]], the term "[[myeloid cell]]" is used to describe any [[leukocyte]] that is not a [[lymphocyte]]. This * [[pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell]]

...y into the right or the left [[subclavian vein]], where it mixes back with blood. ...that of [[blood plasma]], but it may differ slightly. Lymph contains white blood cells. In particular, the lymph that leaves a lymph node is richer in [[lym

...[[splenic artery]] or one of its branches are occluded, for example by a [[blood clot]]. Although it can occur [[asymptomatic]]ally, the typical symptom is In some conditions, blood clots form in one part of the circulatory system and then dislodge and trav

...r the blood of [[antigens]], microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells.<ref>{{cite book |title=Di Fiore's atlas of histology with functional ...], [[Granulocyte|granulocytes]], [[red blood cell|red blood cells]], and [[Blood plasma|plasma]].<ref name=Junqueira />

...cope before 1654.It was first described in [[1651]] as the source of white blood cells.<ref name=Thomson1843/>--> ...by the lymphatic vessels themselves, albeit in some cases not exactly like blood is pumped by the heart DC Zawieja-->

...89–386 |pmid=3302583 |doi=10.1016/0098-2997(87)90002-1 }}</ref> for that cell. ...triphosphate), or participate in [[Cell signaling|signaling]]. Outside the cell, phosphate may be dissolved in [[extracellular fluid]] (ECF) or form struct

...he mucosal surface is exposed to invasive microorganisms released from the blood, so Immunoglobulin A ([[IgA]]) is the first line of defense. ...en]]s entering the intestinal tract encounter [[macrophages]], [[dendritic cell]]s, [[B-cells|B-lymphocytes]], and [[T-lymphocytes]] found in Peyer's patch

*collect and return fluid and plasma protein to the blood which will help maintain fluid balance *absorb lipids from the intestinal tract and transport them to the blood

...purpose of these vessels is to drain excess tissue fluids from around the cell ready to be filtered and returned to the [[venous]] circulation. This tissu Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger in diameter than blood [[capillaries]] and have a unique structure that permits [[interstitial flu

...nodes are garrisons of [[B cell|B]], [[T cell|T]], and other [[White blood cell|immune cells]]. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filt ...ction. During an infection, the lymph nodes can expand due to intense [[B-cell]] proliferation in the germinal centers, a condition commonly referred to a

...terior of [[bone]]s. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new [[blood cell]]s. It constitutes 4%<ref name=T4> Semester 4 medical lectures at Uppsala U ...od cell]]s arise in red marrow. Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries.

..., upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into [[dendritic cell]]s and [[macrophage]]s while promoting tissue healing.<ref name="Swirski">S ...in, and from, the [[dorsal mesentery]]. However, it still shares the same blood supply &mdash; the [[celiac trunk]] &mdash; as the [[foregut]] organs.

...generation of [[lymphocyte]]s, one of the five different types of [[white blood cells]] (WBC), and is also more formally called [[lymphoid]] [[hematopoiesi ...nsidered to be of the [[lymphoid]] lineage as opposed to other lineages of blood cells such as the [[myeloid]] lineage and the [[erythroid]] lineage.

...] and [[oncology]], most often performed for people with diseases of the [[blood]], [[bone marrow]], or certain [[cancer]]. ...name="Cutler">{{cite journal |author=Cutler C, Antin JH |title=Peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic transplantation: a review |journal=[[Stem Cells]]

...[smooth muscle]] found within, and composing the majority of the wall of [[blood vessel]]s. ...tion of vascular smooth [[muscle tonus]] is to regulate the caliber of the blood vessels in the body. Excessive [[vasoconstriction]] leads to [[hypertension

...[[shunt]] is an adaptive mechanism that is beneficial, because it causes [[blood]] to pass the lung without being [[oxygenation|oxygenated]]. The mechanism ...reticulum]]. The rise of calcium concentration causes contraction of the blood vessels smooth muscle fibers and the resulting [[vasoconstriction]]. [[Hist

...= Section of part of human glomus caroticum. Highly magnified. Numerous blood vessels are seen in section among the gland cells. | The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of [[oxygen]], but also of

...ceptors responsible for sensing changes in blood gases are called [[glomus cell]]s. ...of the [[vagus nerve]] (X). The medulla, in turn, regulates breathing and blood pressure.

