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...mical Reaction|Chemical Reactions]] '''1.2.4''' [[Heat]], [[Thermodynamics]], [[Liquid state|Liquids]], [[Gas]]es, [[plasma (physics)|P

===Thermodynamics of the shape memory effect===

[[Category:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics]]

*[[Entropic force]]s: According to the second law of thermodynamics, a system progresses to a state in which entropy is maximized. This can res

...esearch/thermo_pharma/thermo_pharmazie_e.htm Research group Pharmaceutical Thermodynamics] of Friedrich - Alexander - University Erlangen - Nuremberg</ref> ...dioxide]] and then bringing the carbon dioxide above its [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]]. A variant on this process involves the direct injection

| title = Thermodynamics: Concepts and Applications

...This effect known as the granular [[Maxwell's Demon]] does not violate any thermodynamics principles since energy is constantly being lost from the system in the pro

[[Category:Thermodynamics]]

[[Category:Atmospheric thermodynamics]]

...ement which is most chemically stable at each point, it only comments on [[thermodynamics]] and it says nothing about the rate of change ([[Chemical kinetics|kinetic

* Cox J.D., Wagman D.D. and Medvedev V.A. (1989) ''CODATA Key values for thermodynamics'' Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York. ISBN 0-89116-758-7

The [[equilibrium thermodynamics|thermodynamic]] approach to explaining the chelate effect considers the [[e ...S''^{[[Image:StrikeO.png]]} is the standard [[Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)|entropy]] change. It has already been posited that the enthalpy term shoul

...encapsulate carboxylate anions in hydrophobic cavities.<ref>Tegoni et al. Thermodynamics of binding of carboxylates to amphiphilic Eu (3+)/Cu (2+) metallacrown. Dal

...xperiments using polarised liquid interfaces have been used to examine the thermodynamics and kinetics of the transfer of charged species from one phase to another.

...ing model''', '''solvent-exchange model''' (both by Schellman, JA<ref> The thermodynamics of solvent exchange, Biopolymers 34, 1015-1026 (1994) </ref>) and the '''Li

...e order of 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁶ molar), is essentially [[thermodynamics|thermodynamically]] irreversible. To give an example:

...s Self-organizing Holarchic Open Systems: Narratives and the Second Law of Thermodynamics page 5].)</ref> The principle has analogs throughout [[Systems theory]].

...f equation''' (also known as the '''van 't Hoff isochore''') in [[chemical thermodynamics]] relates the change in [[temperature]] (''T'') to the change in the [[equi

The field of [[thermodynamics]] describes when vapor-liquid equilibrium is possible, and its properties. ...d vapor, respectively.<ref>Balzhiser et al. (1972), ''Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics'', pp. 215.</ref> In other words, the temperature, pressure and molar Gibbs

...it terminates at a point on the phase diagram called the [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]]. This reflects the fact that, at extremely high temperatu ...ome, liquid water and steam coexist in equilibrium. The [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]] is at the top of the dome. Liquid water is to the left o

An '''activity coefficient''' is a factor used in [[thermodynamics]] to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a [[mixture]] of [[chem == Thermodynamics ==

...amic equilibrium]] with each other and ''C'' is the number of [[Component (thermodynamics)|component]]s. Typical phases are [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[gas]]es. A ...y consumed by evaporation or condensation, or unless the [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]] is reached. As long as there are two phases, there is on

...tinct from [[Reversible process (thermodynamics)|reversible process]] in [[thermodynamics]].

== Thermodynamics== ...ution as a whole. The chelate effect, below, is best explained in terms of thermodynamics.

...Section 6.9 ''Solubilities of ionic salts''. Includes a discussion of the thermodynamics of dissolution.

...d free energy change.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klotz|first=I.M.|title=Chemical Thermodynamics|publisher=W.A. Benjamin|year=1964}} Chapter 10</ref>

...n acid is a direct consequence of the underlying [[chemical thermodynamics|thermodynamics]] of the dissociation reaction; the p''K''_a value is directly pr ===Thermodynamics===

...oefficients are needed because an [[equilibrium constant]] is defined in [[thermodynamics]] as a quotient of [[Activity (chemistry)|activities]] but is usually measu ...er parameters]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pitzer|first=K.S.|year=1973|title=Thermodynamics of electrolytes, I. Thoretical basis and general equations|journal=J. Phys.

...cal equilibrium]]. In modern chemistry this is derived using [[equilibrium thermodynamics]].

By contrast the Pitzer equation is based on rigorous [[thermodynamics]].<ref name=Pitzer/> The determination Pitzer parameters is more laborious. [[category:thermodynamics]]

...ole fraction]] of the component present in the solution''.<ref>''A to Z of Thermodynamics'' by Pierre Perrot. ISBN 0198565569</ref> E. B. Smith ''Basic Chemical Thermodynamics''. Clarendon Press. Oxford (1993)

...hange. It is a particular example of a system in a [[steady state]]. In [[thermodynamics]] a [[closed system]] is in [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] when reactions oc [[Category:Thermodynamics]]

...=McMillan|first=W.G.|coauthors=Mayer, J.E.|year=1945|title=The statistical thermodynamics of multicomponent systems |journal =J. Chem. Phys.|volume=13|pages=276|doi= ...>{{cite journal|last=Pitzer|first=K.S.|coauthors=Kim, J.J.|year=1974|title=Thermodynamics of electrolytes. IV. Activity and osmotic coefficients for mixed electrolyt

...lark, D.M; Rafal, M; Scrivner, N.C.|title=Handbook of Aqueous Electrolyte Thermodynamics: Theory & Application|publisher=Wiley|date=1986|isbn=978-0-8169-0350-4}} Ch

...his is an example of [[dynamic equilibrium]]. Equilibria, like the rest of thermodynamics, are statistical phenomena, averages of microscopic behavior. == Thermodynamics ==

In [[thermodynamics]], a [[thermodynamics#Thermodynamic system|thermodynamic system]] is said to be in '''thermodynam {{Thermodynamics|cTopic=[[Thermodynamic system|Systems]]}}

....; Chen, M.; Rathke, J.; Kramarz, K. | title = Effect of Phosphines on the Thermodynamics of the Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroformylation System | journal = [[Organometall

* [[Ginsberg's Theorem]] — A set of adages based on the [[Laws of thermodynamics]]. * [[Kirchhoff's laws]] — One law in thermodynamics and two about electrical circuits, named after [[Gustav Kirchhoff]].

| [[Boltzmann equation]] || Thermodynamics || [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] ...r /> [[Bridgman's thermodynamic equations]] || Dimensional analysis<br /> Thermodynamics || [[Percy Williams Bridgman]]<br /> Percy Williams Bridgman

| [[Avogadro's law]] || Thermodynamics || [[Amedeo Avogadro]] | [[Boltzmann equation]] || Thermodynamics || [[Ludwig Boltzmann]]

{{Thermodynamics|cTopic=State and Processes}} [[Category:Thermodynamics]]

...rg2007>{{Cite journal|last=Heimburg|first=T|coauthors=Jackson AD|title=The thermodynamics of general anesthesia|journal=Biophysical Journal|volume=92|issue=9|pages=3