Chlorphenamine

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Chlorphenamine
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Systematic (IUPAC) name
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-
3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-amine
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: A
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Routes of
administration
Oral, IV, IM, SC
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 25 to 50%
Protein binding 72%
Metabolism Hepatic (CYP2D6)
Biological half-life 21-27 hours
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
CAS Number 132-22-9
ATC code R06AB04 (WHO)
PubChem CID 2725
IUPHAR/BPS 1210
DrugBank DB01114
ChemSpider 2624
Chemical data
Formula C16H19ClN2
Molar mass 274.788 g/mol[[Script error: No such module "String".]]
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Physical data
Solubility in water 0.55 g/100 mL, liquid mg/mL (20 °C)
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Chlorphenamine 4mg, in the UK

Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), commonly marketed in the form of chlorphenamine maleate (Chlor-Trimeton, Piriton, Chlor-Tripolon, HISTA-12), is a first-generation alkylamine antihistamine used in the prevention of the symptoms of allergic conditions such as rhinitis and urticaria. Its sedative effects are relatively weak compared to other first-generation antihistamines. Chlorpheniramine is one of the most commonly used antihistamines in small-animal veterinary practice as well. Although not generally approved as an antidepressant or anti-anxiety medication, chlorpheniramine appears to have these properties as well (see below).

Chlorpheniramine is part of a series of antihistamines including pheniramine (Naphcon) and its halogenated derivatives and others including fluorpheniramine, dexchlorpheniramine (Polaramine), brompheniramine (Dimetapp), dexbrompheniramine (Drixoral), deschlorpheniramine, dipheniramine (also known as triprolidine with the trade name Actifed), and iodopheniramine.

The halogenated alkylamine antihistamines all exhibit optical isomerism, and chlorpheniramine in the indicated products is racemic chlorpheniramine maleate, whereas dexchlorpheniramine (Polaramine) is the dextrorotary stereoisomer.

It is also known as Comakin in Taiwan and parts of Asia.[citation needed]

Serotonergic and norepinephrinergic effects

In addition to being an H-1 histamine receptor antagonist, chlorpheniramine has been shown to work as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor or SNRI. [1] A similar antihistamine, brompheniramine, led to the discovery of the SSRI zimelidine. Limited clinical evidence shows that it is comparable to several antidepressant medications in its ability to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and also norepinephrine (noradrenaline).[2] However, extensive clinical trials of its psychiatric properties in humans have not been conducted. It inhibits serotonin reuptake less than norepinephrine reuptake, [3] however the literature is not consistent in this respect (compare Hellbom (2005) with Domino (1999)).

Combination medications

Chlorpheniramine is often combined with phenylpropanolamine to form an allergy medication with both antihistamine and decongestant properties. Brand names include Demazin, Allerest 12 Hour, Codral Nighttime, Chlornade, Contac 12 Hour, A. R. M. Allergy Relief, Ordrine, Ornade Spansules, Teldrin, Triaminic, and Tylenol Cold/Allergy.

Chlorpheniramine is combined with a narcotic (hydrocodone) in the product Tussionex, which is indicated for treatment of cough and upper respiratory symptoms associated with allergy or cold in adults and children 6 years of age and older.[4] This combination is manufactured as a time-released formula, which allows for administration every 12 hours, versus the more common 4-to-6-hour regimen for other narcotic cough suppressants. Chlorpheniramine/Dihydrocodeine immediate-release syrups are also marketed. The antihistamine is helpful in cases where allergy or common cold is the reason for the cough; it is also a potentiator of opioids, allowing enhanced suppression of cough, analgesia, and other effects from a given quantity of the drug by itself. In various places in the world, cough & cold preparations containing codeine and chlorpheniramine are available.

In the drug Coricidin, Chlorphenamine is combined with the cough suppressant dextromethorphan.

See also

References

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bs:Hlorfenamin

de:Chlorphenamin es:Clorfenamina fa:کلرفنیرامین fr:Chlophéniramine it:Clorfenamina ja:クロルフェニラミン pt:Clorfeniramina ru:Хлорфенамин

zh:氯苯那敏
  1. Carlsson A., Linqvist M. (1969). Central and peripheral monoaminergic membrane-pump blockade by some addictive analgesics and antihistamines. J Pharm Pharmacol 1969; 21: 460–4.
  2. Hellbom, E. (2006). Chlorpheniramine, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and over-the-counter (OTC) treatment. Medical Hypotheses, 2006; 66(4), 689 - 690.
  3. Edward F. Domino (1999). History of Modern Psychopharmacology: A Personal View With an Emphasis on Antidepressants. Psychosomatic Medicine 1999; 61:591-598.
  4. UCB : Tussionex (Respiratory Disease). 2007. UCB, Inc.. 11 Jul 2008 <http://www.ucb-group.com/products/860.asp>.