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...sifier or [[wood gas generator]]. It is the result of two high-temperature reactions (above {{convert|700|C}}): an exothermic reaction where carbon burns to CO< ...y somewhat from sample to sample. The same source reports the following chemical composition by volume which most likely is also variable:

...thers]] such as [[enflurane]] and [[isoflurane]]. The incidence of hepatic reactions with these agents is lower. The exact degree of [[hepatotoxic]] potential o ...was first synthesised by [[Charles Suckling|C. W. Suckling]] of [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI) in 1951 and was first used clinically by M. Johnstone in

...Hoffmann–La Roche|F. Hoffmann–La Roche]]) or '''Mefaquin''' and by the chemical name mefloquine hydrochloride (formulated with HCl). Mefloquine was develop ...is review was prompted by the manufacturer's request to revise the Adverse Reactions - Postmarketing section of the label to include pneumonitis of possible all

Etymology: from one of its many chemical names - [alpha-Diethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetani- ] - lide + ~ocaine. === Adverse drug reactions ===

...paired wound-healing, increased sweating, rash, [[striae]], suppression of reactions to skin tests, thin fragile skin, thinning scalp hair, [[urticaria]]. * Allergic reactions (though infrequently): [[Anaphylactoid reactions|Anaphylactoid reaction]], [[anaphylaxis]], [[angioedema]].

==Principal reactions and applications== This reaction is known as a "[[Chemical clock|clock reaction]]", because when the sulfur reaches a certain concentr

Chloramphenicol poisoning can cause sensitivity reactions to organic acids and salicylates. ...the main pathway conjugational excretion, which leads to a buildup of the chemical in infants system- contraindication.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

...esearch group, posthumously reported the first stereocontrolled asymmetric chemical synthesis of Erythromycin A. ...ired dithiadecalin product (9) through a series of reduction and oxidation reactions. (9) is then converted to both a ketone (10) and an aldehyde (11).

Adverse reactions include [[rash]], abnormal [[liver function tests]], [[hepatitis]], [[sider Hepatotoxicity of INH is by nitrogen group in its chemical structure,as it is metabolized in liver and gets converted in to ammonium m

...he [[Orinoco River]] region of [[Venezuela]]. Its name originates from the chemical's [[amphoteric]] properties. Two amphotericins, Amphotericin A and Amphote ...brillation]]), and even frank [[cardiac failure]] have been reported. Skin reactions, including serious forms, are also possible.

'''Potassium iodide''' is an [[inorganic compound]] with [[chemical formula|formula]] [[potassium|K]][[iodide|I]]. This white salt is the most KI is a precursor to [[silver iodide]] (AgI) an important chemical in photography. KI is a component in some disinfectants and hair treatment

...[United States Adopted Name|USAN]], former [[British Approved Name|BAN]]), chemical name '''acycloguanosine''', abbreviated as '''ACV''',<ref name=deClercq2005 ...istered IV, include [[encephalopathy]] (1% of patients) and injection site reactions. The injection formulation is [[alkaline]] ([[pH]] 11), and [[extravasation

|caption=Chemical structure of abacavir == Adverse reactions ==

...and [[VX (nerve agent)|VX]]. Troops that are likely to be attacked with [[chemical weapon]]s often carry [[autoinjector]]s with atropine and [[obidoxime]], wh Adverse reactions to atropine include ventricular [[fibrillation]], supraventricular or ventr

...blue''' is a [[Heterocyclic ring|heterocyclic]] [[aromaticity|aromatic]] [[chemical compound]] with the [[molecular formula]] [[carbon|C]]₁₆[[hydrog ...tration of [[chemical kinetics]] in general chemistry, the "[[Blue bottle (chemical reaction)|blue bottle]]" experiment. Typically, a solution is made of [[dex

...article about fluoxetine in 1974. A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the trade name Prozac ...ph.17302}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Caley CF |title=Extrapyramidal reactions and the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors |journal=Ann Pharmacother |

...us to have a very large [[surface area]] available for [[adsorption]] or [[chemical reaction]]s.<ref>[http://www.activated-carbon.com/1-3.html "Properties of A ...ul applications may come solely from the high surface area, though further chemical treatment often enhances the absorbing properties of the material. Activat

...preparation of aspirin ("salicylic-acetic anhydride") was one of the many reactions Gerhardt conducted for his paper on anhydrides and he did not pursue it fur ...te) and von Gilm's (from salicylic acid) syntheses and concluded that both reactions gave the same compound—acetylsalicylic acid. They were first to assign to

'''Prussian blue''' is a dark blue [[pigment]] with the idealized [[chemical formula|formula]] Fe₇(CN)₁₈⋅14H₂O.<ref n * Insoluble Prussian blue is produced if in the reactions above an excess of Fe³⁺ or Fe²⁺, respectively, is add

...replacement for [[propranolol]] in the treatment of [[hypertension]]. The chemical works by slowing down the heart and reducing its workload. Unlike [[propran ...However, due to its cardioselective properties, the risk of bronchospastic reactions if using atenolol is reduced compared to nonselective drugs as [[propranolo

