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...ioactive material then falls to earth, subjecting anything within the line of sight to radiation, a significant [[radioactive contamination|hazard]]. A f == History ==

...nvironment. Qualified hospital corpsmen may be assigned the responsibility of independent duty aboard ships and submarines; Fleet Marine Force, Special F ...is "Doc". In the U.S. Marine Corps, this term is generally used as a sign of respect.

...Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.<ref name="essentialWH | title = WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

| pregnancy_category = C <small>([[United States of America|USA]])</small>, D <small>([[Australia|Au]])</small> ...nti-inflammatory]] properties and a bitter taste. It is a [[stereoisomer]] of [[quinidine]] which, unlike quinine, is an [[anti-arrhythmic]]. Quinine con

== History == Etymology: from one of its many chemical names - [alpha-Diethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetani- ] - lide

...ompared to other first-generation antihistamines. Chlorpheniramine is one of the most commonly used antihistamines in small-animal veterinary practice a Chlorpheniramine is part of a series of antihistamines including [[pheniramine]] (Naphcon) and its halogenated deri

...e required, as the duration of action of most opioids is greater than that of naloxone.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Administration to opioid-dependent individuals may cause symptoms of [[opioid withdrawal]], including restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting,

|title=Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy in the 21st century: a critical review ...medicine in the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines]], which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.<ref name="essentialWH

...ted sodium channels. Aside from seizures, it is an option in the treatment of [[trigeminal neuralgia]] in the event that carbamazepine is deemed inapprop

| pregnancy_category = Only when clearly needed (lack of sufficient data in humans) ...url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15642971}}</ref> As of 2005, praziquantel is the primary treatment for human [[schistosomiasis]],

...robAgentsChemother 1990 1342 commons.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Crystal structure of a short peptide L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (bacterial cell wall precursor, in green) ...after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant organisms means that it is increasingly being displace

...ug is given as an alternative to patients who can not tolerate the effects of [[Dapsone]] for Tuberculosis.<ref name="ReferenceA">Clinical Microbiology M ==History==

...ampicin]] and [[clofazimine]] as multidrug therapy (MDT) for the treatment of ''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]'' infections ([[leprosy]]). It is also used to Dapsone is used in combination with [[pyrimethamine]] in the treatment of [[malaria]].<ref>{{cite pmid|19450348}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|17934257}}</r

| title = Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular streptomycin in patients with tuberculosis '''Streptomycin''' is an [[antibiotic]] drug, the first of a class of drugs called [[aminoglycoside]]s to be discovered, and was the first antibi

...'et al'' |title=Comparative metabolic capabilities and inhibitory profiles of CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.10, and CYP2D6.17 |journal=Drug Metab. Dispos. |volume=35 ...ylation process is still much more common. It is considered the prototype of the weak to midrange opioids.

...Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.<ref name="essentialWH | title = WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

...tle=Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes |journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition ...[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Insufflation (medicine)|Insufflate]]d, oral, [[topical]]

...ce K, Forrest A, Leslie J, Caldwell J |title=Absolute oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin |journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother. |volume=30 |issue=3 |pa | routes_of_administration = [[Route of administration#Enteral|Oral]], [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]], [[topic

...Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ |title=Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section |journal=Anesthesiology |volume ...Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic healthcare system.<ref name="essentialWHO

| ImageName1 = Space-filling model of methylene blue in its oxidised form ...molecule)|water]]. The hydrated form has 3 molecules of water per molecule of MB.<ref>http://www.methylene-blue.com/substance.php</ref> Methylene blue sh

'''Azithromycin''' is an [[azalide]], a subclass of [[macrolide]] [[antibiotics]]. ...the [[United States]] under the name '''Zithromax''', and under a variety of brand names and generic labels worldwide. It is derived from [[erythromycin

...clude its widespread use in this setting. It is also used in the treatment of [[polycystic ovary syndrome]] and has been investigated for other diseases ...edicines/committees/expert/17/sixteenth_adult_list_en.pdf ''WHO Model List of Essential Medicines'']|612&nbsp;KB}}, 16^th edition, [[World Heal

...bilizer|mood-stabilizing]] [[medication|drug]], primarily in the treatment of [[epilepsy]], [[bipolar disorder]], and, less commonly, [[major depressive ...[[histone deacetylase inhibitor]] and is under investigation for treatment of HIV and various cancers.

...ination with [[olanzapine]] as '''[[Symbyax]]''') is an [[antidepressant]] of the [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI) class. It is manufact Fluoxetine is approved for the treatment of [[major depressive disorder|major depression]] (including pediatric depress

...tances binds [[platelet]] molecules together to create a patch over damage of the walls within blood vessels. Because the platelet patch can become too l ...f Acute Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries : Patterns of Use and Outcomes| journal = Circulation| year = 1995|pmid = 7586250}}</ref>

| ImageName = Sample of prussian blue ..." in [[blueprint]]s. It has been used as an [[antidote]] for certain kinds of [[heavy metal poisoning]].

| pregnancy_category = a drug of choice in [[Pregnancy-induced hypertension|PIH]] ...use is now deprecated following introduction of alternative safer classes of agents. However, it continues to have a role in otherwise difficult to trea

...disease]]. Simvastatin is a synthetic derivate of a fermentation product of ''[[Aspergillus terreus]]''. ==History==

...hormone is to inhibit the release of [[prolactin]] from the anterior lobe of the [[pituitary]]. ...ase]] and dopa-responsive [[dystonia]], [[L-DOPA]], which is the precursor of dopamine, can be given because it can cross the [[blood-brain barrier]].

