Idebenone

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Idebenone
File:Idebenone.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-(10-hydroxydecyl)-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Legal status
Legal status
  • Investigational
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life 18 hours
Excretion urine and feces
Identifiers
CAS Number 58186-27-9
ATC code N06BX13 (WHO)
PubChem CID 3686
Chemical data
Formula C19H30O5
Molar mass 338.439 g/mol[[Script error: No such module "String".]]
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Idebenone (pronounced eye-deb-eh-known, trade names Catena and Sovrima) is an experimental drug, initially developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive defects.[1] This has been met with limited success. The Swiss company Santhera Pharmaceuticals has started to investigate it for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. As of May 2010, early clinical trials for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia[2] and Duchenne muscular dystrophy[3] have been completed. Chemically, idebenone is an organic compound of the quinone family. It is also promoted commercially as a synthetic analog of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10).

Uses

Pharmaceutical indications

Nootropic effects and Alzheimer's disease

Idebenone improved learning and memory in experiments with mice.[4] In humans, evaluation of Surrogate endpoints like electroretinography, auditory evoked potentials and visual analogue scales also suggested positive nootropic effects,[5] but larger studies with hard endpoints are missing.

Research on idebenone as a potential therapy of Alzheimer's disease have been inconsistent, but there may be a trend for a slight benefit.[6][7] In May 1998, the approval for this indication was cancelled in Japan due to the lack of proven effects. In some European countries, the drug is available for the treatment of individual patients in special cases.[1]

Friedreich's ataxia

Preliminary testing has been done in humans and found idebenone to be a safe treatment for Friedreich's ataxia, exhibiting a positive effect on cardiac hypertrophy and neurological function.[8] The latter was only significantly improved in young patients.[9] In a different experiment, a one-year test on eight patients, idebenone reduced the rate of deterioration of cardiac function, but without halting the progression of ataxia.[10]

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

After experiments in mice[11] and preliminary studies in humans, idebenone has entered Phase II clinical trials in 2005[3] and Phase III trials in 2009.[12]

Other neuromuscular diseases

Phase I and II clinical trials for the treatment of MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes)[13] and primary progressive multiple sclerosis[14] are recruiting patients as of May 2010, a study investigating Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is under way.[15]

Life style

Idebenone is claimed to have properties similar to CoQ10 in its antioxidant properties, and has therefore been used in anti-aging on the basis of free-radical theory. Clinical evidence for this use is missing. It has been used in topical applications to treat wrinkles.[16]

Pharmacology

Idebenone inhibits lipoperoxide formation.[17]

History

On July 23, 2008, Health Canada issued a Notice of Compliance under the Notice of Compliance with Conditions (NOC/c) Policy to Santhera Pharmaceuticals (Switzerland) for the drug product Catena. The product was authorized under the NOC/c Policy on the basis of the promising nature of the clinical evidence, and the need for a confirmatory study to verify its clinical benefit. Patients should be advised of the fact that the market authorization was issued with conditions.

References

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Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD, and nootropics (N06B)
Centrally acting sympathomimetics
Xanthine derivatives
Glutamate receptor
CX-516 • CX-546 • CX-614 • CX-691 • CX-717 • IDRA-21 • LY-404,187 • LY-503,430 • PEPA • S-18986 • Sunifiram • Unifiram
Eugeroics / Benzhydryl compounds
Histamine H3 receptor antagonists
GABAA α5 inverse agonists
Dopamine D1 receptor agonists
α7 nicotinic agonists / PAMs
Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors
Other psychostimulants and nootropics

M: PSO/PSI

dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo

proc, drug(N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)

ru:Идебенон th:ไอดีบีโนน
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "CHMP Assessment Report for Sovrima" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 20 November 2008: 6. 
  2. ↑ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00229632 Idebenone to Treat Friedreich's Ataxia
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00654784 Efficacy and Tolerability of Idebenone in Boys With Cardiac Dysfunction Associated With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DELPHI)
  4. ↑ Liu, XJ; Wu, WT (1999). "Effects of ligustrazine, tanshinone II A, ubiquinone, and idebenone on mouse water maze performance". Zhongguo yao li xue bao = Acta pharmacologica Sinica. 20 (11): 987–90. PMID 11270979. 
  5. ↑ Schaffler, K; Hadler, D; Stark, M (1998). "Dose-effect relationship of idebenone in an experimental cerebral deficit model. Pilot study in healthy young volunteers with piracetam as reference drug". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 48 (7): 720–6. PMID 9706371. 
  6. ↑ Gutzmann, H; Kühl, KP; Hadler, D; Rapp, MA (2002). "Safety and efficacy of idebenone versus tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group multicenter study". Pharmacopsychiatry. 35 (1): 12–8. doi:10.1055/s-2002-19833. PMID 11819153. 
  7. ↑ Parnetti, L; Senin, U; Mecocci, P (1997). "Cognitive enhancement therapy for Alzheimer's disease. The way forward". Drugs. 53 (5): 752–68. doi:10.2165/00003495-199753050-00003. PMID 9129864. 
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  11. ↑ Buyse, GM; Van Der Mieren, G; Erb, M; D'hooge, J; Herijgers, P; Verbeken, E; Jara, A; Van Den Bergh, A; Mertens, L (2009). "Long-term blinded placebo-controlled study of SNT-MC17/idebenone in the dystrophin deficient mdx mouse: cardiac protection and improved exercise performance". European heart journal. 30 (1): 116–24. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn406. PMC 2639086 Freely accessible. PMID 18784063. 
  12. ↑ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01027884 Phase III Study of Idebenone in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) (DELOS)
  13. ↑ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00887562 Study of Idebenone in the Treatment of Mitochondrial Encephalopathy Lactic Acidosis & Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS)
  14. ↑ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00950248 Double Blind Placebo-Controlled Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Idebenone in Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (IPPoMS)
  15. ↑ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00747487 Study to Assess Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Idebenone in the Treatment of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (RHODOS)
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
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