...eme Iron Nitrosyls in Biology |author= A. R. Butler, I. L. Megson| journal=Chemical Reviews |year=2002 | volume= 102| pages= 1155–1165| doi=10.1021/cr000076d ...> electron configuration and is [[diamagnetism|diamagnetic]]. Its chemical reactions are mainly associated with the NO ligand.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Cop

{{Distinguish|Dioxin (chemical)}}

...ic acid]]s. It is an important [[reagent|chemical reagent]] and industrial chemical, used in the production of [[polyethylene terephthalate]] mainly used in so ...her case, the ''Ac'' is not to be confused with the abbreviation for the [[chemical element]] [[actinium]].

'''Magnesium hydroxide''' is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)₂. As a suspension in water, it is often called '' ...ausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. High doses increase the likelihood of these reactions. Patients with severe [[renal failure|chronic kidney disease]] are advised

...ide]]s, most of which is glucose. Through [[glycolysis]] and later in the reactions of the [[citric acid cycle]] (TCAC), glucose is [[oxidize]]d to eventually ...blood because of a lack of enzymes. In fat cells, glucose is used to power reactions that synthesize some [[fat]] types and have other purposes. Glycogen is the

...[akathisia]] and/or [[tardive dyskinesia]].<ref name="AMH2006" /> Dystonic reactions are usually treated with [[benztropine]] or [[procyclidine]]. *[[Benzamide]], the chemical class to which metoclopramide belongs

The [[chemical compound]] '''potassium chloride''' (KCl) is a [[metal]] [[halide]] [[Salt ==Chemical properties==

...|right|250px|The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions.]] ==Chemical synthesis==

...ock]] [[metal]], mercury is also one of the five [[liquid metal|metallic]] chemical elements that are [[liquid]] at or near [[room temperature]] and pressure,< ===Chemical properties===

*chemical [[toxicity]] (potentially lethal in low tolerance subjects) ...s]], [[putamen]], and certain cortical areas. They are also found on the [[chemical synapse|terminal axons]] of primary afferents within laminae [[posteromargi

...url = http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/je990124v | journal = Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data | volume = 44 | pages = 1391 | year = 1999}}</ref> ...in American countries) and ''paracetamol'' (used elsewhere) both come from chemical names for the compound: ''para''-'''acet'''yl'''aminophen'''ol and '''''par

*Miscellaneous: dizziness, headache, tremor, [[hyperglycemia|hyperglycemic]] reactions, dry mouth ...on]], in that it uses [[anhydrous ammonia]] and [[lithium]] metal in the [[chemical reaction|reaction]]. The second most popular method uses red [[phosphorus]]

...evskava | first2 = Z. | last3 = Georgievsky | first3 = I. | title = Social reactions to Valium and Prozac: a cultural lag perspective of drug diffusion and adop ...diazepam, can help in the treatment of seizures, due to a drug overdose or chemical toxicity as a result of exposure to [[sarin]], [[VX (nerve agent)|VX]], [[s

...sub>6</sub>=10.37 (NH⁺) (µ=0.1)<ref>Harris, D.C. "Quantitative Chemical Analysis", 7^th ed., W. H. Freeman and Compagny, New York, 2007</ ...s route include [[glycine]] and [[nitrilotriacetic acid]]; they arise from reactions of the ammonia coproduct.<ref name=Ullmann>J. Roger Hart "Ethylenediaminete

...itis]]. '''''Very'' toxic'''. '''''The smoke of burning oleander can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal.''''' ...not affect certain people. '''''The smoke of burning poison ivy can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal.'''''

...NCHEM (2005). ''Nerium oleander'' L. (PIM 366). International Programme on Chemical Safety: INCHEM. Retrieved on 2009-07-27]</ref><ref name=Huxley>Huxley, A.; ...NCHEM (2005). ''Nerium oleander'' L. (PIM 366). International Programme on Chemical Safety: INCHEM. Retrieved on 2009-07-27]</ref> Oleander bark contains rosag

...become sensitized with repeated or more concentrated exposure to urushiol. Reactions can progress to [[anaphylaxis]]. Over 350,000 people are affected by poiso ...four weeks, depending on severity and treatment. In rare cases, poison ivy reactions may require hospitalization.<ref name="landscaping.about.com"/><ref> {{cite

...cracks and failures in the coating can lead to intensified local chemical reactions not visible at the surface. ...ications that vary in [[yield strength]], [[ultimate tensile strength]], [[chemical composition]], and percentage of [[Elongation (materials science)|elongatio

...gastrointestinal disturbances, nightmares, [[palpitation]] and paradoxical reactions including restlessness, aggression, violence, overstimulation and agitation ...ect.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Oelschläger H |date= July 4, 1989 |title=[Chemical and pharmacologic aspects of benzodiazepines] |journal=Schweiz Rundsch Med