...exists, arteries no longer have significantly higher pressure than veins, blood is not pumped as effectively into or out of the area,<ref name="pmid1522349 ...schemic tissue is never fully reperfused.<ref name="Clark2005"/> Allowing blood to flow back into the limb, for example by elevating it, is necessary but a

...e [[total peripheral resistance]]. [[Vasoconstriction]] (i.e., decrease in blood vessel diameter) increases SVR, whereas [[vasodilation]] (increase in diame ...ove equation is the pressure difference between the input to the pulmonary blood circuit (where the heart's right ventricle connects to the pulmonary trunk)

A '''syntitium''' is a cytoplasmic region containing [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]]. The best example is the myoskeletal cells. ...irculatory system|cardiovascular]] system in order to make sure that the [[blood]] is able to get to the places needed (the cardiomuscles having intercalate

...tting of an existing blood vessel in two. It is one of the three ways that blood vessels are known to be formed in the human body, the other two being [[ang ...illaries]] without a corresponding increase in the number of [[endothelial cell]]s. This is especially important in embryonic development as there are not

...r [[smooth muscle cells]], causing these cells to relax, thus allowing the blood vessel to expand in diameter. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Luksha L, Agewall ...'''organ blood flow''', '''[[peripheral vascular resistance]]''' and '''[[blood pressure]]''', and particularly when production of NO is compromised. Moreo

...on|oxidized]] by [[reactive oxygen species]] produced by the [[endothelial cell]]s. Foam cells can also be known as fatty like streaks and typically line t ...'' in the vascular [[wiktionary:Papillae|papillae]] of ''papillary [[renal cell carcinoma]]''. [[H&E stain]].

...ngle layer of [[endothelial]] cells. The gaps between endothelial cells ([[cell junction]]s) are strictly regulated depending on the type and physiological

...tion = Sketch showing foramen ovale in a fetal heart. Red arrow shows blood from the inferior caval vein. HF: right atrium, VF: left atrium. HH og VH: ...al cardiac shunts, the other being the [[ductus arteriosus]] (which allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the [[pulmonary circula

...s sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up. ...gopeptide]] in the [[blood]] that causes [[vasoconstriction]], increased [[blood pressure]], and release of [[aldosterone]] from the [[adrenal cortex]]. It

...sel]] formation occurring by a ''[[de novo]]'' production of [[endothelial cell]]s.<ref name="Penn2008">{{cite book|author=John S. Penn|title=Retinal and C ...can also occur in the adult organism. Circulating [[endothelial progenitor cell]]s (derivatives of stem cells) were identified and, as it was seen, able to

...s is the reconnection of two streams that previously branched out, such as blood vessels or leaf veins. The term is used in [[medicine]], [[biology]], [[myc [[File:Gray1083.png|thumb|right|A network of blood vessels]]

...ncluding skin, or the [[endothelium]], which lines the interior surface of blood vessels. ...ity with laminin A chain, low density lipoprotein-receptor, and the neural cell adhesion molecule]; ''J. Biol. Chem.'', Vol. 266, Issue 34, 22939-22947, 12

...nd in regular [[venules]]. HEVs enable [[lymphocytes]] circulating in the blood to directly enter a lymph node (by crossing through the HEV).<ref name=Kuby ...can the APC for foreign antigens. When they encounter such an antigen, the cell becomes activated, resulting in the immune system mounting a response again

...deoxygenated [[blood]] to return from the [[capillary]] beds to the larger blood vessels called [[vein]]s. Venules range from 8 to 100μm in diameter and ar Venules are blood vessels that drain blood directly from the capillary beds. Many venules unite to form a vein.

{{dablink|This article is about the lining of [[blood vessel]]s. For the endothelium of the [[cornea]], see [[corneal endothelium ...e smallest [[capillary]]. These cells reduce [[turbulence]] of the flow of blood allowing the fluid to be pumped farther.

The cell fates of the heart chambers are characterized before heart looping but cann ...ng and function of the valves is critical for chamber formation and proper blood flow. The [[endocardial cushion]] serves as a makeshift valve until then.

...tance]]. [[Skin|Cutaneously]], this makes the skin turn paler because less blood reaches the surface, preventing the radiation of heat. On a larger level, v ...but it may also occur in specific tissues causing a localized reduction in blood flow. The extent of vasoconstriction may be slight or severe depending on t

...ion of arterial blood vessels (mainly arterioles) leads to a decrease in [[blood pressure]]. The response may be intrinsic (due to local processes in the su ...rise in the mean arterial pressure. Vasodilation works to decrease TPR and blood pressure through relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the [[tunica media]]

'''Pulmonary artery pressure''' ('''PA pressure''') is a measure of the [[blood pressure]] found in the [[pulmonary artery]]. ...isk factors of elevated pulmonary artery pressures in children with sickle cell disease |journal=Pediatrics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=777–82 |year=2008