== Mechanism of action == [[Carbonic anhydrase]] (CA) catalyzes the forward motion of molecules in the following equation:

...= 2006 | accessdate = 2007-03-29 | publisher = U.S. [[National Library of Medicine]] | work = DailyMed}}</ref> ...ay be used as an alternative to [[barium sulfate]] for [[medical imaging]] of the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. It is indicated for use in patients who are

...rine is used in [[organ transplant]]ation and [[autoimmune disease]]. Some of the autoimmune diseases are [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[pemphigus]], [[Infl ...ncluding T-cells and B-cells, are particularly affected by the inhibition of purine synthesis.

...used alongside [[fexofenadine]] and other antihistamines for the treatment of skin conditions such as [[hives]]. ...doses of the 150&nbsp;mg tablet are available in supermarkets, small packs of 150&nbsp;mg and 300&nbsp;mg tablets are [[SUSDP|Schedule 2 Pharmacy Medicin

...Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.<ref name="essentialWH | title = WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

...ocket]]ry and in [[Auto racing|motor racing]] to increase the power output of [[Piston engine|engines]]. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a pow ...Forcing"] which contains information on [[global warming potential]] (GWP) of greenhouse gases.</ref>

...of any metal. A heavy, silvery [[d-block]] [[metal]], mercury is also one of the five [[liquid metal|metallic]] chemical elements that are [[liquid]] at ...f mercury (such as [[mercuric chloride]] or [[methylmercury]]), inhalation of mercury vapor, or eating seafood contaminated with mercury.

...used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is an [[analog (chemistry)|analog]] of [[thymidine]]. ...Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.<ref name="essentialWH

| routes_of_administration = [[Inhalation]] ([[smoking]]), [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] ([[snorting]]), [[oral]], [[rectal]], [[subcutaneous]] (S.C *[[Cardiac arrest]], cessation of [[Cardiac cycle|heartbeat]], or [[heart failure]]

...| url = http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/je990124v | journal = Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data | volume = 44 | pages = 1391 | year = 1999}}</r ...set of analgesia is approximately 11 minutes after [[oral administration]] of paracetamol,<ref>{{cite doi|10.1093/bja/aei109}}</ref> and its [[half life]

...[[pseudoephedrine]] as its principal active constituents. The same is true of other herbal products containing extracts from ''Ephedra'' species. == History ==

...09F.SGM}}</ref> The pharmacological action of diazepam enhances the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA by binding to the benzodiazepine site on the [[GA ...s-2008"/> Diazepam also has abuse potential and can cause serious problems of addiction. Urgent action by National Governments to improve prescribing pra

...to other members in the family Apiaceae and may be confused with a number of other edible and poisonous plants. The common name hemlock may also be conf ...vulsant]] drugs such as a [[benzodiazepine]]. High doses of anticonvulsant medicine are often required to halt seizure activity and further medical care includ

...found in many wooded areas, as well as disturbed habitats. It has a height of 30–120&nbsp;cm (12-48"), leaves 4-7.5&nbsp;cm (1 1/2-3") long) and 2–5& ...reas the ripe "Red Makoi" is edible and is often used in anti-inflammatory medicine.]]

...] and southwest [[Asia]].<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref> It is the tree orig ...th the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem, except on erect leading shoots where the spiral arrangement is mo

...'''''Convallaria''''' in the flowering plant family [[Ruscaceae]] (or one of two, or three, if ''C. keiskei'' and ''C. transcaucasica'' are recognised a ...eason, Henry A. and Cronquist, Arthur, (1991), ''Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada'', New York Botanical Garden

| diversity_link = List of Euphorbia species ...ly from Africa, the Americas and [[Madagascar]]. There exists a wide range of [[island|insular]] species: on the [[Hawaiian Islands]] where spurges are c

...me|ancient Romans]], including the wives of two Emperors, and by [[Macbeth of Scotland]] before he became a Scottish King. ...three [[Moirae|Fates]] in [[Greek mythology]] (the one who cuts the thread of life), and the name "atropa bella donna" is derived from an admonition in [

...''Lingshu''. It is an important text to consult when studying the history of Chinese medical ideas. ...撰著具体时间新证 [New evidence on the concrete date of the writing of the ''Taisu'']. ''Zhongyi wenxian zazhi'' 中医文献杂志, 2006, No. 4.