...Chemical&nbsp;Bonding]] '''1.2.3'''&nbsp;[[Chemical Reaction|Chemical&nbsp;Reactions]] '''1.2.4'''&nbsp;[[Heat]],&nbsp;[[Thermodynamics]],&nbsp;[[Liquid state|L

...what they need from available sources, and detailed analyses show that the chemical composition of propolis varies considerably from region to region, along wi | title = The Role of Resin in Angiosperm Pollination: Ecological and Chemical Considerations

...tial name given for a series of [[mesoporous]] materials that were first [[Chemical synthesis|synthesized]] by Mobil's researchers in 1992. MCM-41 (Mobil Compo MCM-41 and MCM-48 have been applied as [[catalyst]]s for various chemical reactions, as a support for drug delivery system and as [[adsorbent]] in [[waste wate

'''Iron(II) hydroxide''' or '''ferrous hydroxide''' is a [[Chemical compound|compound]] produced when iron(II) ions, from a compound such as [[ It is also easily formed as an undesirable by-product of other reactions, a.o., in the synthesis of [[siderite]], an iron carbonate (FeCO<sub>3</sub

It can also be made [[chemical synthesis|synthetically]] by [[polymerization|polymerizing]] a [[monomer]] ==Allergic reactions==

...e download]</ref>, which are applied as [[catalyst]]s for various chemical reactions, as a support for drug delivery system and as [[adsorbent]] in [[waste wate

...ucts of slag have been found in ancient Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web | title =The chemical composition of glass in Ancient Egypt by Mikey Brass (1999)| url = http://w ...the start of the granulating process. This process causes several chemical reactions to take place within the material, and gives the slag its cementitious prop

...e of the shape selectivity of the cavity, use in [[catalysis]] for certain reactions has also been facilitated.

| Wet chemical resistance ===Chemical constituencies===

...y is available upon breaking such bonds in spontaneous or enzyme catalyzed reactions. Adenosine triphosphate ([[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]) is an example of a

...f Adsorbed Flexible Polyelectrolyte Chains|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=127|issue=45|pages=15688–15689|year=2005|pmid=16277495}}</ The exact chemical composition and the sequence in which these units are arranged is called th

==Chemical structure== The chemical structure of many polymers is rather complex because the polymerization rea

...om the monomer [[propylene]], it is rugged and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids. ==Chemical and physical properties==

...plied Chemistry]] | year = 2004 | title = Definitions of Terms Relating to Reactions of Polymers and to Functional Polymeric Materials (IUPAC Recommendations 20 ...he lanthanides and the actinides. Members of each family have very similar chemical and physical properties. Ion-exchange is the only practical way to separate

...to visible radiation, and near-infrared radiation can accelerate chemical reactions by raising the temperature. The other factors act synergistically with sola ...factors mainly promote weathering through their influence on the secondary reactions which follow the breaking of bonds. Degradation of most materials exposed t

...– Hazards Identification and Prevention;'' Nelson, G. L., Ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1990; pp 87-96. ISSN: 0097-6156</ref> ...Some fire-safe [[polymers]] naturally exhibit an intrinsic resistance to [[Chemical decomposition|decomposition]], while others are synthesized by incorporatin

Colour is determined by light-reflecting chemical particles, pigments, in the paint. These particles can have very different ...ease chemical reaction kinetics, but also because it can initiate chemical reactions to occur which would not normally be possible under natural condition. For

==Correlation of chemical structure and electrical conductivity== ...polymers are prepared by oxidative coupling of monocyclic precursors. Such reactions entail [[dehydrogenation]]:

...ed and the dendrons like cake slices in green. It also provides a concrete chemical structure showing a [[polymethylmethacrylate]] ([[Poly(methyl methacrylate) | [[Image:Baozhongdenpol2.JPG|upright|alt=chemical structure of a third generation dendronized polymer]]

...f Adsorbed Flexible Polyelectrolyte Chains|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=127|issue=45|pages=15688–15689|year=2005|pmid=16277495}}</ ...ed of repeating [[structural unit]]s typically connected by [[covalent]] [[chemical bond]]s. While ''polymer'' in popular usage suggests [[plastic]], the term

...rs: A State of the Art Review|journal=BioMacromolecules|publisher=American Chemical Society|volume=8|issue=5|pages=1359–1384|doi=10.1021/bm061150q}}</ref> ...rs: A State of the Art Review|journal=BioMacromolecules|publisher=American Chemical Society|volume=8|issue=5|pages=1359–1384|issn=10.1021/bm061150q}}</ref> F

...ref>.When purifying a solution, many approaches can be taken. In general [[chemical synthesis]] laboratories, a number of [[List of purification methods in che - Allow for the synthesis of complex [[Chemical library|compound libraries]]

'''Depolymerization''' is the chemical breakdown of [[plastic]]s and other [[polymer]]s due to time, light, and he [[Category:Chemical reactions]]