'''Vasomotion''' is the spontaneous oscillation in tone of [[blood vessel]]s, independent of [[Cardiac cycle|heart beat]], [[nerve|innervation ...r VA, Lederer WJ, Nelson MT. Calcium sparks in smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000; 278: C235-256.</ref> To allow vasomotion to occur, synchroni

...ood]]) is a restriction in blood supply, generally due to factors in the [[blood vessel]]s, with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue. It may also be ...ive shortage means the mismatch of blood supply (oxygen/fuel delivery) and blood request for adequate metabolism of tissue. Ischemia results in tissue damag

...come venules and then widen more and connect to become veins, which return blood to the heart.]] ...nd many other [[nutrient]] and [[waste]] [[chemical]] substances between [[blood]] and surrounding [[tissue (biology)|tissue]]s.<ref>{{cite book

...pg|thumb|150px|Right|Double Circulatory System]] In the first circuit, the blood is pumped to the lungs, where it acquires oxygen. It then returns to the he The '''double circulatory system''' of blood flow references two distinct and separate systems. This distinction is shar

'''Fatty streak''', though composed of macrophage white blood cells, not fat, is the term generally given to the earliest stages of [[ath ...eir cytoplasm. Since cholesterol within cells resides primarily within the cell membranes, the large accumulation of membranes results in an elevated local

...eart. Cardiac muscle cells, like all tissues in the body, rely on an ample blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove waste products such as ...ylation]], numerous [[myoglobin]]s ([[oxygen]]-storing pigment) and a good blood supply, which provides nutrients and oxygen. The heart is so tuned to aerob

...hemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the [[vein]]s, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. as well as nutrient capillaries ([[vasa vasorum]]) in the larger blood vessels.

...fluid pressure is then generated within the chambers of the heart driving blood flow out of the heart to the body and the lungs. ...a human heart undergo systole and [[diastole]] in a timed fashion so that blood is propelled forward and backward through the cardiovascular system.

...red [[blood vessel]]s that carry blood '''away from the [[heart]]'''. This blood is normally oxygenated, exceptions made for the [[lung|pulmonary]] and [[Um ...ch carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation, all arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues that require oxygen.<ref>{{cite book

In [[portal hypertension]], blood will shunt from portal to systemic circulation, bypassing the liver. This l ...999;91:1090-121</ref> and improves oxygenation by redistributing pulmonary blood flow to ventilated areas of lung.<ref>Lowson. Inhaled alternative to nitrou

...[[inflammation]], [[anxiety]], and [[nausea]], as well as inhibit [[cancer cell]] growth<ref name="recentadvances">{{cite journal ...do Filho Busatto |title= Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow. |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=29 |issue= 2|pages=417–4

...[myelin basic protein]], endoplasmic proteins, cytochrome oxidase, and two cell adhesion molecules: [[NCAM]], and [[SC1]]; decreases in expression were see ...oids produced is inversely correlated with the amount of [[leptin]] in the blood<ref>{{cite journal |author=Di Marzo V, Sepe N, De Petrocellis L, ''et al.''

...kie K, Stella N. Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid receptors regulate microglial cell migration. ''Journal of Neuroscience''. 2003 Feb 15;23(4):1398-405. PMID 12

...Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits epithelial growth factor-induced lung cancer cell migration in vitro as well as its growth and metastasis in vivo |journal=On | title = Cannabinoid CB2 receptor: A new target for controlling neural cell survival?

...iated DNA sequence in a dioecious plant, ''Cannabis sativa'' L.] ''Plant & Cell Physiology'' '''36'''(8): 1549-1554. Retrieved on 25 February 2007</ref><re ...and J. A. Banks. 2004. Sex-determining mechanisms in land plants. ''Plant Cell'' '''16''' (suppl.): S61-71.</ref> Many researchers have suggested that sex

...rm physical and neurological effects include increased heart rate, lowered blood pressure, impairment of short-term [[episodic memory]], working memory, [[M ...ation-based case-control study of marijuana use and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma |journal=Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=759

...Keller BU |title=Impairment of mitochondrial calcium handling in a mtSOD1 cell culture model of motoneuron disease |journal=[[BMC Neurosci]] |volume=10 |i ...on to damage cell structures such as components of the [[cytoskeleton]], [[cell membrane|membrane]], and DNA.

...1 adrenergic receptor]]s to inhibit K_Ca2.3 activity, increasing cell excitability.<ref name="pmid12659870">{{cite journal | author = Jacobson D, ...resistance arteries, producing an increase in peripheral resistance and [[blood pressure]].