...28.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fuccella LM |title=Bioavailability of temazepam in soft gelatin capsules |journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol |volume=8 | ==History==

...'' | Editors = J. De Lancey Fergusson and G. Ross Roy | Volume = Volume II of II | Publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | page = 10 | isbn = 0 ...second edition of the ''Britannica'', because he objected to the inclusion of biographical articles in an [[encyclopedia]] dedicated to the arts and scie

...ve special value and interest to modern scholars as [[cultural artifact]]s of the 19th and early 20th centuries. ...tors were American, and a New York office was established to run that side of the enterprise.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

| image = {{Double image|center|Spine of Americanized Encyclopaedia Britannica.jpg|49|Americanized Encyclopædia Bri | image_caption = New American edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1899)

...es listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the ''Britannica''. ==The Outline of Knowledge==

...dergone drastic re-organizations (15th). In recent years, digital versions of the ''Britannica'' have been developed, both online and on [[optical media] {{See also|Encyclopedia|List of encyclopedias}}

...curanda''. It represents an authoritative and up-to-date Jesuit compendium of Counter Reformation knowledge. ...thorough bibliography of the ancient and contemporary literature of world history reworking and updating Bodin's ''Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitione

...discordant, incoherent views; and it does claim to be a 'complete account of all things' - to contain, in epitome, all that was known at the time it was ...velopment of the Qur'an#"Created" vs. "uncreated" Qur'an]] for the concept of the "uncreated Koran".''</ref>

...icle deals with the specific antibiotic called tetracycline. For the group of antibiotics known as the tetracyclines, see [[tetracycline antibiotics]].'' ...nd played a historical role in reducing the incidence of mortality because of [[cholera]]. It is sold under the brand names '''Sumycin''', '''Terramycin

...The most common form of hyperthyroidism is [[Graves' disease]]. About 10% of cases do not have Graves' disease, but do have autoantibodies. ...with intense pain, and sight-threatening corneal ulceration or compression of the optic nerve. Cigarette smoking, which is associated with many autoimmun

...ic agent]] used for the [[medicine|medical]] [[Pharmacotherapy|treatment]] of [[cardiac arrhythmia]]s, classified by the [[Vaughan Williams classificatio ==History==

| legal_status = Prescription only medicine ...sing destruction of the internal lining of the vein and eventual sclerosis of the vein. It is used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 3% for this pur

...sed ventilation during the winter months throughout most temperate regions of the world. ...Spivak 2010. Propolis and bee health: the natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees [http://www.apidologie.org/index.php?option=com_art

...], [[shampoo]], [[milk]], and [[ink]]. This article provides a description of common plastic container [[resin]] materials, their qualities, usages, and == History ==

|name = Nordic Institute of Dental Materials |image = Nordic Institute of Dental Materials.png

...action=list&grp=C Ceramic Tile and Stone Standards]</ref> [[Clay]] was one of the earliest materials used to produce [[ceramic]]s, but many different cer ==Types of ceramic materials==

...rgest user was the [[Royal Navy]]. Demand for tar declined with the advent of iron and steel ships. ...(fuel)|coke]] production. [[Bitumen]] is a term used for natural deposits of oil "tar" - such as at the [[La Brea Tar Pits]].

[[Image:Polyethylene-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Space-filling model of a '''polyethylene''' chain.]] [[Image:Polyethylene-repeat-2D.png|thumb|The repeating unit of '''polyethylene''', showing its [[stereochemistry]].]]

...fined and separated, most easily by [[boiling point]], into a large number of consumer products, from [[petrol]] and [[kerosene]] to [[asphalt]] and chem ...aries depending on the subsurface conditions, and on the [[phase diagram]] of the petroleum mixture.<ref name="Hyne 2001">Hyne (2001), pp. 1–4.</ref>

[[File:30mm DU slug.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The DU penetrator of a [[30 mm]] round<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060716085611/http://www ...shed from DU produced as a byproduct of uranium enrichment by the presence of [[uranium-236|U-236]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.un.org/News/Press/do

...on.cws_home/405934/description#description | title = International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials | publisher = Elsevier| accessdate = 2 ...for [[fabrication (metal)|fabricating]] components from these metals. Some of their applications include tools to work metals at high temperatures, wire

...he [[chemical industry]]. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used kinds of [[plastic]]. ...317 |doi=10.1179/174328407X158640}}</ref>, and is often abundant as a form of pollution in the outdoor [[environment (biophysical)|environment]], particu

...le, but instead use [[smokeless powder]]. [[Antique]] firearms or replicas of antique firearms are often used with [[black powder substitute]]. ...explosives [[detonation|detonate]], producing a supersonic wave. Ignition of the powder packed behind a bullet must generate enough pressure to force it

| title = The golden flood: an informal history of America's first oil field ...paraffin wax or just [[paraffin]]); the term ''kerosene'' is usual in much of Canada, the United States, Australia (where it is usually referred to collo

...n English as '''Karvy'''<ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/><ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/>. ...8, 2006; Frontline Magazine; INDIA'S NATIONAL MAGAZINE from the publishers of THE HINDU</ref>.

|diversity_link = Taxonomy of the Bambuseae See the full '''[[Taxonomy of the Bambuseae]]'''.}}

{{About|industrial hemp|its psychoactive variant|Cannabis (drug)|the biology of the plant|Cannabis|other uses|Hemp (disambiguation)}} [[Image:Cannab2 new.png|thumb|right|The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only ''C. sativa'' (left) is suited for industria

...ition series]]. Like other [[Group 8 element]]s, it exists in a wide range of [[oxidation state]]s. Iron and iron [[alloy]]s ([[steel]]s) are by far the ...the heaviest stable element produced by stellar fusion because the fusion of iron is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is [[exothermic]]. Iron is th

...In the strict sense wood is produced as secondary [[xylem]] in the stems of [[tree]]s (and other woody plants). In a living tree it transfers [[water]] |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