.... F. Reed | title=Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization reactions (ACOMP) | journal = Feature Article, Polymer News | year = 2004 | volume = ...acturing industry. The possibility for feedback control in polymerization reactions presents manufacturers with a tool to improve the efficiency of their proce

...and soils. It affects the reactivity of solids participating in chemical reactions, and needs to be tightly controlled in many industrial products such as the ...n-descructive. Each cut-point can be recovered for future size-respective chemical analyses. This technique has been used for decades in the Air Pollution Co

...nt in colloid chemistry or for [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] reactions in an [[aqueous solution]]. When colloidal particles bear a same sign [[ele [[Category:Chemical mixtures]]

...of consumer products, from [[petrol]] and [[kerosene]] to [[asphalt]] and chemical [[reagents]] used to make [[plastics]] and [[pharmaceuticals]].<ref name="h ...position varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of [[chemical element]]s vary over fairly narrow limits as follows:<ref name="Speight">Sp

...]</ref><ref>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html Chemical Bonds<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.physics.ohio-state ...ls generally go into solution as positively charged ions and the oxidation reactions of the metals became well understood in the electrochemical series. A pict

...ls to work metals at high temperatures, wire filaments, casting molds, and chemical reaction vessels in corrosive environments. Partly due to the high melting ===Chemical===

...], and other semi-reactive [[metals]] as their outermost layer undergoes a chemical reaction. Tarnish is mainly caused by chemicals in the air, such as [[sulfu ...roduct of a [[chemical reaction]] between a [[metal]] and a [[nonmetal]] [[chemical compound|compound]], especially [[oxygen]] and [[sulfur dioxide]]. It is us

Aerogels by themselves are [[hydrophilic]], but chemical treatment can make them [[hydrophobic]]. If they absorb moisture they usual ...to describe airy masses of [[carbon nanotube]]s produced through certain [[chemical vapor deposition]] techniques—such materials can be spun into fibers with

Sugar, because of its simpler chemical structure, was once assumed (without scientific research) to raise blood gl ...er Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries |work=History of Science and Technology in Islam

In all cases, [[chemical]] means of [[pest control]] should be avoided if possible, not only due to If chemical means must be employed, it would be best to consult with a professional co

...sser02.jpg|thumb|right|Water and steam are two different forms of the same chemical substance.]] ...cific [[Chemical compound|chemical composition]].<ref>{{GoldBookRef |title=Chemical Substance |file=C01039}}</ref>

...oup in [[ether]] linkages. Commercial phenyl ether polymers belong to two chemical classes: '''polyphenyl ethers''' ('''PPE'''s) and '''[[Polyphenylene oxide] ! Chemical Name

...aggregate such as [[sand]]), [[water (properties)|water]], and [[Chemistry|chemical]] admixtures. ...hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a [[Chemical reaction|chemical process]] known as [[mineral hydration|hydration]]. The water reacts with t

...can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water ...'s methods were "rule-of-thumb": Vicat is responsible for establishing the chemical basis of these cements, and Johnson established the importance of sintering

{{this|the chemical element}} '''Iron''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|aɪ|.|ər|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|r|n}}) is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''Fe''' ({{lang-la|ferrum}}) and [[atomic number

...ecified density) and water. When mixed and cast in forms, several chemical reactions take place that give AAC its light weight (20% the weight of concrete) and

...phenylamine''' or '''aminobenzene''' is an [[organic compound]] with the [[Chemical formula|formula]] C₆H₅NH₂. Consisting of ==Reactions==

'''''N'',''N''-Dimethylaniline''' (DMA) is an [[organic compound|organic chemical compound]], a substituted derivative of [[aniline]]. It consists of a [[ter ==Preparation and reactions==

...ara-aminobenzoic acid or '''PABA''') is an [[organic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] H₂NC₆H₄CO₂H. ...): Melanoma Madness The scientific flap over sunscreens and skin cancer -- Chemical studies http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/6_6_98/bob2.htm (accessed

'''Diphenylamine''' is the [[organic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] (C₆H₅)₂NH. It is a colo ...nature of aniline derivatives. The compound undergoes various cyclisaton reactions. With [[sulfur]], it gives [[phenothiazine]], a precursor to certain pharm

'''4-Aminophenol''' is the [[organic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] H₂NC₆H₄OH. Typically av == Reactions ==

'''1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene''' is a chemical compound that was first prepared in 1968<ref name=Alder/> by [[Roger Alder ==Reactions==

| ImageName = Chemical structure of luminol ...'' (C₈H₇N₃O₂) is a versatile [[chemical]] that exhibits [[chemiluminescence]], with a striking blue glow, when mixe

...e [[Germany|German]] chemist [[Alfred Einhorn]] (1856–1917) who gave the chemical the trade name Novocaine, from the [[Latin]] ''nov-'' (meaning ''new'') and ...A), which is then excreted by the [[kidney]]s into the [[urine]]. Allergic reactions to procaine are usually not in response to procaine itself, but to PABA. Ab

...is a [[psychoactive drug]] of the [[phenethylamine]] and [[amphetamine]] [[chemical class]]es which is used as a [[stimulant]], [[decongestant]], and [[anorect ...d as [[cathinone]] is to [[methcathinone]]. PPA can also be used in the [[Chemical synthesis|synthesis]] of [[phenmetrazine]] and [[4-methylaminorex]].