...) HCN channels: structure, cellular regulation and physiological function. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Feb;66(3):470-94. Review</ref><ref>Baruscotti, M., Bucch ...er identical or non-identical subunits that are integrally embedded in the cell membrane to create an ion-conducting pore. <ref>[http://www.receptors.org/K

..., transported to the posterior lobe of the pituitary and released into the blood stream by which it reaches target tissues such as the [[mammary gland]]s ([ ...ABA. Glutamate is excitatory, meaning that the release of glutamate by one cell usually causes adjacent cells to fire an [[action potential]]. (Note: Gluta

...transduction starts with a signal to a receptor, and ends with a change in cell function. ...bsp; Some chemical messengers, such as testosterone, can pass through the cell membrane, and bind directly to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

...agonist|antagonist]] in rat receptors, expressed in human embryonic kidney cell lines.<ref name="urlBlockade of Rat α3β4 Nicotinic Receptor Function by M ...nt symptom alleviation while avoiding excessive peaks and troughs in their blood concentrations and associated effects.<ref name="EapI"/> This can also allo

...uch severe [[adverse effect|side effect]]s as suppression of [[white blood cell]] production and [[aplastic anemia]]. ...s receiving chronic phenylbutazone therapy should be followed with regular blood work and renal monitoring.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wedgewoodpharmacy

...nels (diclofenac opens these channels, leading to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane){{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} Diclofenac has been found to increase the blood pressure in patients with [[Shy-Drager syndrome]] and [[Diabetes Mellitus]]

...n reabsorbed from the intestine. This is thought to help maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects. Some studies have shown ...uces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in vivo in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma |journal=Neoplasia |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=192–9 |year=2007 |

...ssues without significantly increasing levels of drug concentration in the blood when compared to the traditional oral administration.<ref name=Sekiya/><ref ...<ref>Forney, Barbara C, MS, VMD. ''Equine Medications'', Revised Edition. Blood Horse Publications. Lexington, KY. Copyright 2007.</ref> It is also used as

...safety, most likely via [[vasorelaxation]], inhibition of [[leukocyte]] [[cell adhesion|adhesion]] and inhibition of [[caspases]], all known effects of NO ...ts|vascular safety concerns]]. In addition, traditional NSAIDs increase [[blood pressure]] and interfere with the actions of [[antihypertensive]] drugs. Se

...The mean increases in [[Systole (medicine)|systolic]] and [[diastolic]] [[blood pressure]] in the Vioxx group were 4.6 mmHg and 1.7 mmHg respectively, comp ...nt implications, since it has been estimated that every 2 mmHg increase in blood pressure raises the risk of [[stroke]] by two thirds and the risk of [[myoc

...J | title = Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling networks | journal = Plant Cell | volume = 14 Suppl | issue = | pages = S131–51 | year = 2002| pmid = 120 |title=BLOOD CHANGES UNDER ETHYLENE ANESTHESIA

...>Xe it can persist from several [[second]]s for xenon atoms dissolved in [[blood]]<ref>{{ |title = On the oxygenation-dependent ¹²⁹Xe ''T''₁ in blood

...inia Virus]]'' that confirmed that HIV virus is growing much slower in the blood of people vaccinated againt smallpox. Ken Alibek is one of the authors of t ...Alibek, et al. (2004), "Systemic cytokine response in murine anthrax", ''[[Cell Microbiol]]'' Mar;6(3):225-33; PMID: 14764106.

...sponse of [[Peritoneum|peritoneal]] [[macrophage]]s, a type of white blood cell, to infection by ''[[Chlamydia psittaci]]'', an infectious bacterium that c ...ssing his belief that [[Jews]] were God's chosen people, Ivins stated, "By blood and faith, Jews are God's chosen, and have no need for 'dialogue' with any

...ing the courtroom, he was reported to have shouted, "You will never get my blood. God curse you all!"<ref>Hirschkorn, Phil. [http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/04/ ...ay 13, 2006, a group of U.S. marshals ordered Moussaoui out of his holding cell in [[Alexandria Virginia|Alexandria]], [[Virginia]] and flew him, via [[Jus

...anthrax to humans, either by direct contact (e.g. inoculation of infected blood to broken skin) or consumption of a diseased animal's flesh. |title=Army harvested victims' blood to boost anthrax

...because a large amount of iron (~80%) will be used to expand the red blood cell mass in a growing infant. Infants with birth weights between 1500 and 2500g ...n enzyme that is responsible for protecting the body by damaging bacterial cell walls. [[Lactoferrin]] is a globular, multifunctional protein that has anti

Fat is an essential part of nutrition as it is needed in the production of cell membranes and several hormone-like compounds called [[eicosanoid]]s. In add ...decrease LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels in the blood, thus reducing the risk of contracting cardiovascular diseases.<ref>