...cccda/sl/solubility/ugidata.php?solute=aniline&solvent=methanol Solubility of aniline in methanol]</ref> ...rotten fish. It ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds. Aniline is colorless, but it slowly [[organic oxidatio

| ImageName = Chemical structure of arsanilic acid ...mageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of the solid-state zwitterionic structure of arsanilic acid

....P. | last5=Tainter | first5=M.L. | year=1972 | title= Acute oral toxicity of methylrosaniline chloride | volume=22 | pages=1–5 | doi=10.1016/0041-008X ...es and was formerly important as a [[topical]] antiseptic. The medical use of the dye has been largely superseded by more modern drugs, although it is st

...y of Florida (press release) | title=UF researchers question effectiveness of decongestant | date= 2006-07-19 | accessdate=2008-03-15 }}</ref> (see [[Phe Phenylephrine is used as a decongestant sold as an oral medicine, as a nasal spray, or as eye drops. Phenylephrine is now the most common [[

...n be found in almost any economic sector. However, at a global level, most of them work in agriculture (70%).<ref name=WHO_Childlab/> ...lture and related and in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker] Data source: Current Population Survey.</ref> Official employment s

...xide poisoning|Image=Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png|Caption=Spacefilling model of a [[carbon monoxide]] [[molecule]]|DiseasesDB=2020|ICD10={{ICD10|T|58||t|51 ...eople to detect. Carbon monoxide is a product of [[incomplete combustion]] of organic matter with insufficient [[oxygen]] supply to enable complete oxida

...ory and Critical Care Medicine.] Vol 167. pp. 450-471, (2003). Proceedings of the First Jack Pepys Occupational Asthma Symposium.</ref></blockquote> ...se. Although much research has been done since, the inflammatory component of asthma was recognized only in the [[1960]]s.

| Caption = A coronal [[CT scan]] showing [[malignant]] [[mesothelioma|cancer of the lung sac]].<br/>Legend: →&nbsp;tumor&nbsp;←, ★&nbsp;central [[ple ...of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is [[oncology]].

...and author of a classic text on [[occupational medicine]], ''The Diseases of Occupations''. Hunter was born in the [[East End of London]]. His father was George Hunter, a deputy engineer in the [[Post Off

...us colors and are used industrially as [[pigment]]s. The [[permanganate]]s of [[alkali metal|alkali]] and [[alkaline earth metals]] are powerful oxidizer ...of enzymes in higher organisms, where they are essential in detoxification of [[superoxide]] free radicals. The element is a required trace mineral for a

...:Blue asbestos (teased).jpg|thumb|Blue asbestos showing the fibrous nature of the mineral]] ...sks related to exposure to asbestos at work |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |date= |accessdate=2010-07-05}}</ref>

|field = [[medicine]] |work_institutions = [[University of Modena]], [[University of Padua]]

...o die Hütten Katze oder Hütten Rauch'' (“Treatise on the Noxious Fumes of [[Litharge]], Diseases caused by them and Miners’ Asthma”) | title = Database of alchemy printed books: Samuel STOCKHAUSEN.

...maintaining an independent, impartial position as an international centre of excellence. Since 1990, the IOM has been a fully independent "not for profi ...nt Branch, Dr Michael Jacobsen, Head of Statistics and Dr David Muir, Head of Medical Branch. [[File:CoalMiner.jpg|thumb|Underground coal miner]]

...pplied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of [[air travel]]. ...eronautics Branch of the [[United States Department of Commerce|Department of Commerce]].

...he company was established in 2004 following the consolidation of a number of small businesses providing occupational health screening and compliance ser ...e company has undertaken a number of strategic acquisitions including that of Industrial Health in 2006.

...e [[University of California, Davis]] that promotes research and knowledge of [[immigration|migrant]] health issues. ==History==

...ide, ed.|title= "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, <http://www.hbcpnetbase.com>| ...urnal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=87|issue=1|pages=167–9|year=1990|pmid=2153285|pmc=53221}}<

...he institutions for [[civil defense]] or within the conventional structure of the [[emergency service]]s. However, emergency management actually starts a ...anagement context. This focuses on the mitigation and preparedness aspects of the emergency cycle (see below).

...ay involve interactions among many subject areas, including [[occupational medicine]], [[occupational hygiene|occupational (or industrial) hygiene]], [[public ...logical capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job."

...obliterans is also sometimes used to refer to a particularly severe form of pediatric bronchiolitis caused by adenovirus. ...]] and ''obliterans'' refers to the fact that the inflammation or fibrosis of the bronchioles partially or completely obliterates the airways.<ref name="

| discipline = [[Occupational medicine]] ...Centre for the Working Environment in [[Denmark]], the National Institute of Occupational Health in [[Norway]]

...The occurrence of arsenic in drinking water is problematic in some parts of the world. ...per and lower layer. This relatively close packing leads to a high density of 5.73&nbsp;g/cm³.<ref name="Holl"/> It is a [[semiconductor]] an

...rom the Greek word "chrōma" (χρώμα), meaning [[color]], because many of its compounds are intensely colored. It was discovered by [[Louis Nicolas V ...] ([[electroplating]] with chromium) are currently the highest-volume uses of the metal. Chromium and [[ferrochromium]] are produced from the single comm

...an impurity in [[zinc carbonate]]<ref>Cadmium in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999, revision to be publishe ...and resulting regulations <ref name="ReferenceA">Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Article Cadmium</ref>. Although cadmium is toxic, one

...to X-rays and other ionizing radiation types, beryllium also has a number of uses as filters and windows for radiation and particle physics experiments. ...esents technical challenges due to the toxicity (especially by inhalation) of beryllium-containing dusts. Beryllium produces a direct corrosive effect to

...luorocarbons]] have been implicated in the [[ozone depletion|destruction]] of the [[ozone layer]]. ...s a pale yellow-green gas that has its distinctive strong smell, the smell of bleach. The bonding between the two atoms is relatively weak (only 242.580

...[[toxicology]], studying occupational illnesses and the dangerous effects of industrial metals and chemical compounds on the [[human body]]. ...d raised in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]. She was the second of four girls, all of whom remained close throughout their childhood and into their professional

Caption = An X ray demonstrating the characteristic finding of lead poisoning, dense [[metaphyseal]] lines.| ...nd [[nervous system|nervous]] systems. It interferes with the development of the nervous system and is therefore particularly toxic to children, causing

==History== ...the early 17th century. Russians came to Alaska to harvest there abundance of sealife, as well as Japanese and other Asian Cultures.

...lead''' from [[Långban]], Sweden. This is a very fine, very rare specimen of crystallized native lead. Size 8×3×2 cm.]] ...2. Lead is a soft, [[malleable]] [[poor metal]]. It is also counted as one of the [[heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metal]]s. Metallic lead has a bluish-wh

...>. He was Director of Public Health in New Zealand from 1986 to 1987. Some of the details in this article are drawn from notes that he had made in prepar ...d married in 1918. His parents settled in Leigh-on-Sea, close to the mouth of the Thames Estuary. <br />

...provide a complete and accurate summary of the health and medical history of an individual by gathering data from many sources and making this informati ...d June 1978;<ref name=FIRST>{{cite journal |author= |title=Computerisation of personal health records |journal=Health Visitor |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=

[[Image:VistA Img.png|thumb|300px|Sample view of an electronic health record based on images]] [[File:Electronic medical record.jpg|thumb|300px|Sample view of an electronic health record]]

|image = John Howard of NIOSH.JPG |known_for = Director of NIOSH

...l/solubility/allsolvents.php?solute=citric%20acid%20monohydrate Solubility of citric acid monohydrate in non-aqueous solvents]</ref> ...te in the [[citric acid cycle]] and therefore occurs in the [[metabolism]] of virtually all [[Life|living things]]. It can also be used as an environment

...in solution. There are many areas of application in chemistry, biology and medicine. ==History==

...ng reason to change the spelling style, please first read Wikipedia:Manual of Style (spelling) and then begin a discussion on the talk page.--> | image_source = Structure of human hemoglobin. The protein's <font color = "red">'''α'''</font> and <fo

...to have a higher pH, a base must be dissolved in it, which binds away many of these rare hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions in water can be written simply as H ...=/32395-i7huuc/webviewable/|title=13C and 170 NMR Binding Constant Studies of Uranyl Carbonate Complexes in Near-Neutral Aqueous Solution Yucca Mountain

'''[[Health]]''' is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and a positive concept emp {{see also|List of health sciences topics}}

...eous conditions|Category:Cutaneous conditions|ICD-10 Chapter XII: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}} ...pmid17314969">{{cite journal |author=Fuchs E |title=Scratching the surface of skin development |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7130 |pages=834–42 |y

{{About|the suffix ''-phobia''|the class of psychological disorders|Phobia}} ...a]]). In common usage they also form words that describe dislike or hatred of a particular thing or subject. The suffix is [[antonym]]ic to [[-phil-]].

...a time when medicine lacked the tools to investigate the underlying causes of many [[syndrome]]s, the eponym was a convenient mechanism for attaching a l ..."pmid46972">{{cite journal |author= |title=Classification and nomenclature of morphological defects |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7905 |pages=513 |yea

'''Medical eponyms''' are terms used in [[medicine]] which are named after people (and occasionally places or things). ...he nature of the [[history of medicine]]. This has produced a large number of medical [[eponym]]s:

...eacher]]s or other leaders associated with the institution. This is a list of [[higher education]] institutions named for people. ...d as their founders. A few institutions were named by the founder in honor of a parent, child, spouse, or other close family member.

This is a list of '''[[prize]]s''' that are '''named after people'''. ''For other lists of eponyms (names derived from people) see [[Lists of etymologies]]''.

...sed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of [[arteries]], [[veins]] and [[capillaries]]), some [[invertebrate]] groups Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, hea

...involve any part of the body, but 90% occur in children less than 2 years of age and involve the head and neck. These malformations are either congenita ...ult only in a soft, slow-growing, "doughy" mass. Since they have no chance of becoming malignant, lymphangiomas are usually treated for cosmetic reasons

...rnal |author=Jaroch MT, Broughan TA, Hermann RE |title=The natural history of splenic infarction |journal=Surgery |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=743–50 |y ...es.<ref name="pmid9486895"/> It has to be differentiated from other causes of [[acute abdomen]].

...te microscope before 1654.It was first described in [[1651]] as the source of white blood cells.<ref name=Thomson1843/>--> ...of the lymphatic vessels via external tissue forces (e.g. the contractions of [[skeletal muscle]]s). <!--Lymph is indeed pumped by the lymphatic vessels

...rah B, ''et al.'' |title=Severe lymphedema of the arm as a potential cause of shoulder trauma |journal=Lymphology |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=202–5 |yea ==History==

...matology]] and [[oncology]], most often performed for people with diseases of the [[blood]], [[bone marrow]], or certain [[cancer]]. With the availability of the stem cell growth factors [[GM-CSF]] and [[G-CSF]], most hematopoietic s

...s]] or [[posterior tibial artery|posterior tibial]] arteries by the higher of the two systolic blood pressures in the arms. ...be the pressure in the cuff at that moment indicates the systolic pressure of that artery.

...e]] if it is not cooled by air from the lungs.<ref>Lutz, Peter. ''The Rise of Experimental Biology''. Humana Press. 2002. ISBN 0-89603-835-1.</ref> ...ciencelab/body/heartpages/heart.html The History of the Heart]". ''History of the Body''. Stanford University. URL accessed 2006-05-27.</ref>

...eful when one wants to calculate the work done by the system, the integral of the pressure with respect to volume. One can often quickly calculate this ==History==

...bronchial circulation]] supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung. In the pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood leaves the right section of the heart through the [[pulmonary artery]], enters the lungs and oxygenated

...diameter, connect [[arteriole]]s and [[venule]]s, and enable the exchange of [[water]], [[oxygen]], [[carbon dioxide]], and many other [[nutrient]] and ...not function on their own. The "capillary bed" is an interweaving network of capillaries supplying an [[organ (biology)|organ]]. The more [[Metabolism|m

Caption = The human main arteries, part of the circulatory system. | ...rterial system that has been slowly and progressively compromised by years of deterioration. (See [[atherosclerosis]]).

...the [[analgesic]], [[anti-inflammatory]], and [[anti-pyretic]] properties of its active ingredient. The Aspergum trademark is currently owned by [[Insig ==History==

...that bind to cannabinoid receptors. The latter group encompasses a variety of distinct chemical classes: the '''classical cannabinoids''' structurally re ...₁]] and [[CB2 receptor|CB₂]], with mounting evidence of more.<ref name="pmid15866316">{{cite journal | author = Begg M, Pacher P, B

...[[human body|body]]. It works by interfering with the electrical currents of [[pain signals]], inhibiting them from reaching the [[brain]] and inducing ==History==

...ef>Mooney, V. "A randomized double-blind prospective study of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields for interbody lumbar fusions." Spine 15.7 (19 == History ==

==History== ...=2009-03-30}}</ref> Percocet [[tablet]]s are available in six combinations of oxycodone hydrochloride and acetaminophen, with different appearances and m

...the [[opiate]]s in their abilities to produce [[analgesia]] and a feeling of well-being. ...1195988">{{cite journal | author = Goldstein A, Lowery PJ | title = Effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on body temperature in rats | journal = Life

{{For|more information about the active ingredient of Tylenol, acetaminophen|Paracetamol}} ...iew&id=751&Itemid= Acetaminophen benefits from concerns surrounding safety of analgesics]</ref>

...is solid at [[room temperature]] and melts slightly above. The main form of menthol occurring in nature is (−)-menthol, which is assigned the (1R,2S, ...[stereoisomer]], nearly always the (''1R,2S,5R'') form (bottom left corner of the diagram below). The other seven [[stereoisomers]] are:

<!-- Here is a table of data; skip past it to edit the text. --> |title=Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts: Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts?

[[File:Spice drug.jpg|thumb|A bag of Spice]] ...went on sale it was thought that they achieved an effect through a mixture of legal herbs. Laboratory analysis in 2008 showed this was not the case and t

...The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]}}</ref> Some [[Muslims]] of the [[Sufi]] order have used cannabis as a tool for spiritual exploration.{ ...elieve pain of hemorrhoids. It was also used as an antiseptic. In a number of countries, it was used to treat tetanus, hydrophobia, delirium tremens, inf

...ists of dried flowers and leaves of plants selected to produce high levels of THC. Various extracts including [[hashish]] and [[hash oil]] are also produ ...tor3-first = Postgate|editor3-last = Nicholas|title = A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian|edition = |series = SANTAG|volume = 5|place = |publication-place =

...Each part of the plant is harvested differently, depending on the purpose of its use. ...ecreational, medicinal, and spiritual purposes. When so used, preparations of flowers ([[marijuana]]) and leaves and preparations derived from resinous

{{Dablink|For the plant genus, see [[Cannabis]]. For other uses of cannabis, see [[Cannabis#Industrial and personal uses|Cannabis - Industrial ...trichomes]] (commonly known as "crystals"), which contain large quantities of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]], [[Cannabidiol|CBD]] and other [[cannabinoids]

...experiments, in 1936 Loewi was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]], which he shared with Dale. ==The discovery of ''Vagusstoff''==

...mpairment of mitochondrial calcium handling in a mtSOD1 cell culture model of motoneuron disease |journal=[[BMC Neurosci]] |volume=10 |issue= |pages=64 | ...lpain]]. These enzymes go on to damage cell structures such as components of the [[cytoskeleton]], [[cell membrane|membrane]], and DNA.

...Symptoms occur in three-quarters of persons recovering from long-term use of [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], [[methamphetamine]], or [[benzodiazepines]] ...rawal effects with symptoms sometimes persisting for years after cessation of use. Severe anxiety and depression are commonly induced by sustained alcoho

[[Image:Signal transduction v1.png|thumb|upright=2.5|right|Overview of signal transduction pathways]] ...rt inside the cell.&nbsp; The chemical signal binds to the outer portion of the receptor, changing its shape and conveying another signal inside the ce

{{dablink|Another, unrelated ion channeling process is part of [[ion implantation]].}} ...assium_channel#Selectivity_filter|selectivity filter]], '''4''' - diameter of selectivity filter, '''5''' - [[phosphorylation]] site, '''6''' - [[cell me

...urnal = Anesth. Analg. | volume = 97 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–23, table of contents | year = 2003 | month = July | pmid = 12818953 | doi = | url = }}< ...A, Kirsten EB, Honigberg IL | title = Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydromorphone following intravenous and oral administration to human subjec

...u/wpi/focus/spring96.htm |title=WCPI Focus on Pain Series: The Three Faces of Fentanyl |publisher=Aspi.wisc.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref> In ...08-03-01 |accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref> It has an [[LD50|LD₅₀]] of 3.1&nbsp;milligrams per kilogram in rats, 0.03&nbsp;milligrams per kilogram

{{Redirect|Phy|the abbreviation for the physical layer of the OSI Model|PHY}} | pregnancy_category = Reduction of oxygen to unborn child due to depression of breathing

| routes_of_administration= [[Smoking|Smoked]], [[Insufflation (medicine)|Insufflate]]d, [[Pill (pharmacy)|Oral]]}} ...ine]], and [[dextromethorphan]]. Although the primary psychoactive effects of the drug lasts for a few hours, the total elimination rate from the body ty

| image_alt = A short green plant with many elliptical shaped leaves of arcuate venation ...[cloud forest]] in the isolated [[Sierra Madre de Oaxaca|Sierra Mazateca]] of [[Oaxaca]], Mexico, growing in shady and moist locations.<ref name=Reisfiel

...medications containing hydrocodone|combination product]] ([[United States of America|USA]]) * [[Cough medicine|Antitussive]]

.../10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00608.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=jvp|work=Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}}</ref> ...neric drug|generic]] labels. Dextromethorphan has also found other uses in medicine, ranging from [[pain relief]] to [[psychological]] applications. It is sold

...prite]] soft drink and pieces of [[Jolly Rancher]] candy. The purplish hue of purple drank comes from [[dye]]s in the cough syrup. ..., Number 2, Spring 2001. The name "lean" refers to "abusers’ propensity of having difficulty in standing up straight."</ref> '''syrup''',<ref name=Lei

| garnish = A slice or wedge of [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] or [[lemon]] ...isbn=9780767901970 |page=175 |url= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Joy of Mixology |last=Regan |first=Gary |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |pub

Warburg's [[Tincture]] was well-known in the [[Victorian era]] as a medicine for [[fevers]], especially tropical fevers, including malaria. It was consi ...3, 'Professor Maclean, C.B., on the true composition and therapeutic value of Warburg's Tincture', pp. 716–718.</ref>

...(from a [[17th century]] [[engraving]]). ''Cinchona'' genus is the source of '''Peruvian Bark''', an important historical remedy against [[malaria]].]] ...discovered at different times and are indigenous in the Western [[Andes]] of [[South America]] and were first described and introduced by [[Jesuit]] pri

...ffers only in the ''[[arene substitution patterns|para]]'' location of one of its [[phenyl group]]s, where a [[hydrogen]] [[atom]] is replaced by a [[hyd ...me, phenylbutazone is chemically unrelated to the [[chemical class|class]] of [[chemicals]] known as [[benzone]]s (common examples include [[oxybenzone]]

'''Sulindac''' is a [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] of the arylalkanoic acid class that is marketed in the UK & U.S. by [[Merck & ...[[COX-2 inhibitor]] class {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. The exact mechanism of its NSAID properties is unknown, but it is thought to act on enzymes COX-1

[[File:Etopen 200mg by Towa Pharmaceutical.jpg|left|thumb|Generic brand of Etodolac]] ...andin|prostaglandins]] (cyclooxygenase), resulting in lower concentrations of prostaglandins. As a consequence, inflammation, pain and fever are reduced.

[[Image:Advil 200mg Caplets.jpg|200px|thumb|A bottle of 50 200mg Advil caplets]] '''Advil''' is a brand of [[ibuprofen]], a [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID). Advil is

...b]] (commonly known as [[Vioxx]]) was taken off the market in 2004 because of these concerns. ==Research history==

Short-term treatment of mild to moderate [[pain]], including [[dysmenorrhoea]]. ...d pain. By blocking cyclo-oxygenase, dexketoprofen prevents the production of [[prostaglandins]] and therefore reduces inflammation and pain. Along with

...to distinguish these drugs from [[steroids]], which - among a broad range of other effects - have a similar [[eicosanoid]]-depressing, anti-inflammatory ...journal| author=Stuart J. Warden, PT, PhD, FACSM | title=Prophylactic Use of NSAIDs by Athletes:A Risk/Benefit Assessment | journal=The Physician and Sp

...ile [[anesthetic]] and as an inhaled obstetrical [[analgesic]] in millions of patients. ==History==

...tive, xenon can undergo a few [[chemical reaction]]s such as the formation of [[xenon hexafluoroplatinate]], the first [[noble gas compound]] to be synth ...an, A. A.; Nedostup, V. I.; Veksler, L. S.|title=Thermophysical properties of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon|year=1988|edition=English-language

...nd is frequently used in pre-hospital care, [[childbirth]] and [[emergency medicine]] situations by medical professionals such as [[physician|doctors]], [[nurs ==History==

...point]] and a characteristic odor. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known generically as [[ether]]s. It is a common [[solve ==History==

...berg ''et al.'' “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a06 .... It is estimated that greater than 90% of atmospheric CHCl₃ is of natural origin.

...ted title -->].</ref> It is currently regulated in Australia, Canada, most of Europe and in the US. GHB as the [[sodium]] salt, known as sodium oxybate, ...sium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (K.GHB).</ref> GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation, and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines.

...on (re-enactment).jpg|thumb|Re-enactment of the first public demonstration of [[general anesthesia]] by [[William T. G. Morton]] on October 16, 1846 in t ...olars maintained and advanced the practice of [[Medicine in medieval Islam|medicine]] in the [[Arab World]] during the middle ages, while alchemists like [[Par

| caption = Four of the restaurants in The Dalles affected by the attack ...2007-11-23 }}</ref> The attack is one of only two confirmed terrorist uses of [[biological weapons]] to harm humans.<ref name="wheelis" />

...= [[George Tiller]] gives a mock [[consultation]] in 1997 in the setting of his clinic, Women’s Health Care – [[Wichita, Kansas]], which he owned a | location = Foyer of Reformation<br />Lutheran Church<br />7601 East 13th Street<br />[[Wichita,

|image = [[Image:Flag of Taliban.svg|border|200px|Taliban flag]] |previous = Students of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]

{{For|other individuals of the same name|William Patrick (disambiguation)}} ...Utah, during the field testing of several munitions systems; and 4) Chief of Agent Processing Branch, Pilot Plant Division, [[Biological Warfare Laborat

|unit_name= U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases .... It is located on [[Fort Detrick]], [[Maryland]] and is a subordinate lab of the [[United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command|U. S. Army M

...thor of the best-selling book ''[[The Hot Zone]]'' (1994), about outbreaks of [[Ebola]] virus in Africa and [[Reston, Virginia]] and the US government's ...to weave several excellent but separate short stories into the whole cloth of a novel.”; Walter, Chip, [http://www.post-gazette.com/books/reviews/20021

...g investigation became "one of the largest and most complex in the history of law enforcement."<ref>http://www.fbi.gov/anthrax/amerithraxlinks.htm</ref> ...ommitted suicide by an overdose of [[acetaminophen]].<ref name=ivins-cause-of-death>{{cite news|title=Ivins case reignites debate on anthrax|url=http://w

...t]</ref><ref>[http://www.voltairenet.org/article30425.html The Confessions of Luis Posada Carriles]</ref> ...ity.<ref name="LA Times"/> On September 9, 2008, the [[United States Court of Appeals]] for the Fifth Circuit reversed the District Court's Order dismiss

...aph of a [[Gram stain]] of the bacterium ''Bacillus anthracis'', the cause of the anthrax disease ...er animals. There are effective vaccines against anthrax, and some forms of the disease respond well to antibiotic treatment.

...equate growth of infants under six months of age when fed as a sole source of nutrition.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformat ...in increased use of both breastfeeding and infant formula between the ages of 3–12 months.<ref name="Fomon">{{cite conference

...e]] and its characteristic tang. Dairy yoghurt is produced using a culture of [[Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus|''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' ...Turkish alphabet|a variant of the Arabic alphabet]] until the introduction of the Latin alphabet in 1928. In older Turkish, the letter denoted a [[voiced

...ng|flavourings]] and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to p ...ant]] or have an [[Milk allergy|allergy to dairy protein]], or in the case of soy and rice milk, for those who want to avoid animal products.

<onlyinclude> <!-- See [[Wikipedia talk:Featured lists]] for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below --> ...oils. [[List of macerated oils|Macerated oils]] are made by infusing parts of plants in a base oil a process known as [[Liquid-liquid extraction|macerati

...oil,<ref>Compare, for examp-[-[le, the [[Essential oil#Raw materials|list of raw materials]] from which [[essential oil]]s are extracted.{{Verify credib ...us. Although thought of as [[ester]]s of [[glycerin]] and a varying blend of [[fatty acid]]s, fats and oils also typically contain free [[fatty acids]],

...as overtaken that of butter. Margarine is an ingredient in the preparation of many foods and, in recipes and colloquially, is sometimes called '''oleo''' ...they could protect their dairy industries by discouraging the consumption of margarine. Bans on adding color became commonplace in the [[U.S.]], [[Austr

...]s, [[engineering]] services, and [[aerospace]] systems for a wide variety of customers, from private consumers to major [[corporation]]s and [[governmen ...is [[David M. Cote]]. The company and its corporate predecessors were part of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] Index from December 7, 1925 until Febr

...scilloscopes|Oscilloscope history|detailed information about various types of oscilloscopes|Oscilloscope types}} ...ron gun; 3. Electron beam; 4. Focusing coil; 5. Phosphor-coated inner side of the screen]]