...xide''', also called '''oxirane''', is the [[organic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] C₂H₄O. This colorless flammable gas .../books.google.com/?id=oJy5wdzi0yUC&pg=PA309|page=309|title=Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design|volume=20|author=John J. McKetta, William A. Cunningh

...or both organisms. The bacterium forms a [[biofilm]] which is resistant to chemical and antimicrobial treatments, including chlorine. Remediation for Legionell ...in greater concentrations at altitudes commonly flown by passenger jets. Reactions between ozone and onboard substances, including skin oils and cosmetics, ca

...e this has been done, the skin is pricked through the drop using a lancet. Reactions, if any, occur within 10 to 15 minutes and these results can then be analyz ...blood and is effective against toxins. Since it can also trigger allergic reactions to specific [[allergens]] like [[pollen]], the IgE test is performed to eva

...aused by chemical irritants and those caused by physical irritants. Common chemical irritants implicated include solvents (alcohol, [[xylene]], [[turpentine]], ...tion that is atypical within the population. The mechanisms by which these reactions occur are complex, with many levels of fine control. Their immunology centr

...is [[photochemistry|photochemical]] damage, where light triggers chemical reactions in tissue. Photochemical damage occurs mostly with short-wavelength (blue) ...ical, mechanical, and other hazards specific to particular installations. Chemical hazards may include materials intrinsic to the laser, such as beryllium oxi

...]]s, but some carcinogens are not mutagens. [[Alcohol]] is an example of a chemical carcinogen that is not a mutagen.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Seitz HK, Pös ...encountered, the immune system reacts against the appropriate cell. Such reactions may protect against tumour cell engraftment by eliminating implanted cells.

...IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|m|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ən|iː|z}}, {{respell|MANG|gən-neez}}) is a [[chemical element]], designated by the symbol '''Mn'''. It has the [[atomic number]] ===Chemical properties===

'''Latex allergy''' is a medical term encompassing a range of [[allergic]] reactions to natural [[rubber]] [[latex]]. ...n, not unlike the severe reaction some people have to [[bee sting]]s. Such reactions account for a significant proportion of [[perioperative]] [[anaphylaxis|ana

...d=N8RcH8juG_YC&pg=PA114|page=114|title=Ludwig's applied process design for chemical and petrochemical plants, Volume 1|author=A. Kayode Coker, Ernest E. Ludwig ...Benzene is a natural constituent of [[Petroleum|crude oil]], and may be [[Chemical synthesis|synthesized]] from other compounds present in petroleum. Benzene

...antities, they are a health hazard to humans, potentially causing allergic reactions and respiratory problems. ...m with a dry fog that kills the mold and stops its growth. This fog uses a chemical that is EPA approved and does not harm or damage the physical well being of

...c-en|ɑr|ˈ|s|ɛ|n|ɪ|k}} {{respell|ar|SEN|ik}} when attributive) is the [[chemical element]] that has the symbol ''As'', [[atomic number]] 33 and [[atomic mas ===Chemical properties===

...m''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|k|r|oʊ|m|i|əm}} {{Respell|KROH|mee-əm}}) is a [[chemical element]] which has the symbol '''Cr''' and [[atomic number]] 24, first ele ...ref name="Crspeci"/><ref name="medusa">Ignasi Puigdomenech, ''Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software'' (2004) KTH Royal Institute of

{{About|the chemical compound|the 1993 rock album|Formaldehyde (album)}} .... As the simplest [[aldehyde]], it is an important precursor to many other chemical compounds, especially for polymers. In 2005, annual world production of for

{{About|the chemical element|the bleach|Sodium hypochlorite|the upcoming film|Chlorine (film)}} ...cal)|bleaching]] and disinfectants, as well as an essential reagent in the chemical industry. As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in [[swimmi

...e fuels, can be absorbed through the skin.<ref name="Patrick06"/> |alt=Two chemical diagrams of tetra-ethyl lead, or (CH3CH2)4Pb. On the left one, carbon and h ...s interfering with the enzyme's ability to catalyze its normal reaction or reactions. Among the essential metals with which lead interacts are calcium, iron, a

...thalpy]] of formation of Cu—N bonds is approximately the same in the two reactions. Under conditions of equal copper concentrations and when the concentration ...hat of ethylenediamine and the concentration of copper is the same in both reactions, the concentration [Cu(en)] is much higher than the concentration [Cu(MeNH<

(The name "catechol" has also been used as a chemical class name, where it refers to the [[catechin]]s) ==Reactions==

| journal = [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] ...up> and is available commercially, catalyzes coupling and carbene transfer reactions.

==Synthesis and reactions== ...by transesterification mediated by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) |journal=Chemical Communications |volume= |issue=43 |pages=5456–8 |year=2005 |month=Novembe

...Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene''' is the [[organoarsenic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] C₆H₄(As(CH₃)₂ ...eso- and Racemic Forms of Bis-4-Covalent-Arsenic Compounds" Journal of the Chemical Society, 1939, 610–615. {{DOI|10.1039/JR9390000610}}</ref> but was popula

{{about|the chemical|the [[ICAO airport codes|ICAO code]] EDDS|Stuttgart Airport}} ...s patented in the US by Charles Kezerian and William M. Ramsey of Stauffer Chemical Co. in 1964.<ref>{{US patent reference | number = 3158635

In chemical structure, citric acid shares the properties of other [[carboxylic acid]]s. ...[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for the discovery. The series of reactions is known by various names, including the ''citric acid cycle'', the ''Krebs

...sub>6</sub>=10.37 (NH⁺) (µ=0.1)<ref>Harris, D.C. "Quantitative Chemical Analysis", 7^th ed., W. H. Freeman and Compagny, New York, 2007</ ...s route include [[glycine]] and [[nitrilotriacetic acid]]; they arise from reactions of the ammonia coproduct.<ref name=Ullmann>J. Roger Hart "Ethylenediaminete

{{Chemical equilibria}} ...<math>U \rightarrow N</math>) and unfolding (<math>N \rightarrow U</math>) reactions, respectively. The dimensionless [[equilibrium constant]] <math>K_{eq} \

...rg/H02902.html hydrolysis], accessed 2007-01-23.</ref><ref>[[Compendium of Chemical Terminology]], [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05762.html solvolysis], accessed Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a certain molecule is split into two parts by the addition

...ple''', can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a [[chemical equilibrium]]. The principle is named after [[Henry Louis Le Chatelier]] an :<p>''If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in [[concentration]], [[temperat

{{Chemical equilibria}} ...lved in a chemical reaction. In the special case that the reaction is at [[chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]] the reaction quotient is equal to the [[equilibri

....che.pitt.edu/~mccarthy/che0035/MB/single/ideal.html Pittsburgh University chemical engineering class notes]</ref> ...f>{{cite book|author=Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (Editors)|title=[[Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook]]|edition=7th|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1997|isbn= 0-0

...6}}</ref> In an [[ideal mixture]], the interactions between each pair of [[chemical species]] are the same (or more formally, the [[enthalpy]] of mixing is zer The [[chemical potential]], <math> \mu_B</math>, of a substance B in an [[ideal mixture]]

A '''reversible reaction''' is a [[chemical reaction]] that results in an [[chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]] mixture of [[reactant]]s and [[Product (chemistry ...still expected to be present in the reacting system. A truly irreversible chemical reaction is usually achieved when one of the products exits the reacting sy

...acid-base theory ([[HSAB]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearson|first=R.G.|title=Chemical Hardness: Applications from Molecules to Solids |publisher=Springer-VCH|dat where {ML} is the [[activity (chemistry)|activity]] of the chemical species ML etc. ''K''^{[[Image:StrikeO.png]]} is [[dimensionless]]

...nts an [[oxygen]] atom). Oxyanions are formed by a large majority of the [[chemical element]]s.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref> The formulae of simple oxyanio == Condensation reactions ==

{{Chemical equilibria}} ...that compound. The solid may dissolve unchanged, with dissociation or with chemical reaction with another constituent of the solvent, such as acid or alkali. E

{{chemical equilibria}} For a general [[chemical equilibrium]]

{{Chemical equilibria}} The dissociation constant is commonly used to describe the [[Chemical affinity|affinity]] between a [[Ligand (biochemistry)|ligand]] ('''<math>\m

...ite [[electrical charge]] come together in [[solution]] to form a distinct chemical entity. Ion-associates are classified according to the number of ions that ...e standard free energy change.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klotz|first=I.M.|title=Chemical Thermodynamics|publisher=W.A. Benjamin|year=1964}} Chapter 10</ref>

...as [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociation]] in the context of [[acid-base reactions]]. The equilibrium can be written symbolically as: ...igure, HA represents acetic acid, and A⁻ the acetate ion. The chemical species HA, A⁻ and H⁺ are said to be in equilibrium

...ecomes apparent as different methods of analysis when applied to acid-base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character may be somewh ...von Liebig's publication as 1838</ref> based on his extensive works on the chemical composition of [[organic acid]]s. This finished the doctrinal shift from ox

...in which [[reaction rate|rates of reaction]] for the forward and backward reactions must be equal. ...n expression for the [[equilibrium constant]], a quantity characterizing [[chemical equilibrium]]. In modern chemistry this is derived using [[equilibrium ther

...'''autoionization of water''', and '''autodissociation of water''') is the chemical reaction in which two [[water molecule]]s react to produce a [[hydronium]] ...>−16</sup>.<ref>McMurry, John. (2004) Organic Chemistry, pg 44</ref> For reactions in water (or diluted aqueous solutions), the [[molarity]] (a unit of concen

...indicators form one of the three main types of indicator compounds used in chemical analysis. For the quantitative analysis of metal cations, the use of [[comp ...sually destroyed at the extreme ends of the pH scale due to undesired side-reactions.

...al equilibrium|equilibrium]] pH in [[acid-base reaction theories|acid-base reactions]] (it is widely used to calculate the [[isoelectric point]] of proteins). * {{cite journal | author = de Levie, Robert | journal = [[The Chemical Educator]] | year = 2002 | volume = 7 | pages = 132–135 | doi = 10.1007/s

{{chemical equilibria}} ...m constants can be expressed in terms of the rate constants for elementary reactions.

{{Chemical equilibria}} ...e book|last=de Nevers|first=N.|title=Physical and Chemical Equilibrium for Chemical Engineers|year=2002|isbn=978-0-471-07170-9}}</ref> This principle, applied

...d as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms thrive only in a relatively small pH range; a ...expressed as<ref name=hul>{{cite book |last= Hulanicki |first= A. |title= Reactions of acids and bases in analytical chemistry |publisher= Horwood |year= 1987

...quilibrium Problems: An Approach Based on Stoichiometry Part II, Acid-Base Reactions}}</ref> For an aqueous solution to have a higher pH, a base must be dissol ...solution (q).<ref>''One-Hundred Years of pH'' Rollie J. Myers [[Journal of Chemical Education]] Vol. 87 No. 1 January 2010 {{|10.1021/ed800002c}}</ref>

...facturing, [[Oil refinery|oil refining]], [[wastewater processing]], and [[chemical synthesis]]. ...tical due to the highly [[Exothermic reaction|exothermic]] nature of the [[Chemical reaction|reaction]] between sulfur trioxide and water. The reaction forms

...tion|reverse reaction]]. The [[reaction rate]]s of the forward and reverse reactions are generally not zero but, being equal, there are no net changes in any of {{Chemical equilibria}}

...onic agent for solvent-extraction of cations.| journal = [[Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan]] | year = 1984 | volume = 57 | pages = 2600 | doi =10.124 ...le = Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane: a Special Boron Lewis Acid for Special Reactions | journal = [[Dalton Transactions]] | year = 2005 | pages = 1883–1890 | d

...e addition''' and '''reductive elimination''' are two important classes of reactions in [[organometallic chemistry]] <ref>''The Organometallic Chemistry of Tran ...and the electron count of the complex increase by two.<ref>[[Compendium of Chemical Terminology]], [http://goldbook.iupac.org/O04367.html oxidative addition] a

...emical Communications, 1999, 2443–2449. {{doi|10.1039/a903573g}}.</ref> Reactions of metal-pincer complexes are localized at three site perpendicular to the #Beletskaya, I. P,; Cheprakov, A. V. ''[[Chemical Reviews|Chem. Rev.]]'' '''2000,''' ''100,'' 3009-3066.

[[Category:Chemical reactions]]

...rameters can significantly influence the selectivity and rate of catalytic reactions. ...phosphine in “[[Walter Reppe|Reppe]]” chemistry (1948), which included reactions of [[alkyne]]s, [[carbon monoxide]], and [[alcohol]]s.<ref>*{{cite journal

...ar = 1966 | last1 = Wittig | first1 = Georg | journal = Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society | volume = 20 | pages = 191}}. </ref> The term is usually reserved

...: 1967. ISBN 047105545X</ref><ref>R. G. Wilkins "Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes," 2nd Edition, VCH, Weinheim, 1991. ISBN 1-56 ...]] is negative, which indicates an increase in order in the system. These reactions follow second order kinetics: the rate of the appearance of product depends

...: 1967. ISBN 047105545X</ref><ref>R. G. Wilkins "Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes," 2nd Edition, VCH, Weinheim, 1991. ISBN 1-56 ...]]. The [[entropy of activation]] is characteristically positive for these reactions, which indicates that the disorder of the reacting system increases in the

..., is a structure consisting of a central atom or ion (usually metallic), [[chemical bond|bonded]] to a surrounding array of molecules or anions ([[ligand]]s, c ...e association of [[molecule]]s, [[atom]]s, or [[ion]]s through such weak [[chemical bond]]s. As applied to coordination chemistry, this meaning has evolved. So

...: 1967. ISBN 047105545X</ref><ref>R. G. Wilkins "Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes," 2nd Edition, VCH, Weinheim, 1991. ISBN 1-56 [[Category:Substitution reactions]]

[[Category:Chemical reactions]] [[Category:Chemical nomenclature]]

==Chemical antisymbiosis== ...on each other.<ref>R. G. Pearson, quoted in [[Anthony Nicholl Rail]]; Some reactions of a ditertiary arsine ligand; Ph.D. thesis; University College London, 197

*[[Chemical burn]] [[Image:Sodium hydroxide burn.png|thumb|[[Chemical burn]]|alt=Red erosions, some with crusting, all on the back of an adult ha ...te journal |author=Svensson CK, Cowen EW, Gaspari AA |title=Cutaneous drug reactions |journal=Pharmacol Rev |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=357–79 |year=2001 |pmid

...phate [[metabolism]] is the complete set of [[Phosphate reaction|phosphate chemical reaction]]s that occur in living cells. Phosphorus (as phosphate usually) i {{Seealso|List of biochemical phosphate reactions}}

...to scavenge [[free radical]]s and up-regulate certain metal [[chelation]] reactions. Various [[reactive oxygen species]], such as [[singlet oxygen]], [[peroxy ...by the [[Folin-Ciocalteu reagent]] which correlates well with alternative chemical and biological procedures for determining antioxidant potential.<ref>{{cite

...ronic pain]]. Derived from ''[[Conus magus]]'' ("Cone Snail"), it is the [[chemical synthesis|synthetic form]] of an ω-[[conotoxin]] [[peptide]].<ref name="p == Adverse reactions ==

...ly-acting but non-opioid [[analgesic]] [[drug]] of the [[benzoxazocine]] [[chemical class]] which was developed in the early 1970s. It is widely used, mainly i ...="Pillians">{{cite journal | author= Pillans PI, Woods DJ | title= Adverse reactions associated with nefopam. | journal= New Zealand Medical Journal | month= Se

...9306 | issue = 8}}</ref> In this sense it is similar to [[capsaicin]], the chemical responsible for the spiciness of hot peppers (which stimulates [[TRPV1|heat ==Reactions==

...onists (e.g. [[naloxone]]) only partially reverse its effects. These two [[chemical property|properties]] must be carefully considered by the [[general practit ...c antidepressants. Both mental and physical pain are regulated by the same chemical networks in the brain. Depression is commonly accompanied by co-morbid pain

...lly completes his time on supervision. The judge ordered Rau to complete a chemical dependency evaluation and any recommended treatment and pay $575 in court f [[Image:Salvinorin-A structure.png|alt=A chemical structure diagram showing benzene rings and various bonding with oxygen and

...eriod|menstrual]] [[pain]], [[dysmenorrhea]]. The name is derived from its chemical name: 2-(2,6-'''dichlo'''ranilino) '''phen'''yl'''ac'''etic acid. * History of allergic reactions (bronchospasm, shock, rhinitis, urticaria) following the use of Aspirin or

Although individual reactions to particular NSAIDs vary, in general the [[efficacy]] of COX-2 inhibitors ==Adverse drug reactions and withdrawal of Vioxx==

NSAIDs can be broadly classified based on their chemical structure. The main adverse drug reactions ([[adverse drug reactions|ADRs]]) associated with use of NSAIDs relate to direct and indirect irritat

The [[chemical bond|bonds]] between the carbon atoms are considerably weaker than in a typ ===Organic reactions===<!-- This section is linked from [[Organic reaction]] -->

...07 million metric tonnes in 2005.<ref>“Production: Growth is the Norm” Chemical and Engineering News, July 1 0, 2006, p. 59.</ref> To meet the ever increas ...lectron density]], thus it is susceptible to attack by electrophiles. Many reactions of ethylene are catalyzed by transition metals, which bind transiently to t

The [[chemical compound]] '''trichloroethylene''' is a [[chlorine|chlorinated]] [[hydrocar ...ardiac arrhythmias]], too low a volatility for quick anesthetic induction, reactions with [[soda lime]] used in carbon dioxide absorbing systems, prolonged neur

*Chemical formula: C₁₂H₁₈N₂NaO₃ *[[Allergic reactions]]

{{about|the chemical element}} '''Xenon''' is a [[chemical element]] represented by the [[chemical symbol|symbol]] '''Xe'''. The element name is pronounced {{IPA-en|ˈzɛnɒn

...olubilised in [[cremophor EL]]. However, due to [[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic reactions]] to cremophor, this formulation was withdrawn from the market and subseque

...nt]] and a characteristic odor. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known generically as [[ether]]s. It is a common [[solvent]] and | encyclopedia =Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

...> Ricin is an extremely toxic plant protein that can cause severe allergic reactions, and exposure to small quantities can be fatal.<ref name=ershd>Ricin: Bioto ...s never captured.<ref name=emsley>[[Emsley, John]]. ''Molecules of Murder: Chemical Molecules and Classic Cases'', ([http://books.google.com/books?id=JAzKSP4Na

...y out of refrigeration. Some modify the makeup of the butter's fat through chemical manipulation of the finished product, some through manipulation of the catt ...| title = Metals in Dairy Equipment: Corrosion Caused by Washing Powders, Chemical Sterilizers, and Refrigerating Brines | journal = Journal of Dairy Science

* The exact [[chemical]] properties of breast milk are not fully understood.<ref>{{Cite journal | ...tical metabolic processes in the body like energy metabolism and enzymatic reactions. Also, as the building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonuclei