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Lamivudine is an [[analog (chemistry)|analogue]] of [[cytidine]]. It can inhibit both types (1 and 2) of [[HIV]] == Physical interaction with [[Tenofovir DF]] ==

...t5 = M.B.P.P. | last6 = Delerue-Matos | first6 = Cristina | journal = Food Chemistry | volume = 120 | pages = 960}}</ref><ref name = Leszczyńska>{{cite journa ...in Laboratories, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council.}}</ref>

...avis]] (today a part of [[Pfizer]]) in 1962. Its [[hydrochloride]] [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] is sold as '''Ketanest''', '''Ketaset''', and '''Ketalar'''. [[phar Ketamine is a [[chirality (chemistry)|chiral]] compound. Most pharmaceutical preparations of ketamine are [[race

| molecular_weight = 129.164 g/mol ([[free base (chemistry)|free]])<br />165.63 g/mol ([[hydrochloride|HCl]]) ...sessions with the goals to decrease the body weight by 7% and engage in a physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week. The [[incidence (epidemiology)

# '''Physical reactivation''': The precursor is developed into activated carbons using ga ...ously with the chemical activation. Chemical activation is preferred over physical activation owing to the lower temperatures and shorter time needed for acti

...a uniform chemical formula for all markets, but adapting the packaging and physical aspects for each.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/ ==Chemistry==

...ell. It is a [[weak acid]], in that it is only a partially [[dissociation (chemistry)|dissociated]] acid in an [[aqueous solution]]. Pure, [[water]]-free acetic ...= Martin|first = Geoffrey|year = 1917|title = Industrial and Manufacturing Chemistry|edition = Part 1, Organic|location = London|publisher = Crosby Lockwood|pag

...5 (β-anomer) <!-- these CAS numbers have been verified against CAS Common Chemistry --> [[Aldohexose]]s have four [[chirality (chemistry)|chiral centers]] in their acyclic forms (i.e. ignoring the anomeric carbon

...ompound]] '''potassium chloride''' (KCl) is a [[metal]] [[halide]] [[Salt (chemistry)|salt]] composed of [[potassium]] and [[chlorine]]. In its pure state it is In [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] it is a very commonly used standard, for example as a [[c

...poglycemia]], illness, [[fever]], trauma, [[surgery]], [[fear]], [[pain]], physical exertion or extremes of [[temperature]]. Cortisol levels may also be differ * Intense (high [[VO2 max]]) or prolonged [[physical exercise]] stimulate cortisol release in order to increase [[gluconeogenesi

...of Newmarket]]. Mentioned for the Nobel Prize for Scientific Attainment in Chemistry. Prof. George Poe, a cousin of the poet Edgar Allan Poe, a noted scientist ...oxide is frequently used to relieve pain associated with [[childbirth]], [[Physical trauma|trauma]], [[dentistry|oral surgery]], and [[heart attack]]s.

...Why is mercury a liquid at STP?| accessdate=May 1, 2007| publisher=General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University| author=Senese, F}}</ref><ref name="No ===Physical properties===

...ance dependence|dependence]] develop rapidly, although [[Physical property|physical]] addiction may take several months to develop. ...e very rapid onset and increase in euphoria and some related sensations of physical origin—other methods and weaker agents like codeine can sometimes produce

...liəm|}}) by [[Hoffmann-La Roche]], is a [[benzodiazepine]] [[derivative (chemistry)|derivative]] [[drug]]. It is commonly used for treating [[anxiety]], [[ins ===Tolerance and physical dependence===

...ula|formula]] [[Sodium|Na]][[Chloride|Cl]]. Sodium chloride is the [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] most responsible for the salinity of the [[ocean]] and of the [[ext ...oks.google.com/books?id=X-yL7EgMK6wC&pg=PA68 Alkali halides: a handbook of physical properties], Springer, 2001 ISBN 3540421807 pp. 65, 68</ref>

[[Concrete]] is a material that is very strong in [[Physical compression|compression]], but relatively weak in [[tension (mechanics)|ten == Physical characteristics ==

...''&nbsp;The&nbsp;[[Planet]]&nbsp;[[Earth]] '''2.1.2'''&nbsp;Earth’s&nbsp;Physical&nbsp;Properties '''2.1.3'''&nbsp;[[Structure of the Earth|Structure&nbsp;an ...Geography|Surface&nbsp;Features]] || '''2.3.1'''&nbsp;[[Physical Geography|Physical&nbsp;Features&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Earth’s&nbsp;Surface]] '''2.3.2'''&n

* "Mechanical and Physical Properties of Whiskers", CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th edition.

...defines refractories as "non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical properties that make them applicable for structures, or as components of sy ...ng environment, they need to be resistant to [[thermal shock]], be [[Inert#Chemistry|chemically inert]], and/or have specific ranges of [[thermal conductivity]]

...tillation]], with water as the distillate and salt as the solid [[residue (chemistry)|residue]]. Impurities are usually physically removed from liquids and gase # Longman's English-Chinese Dictionary of Chemistry, Hong Kong, 1997.

...esult of its crystalline structure and chemical composition. [[Solid state chemistry]] reveals the fundamental connection between microstructure and properties ...ume, density (mass / volume), melting point, boiling point, heat capacity, physical form at room temperature (solid, liquid or gas), hardness, porosity, and in

...l" is used more narrowly to refer to substances or components with certain physical properties that are used as inputs to [[Production, costs, and pricing|prod ==Chemistry==

...e used in jewelry because of their [[Lustre (mineralogy)|lustre]] or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity is another characteristic that Physical characteristics that make a colored stone valuable are color, clarity to a

...ing units bear an [[electrolyte]] group. These groups will [[dissociation (chemistry)|dissociate]] in [[aqueous]] solutions (water), making the polymers [[charg ...sified as either [[weak acid|weak]] or [[strong acid|strong]] (and [[Base (chemistry)|bases]] similarly may be either [[weak base|weak]] or [[strong base|strong

...f polymer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines including [[chemistry]], [[physics]], and [[engineering]]. *[[Polymer chemistry]] or [[macromolecular chemistry]], concerned with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymer

...>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0009-2614(90)87271-R|title=Multiphoton-induced chemistry of phenol in hexane at 266 nm|year=1990|last1=Belbruno|first1=Joseph J.|las ...ris|first2=Kim|last3=Wang|first3=Lai-Sheng|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A|volume=104|pages=25}}</ref>

...[[polymer]]s are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. <ref > {{cite book | author = Gert R. Strobl {{Chemistry-stub}}

In the development of applications of biodegradable polymers, the chemistry of some polymers including synthesis and degradation is reviewed below. A d ==Polymer chemistry and material selection==

Kumar, A., et al., "Smart Polymers: Physical Forms & Bioengineering Applications", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 32, ...these polymers have ordered branched structures. Starch, for example, is a physical combination of branched and linear polymers (amylopectin and amylose, respe

...ouble bond, allowing reactivity with other compounds to provide functional chemistry mainly for lubricant additives for engine oils, fuels and greases. ...ine]] and [[Grease (lubricant)|grease]]s, and 2) formulations based on its physical performance characteristics. It is used in preparation of polybutenyl succ

...king, "Polymers, High-Temperature" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a21_449</ref> ==Chemical and physical properties==

...org/publications/pac/2004/pdf/7604x0889.pdf | journal = [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] | volume = 76 | issue = 4 | pages = 889–906}}</ref> is ...s and the actinides. Members of each family have very similar chemical and physical properties. Ion-exchange is the only practical way to separate them in larg

{{physical-chemistry-stub}}

| expert = Chemistry ...ced of all T.S. matrices. It has characteristics of high temperature (H/T) physical and mechanical properties. It is available as uncured resin, prepreg, stock

...rs are the most common. The technique of microencapsulation depends on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated.<ref name=cat>{{ ...e a crystal, a jagged adsorbent particle, an [[emulsion]], a [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] of solids, or a suspension of smaller microcapsules. The micr

...lymers, Electrically Conducting” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a21_429}}</ref> ...opy|year=1983|last1=Yannoni|first1=C. S.|last2=Clarke|first2=T. C.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=51|page=1191}}</ref> Upon doping, the bond alteration

...>−1</sup>,<ref name="Lange_16ed">{{cite book|title = Lange's handbook of chemistry|edition = 16|editor = McGraw-Hill|year = 2005|isbn = 0071432205|pages = 2.8 ...eristics during each recycling cycle, which are detectable by chemical and physical laboratory analysis.

Polymers are studied in the fields of [[polymer chemistry]], [[polymer physics]], and [[polymer science]]. ...on of the importance of polymers came with the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 to [[Paul Flory]], whose extensive work on polymers included the [[

...an scientific fields such as [[Organic chemistry|organic]] and [[inorganic chemistry]], [[biology]], [[materials science]], [[electrochemistry]], and pharmacolo ...//www.angelfire.com/ms3/my-page/www/press-werner.html|title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913: Presentation Speech|year=1996|publisher=Elsevier Publishing Company|a

<tr><th colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#cccccc">'''Physical Properties'''</th></tr> ...ann>Volker Serini "Polycarbonates" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a21_207}}</ref>

...ounds (Recommendations 1993)] IUPAC, Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1993, Blackwell Scientific</ref>). The difference in names between the two ...end significantly on variables such as the extent and type of [[Branching (chemistry)|branching]], the crystal structure and the [[molecular weight]]. With rega

...clature of regular single-strand organic polymers|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|year=2002|volume=74|issue=10|pages=1921–1956|doi=10.1351/pac200274101921} ...nt molecular weights find use in different applications and have different physical properties (e.g., [[viscosity]]) due to chain length effects, their chemica

...resins must be used in large amounts to purify a given product, presenting physical purification issues.<ref>Carlisle, Steven J. (2001)</ref> Furthermore, when ...resins are utilized in situations where swelling of the resins may cause a physical barrier to reaction purification. Contain much higher content of divinylben

The PSD of a material can be important in understanding its physical and chemical properties. It affects the strength and load-bearing properti ...area that a particle displaces as it passes through an orifice. This is a physical diameter, not really related to mathematical descriptions of particles (e.g

[[Interface (chemistry)|Interfacial]] DL is usually most apparent in systems with a large ratio of ...Helmholtz treated the DL mathematically as a simple capacitor, based on a physical model in which a single layer of ions is adsorbed at the surface.

...petrol]] in appearance and is similar in composition to some [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[light crude oil]]s. ==Chemistry==

[[Image:WaterAndFlourSuspensionLiquid.jpg|thumb|A [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] of flour in water, a heterogeneous mixture]] ...[[mix]]ed) together but are not combined chemically. Mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances the identities of which are retained.

...irst= Kristi| title =Homogeneous| encyclopedia =Acids and Bases, Essential Chemistry. New York: Chelsea House Publishing.| publisher = Online publisher: ''Scien ...ever, it might be possible to see the particles under a [[microscope]]. In Chemistry, another homogeneous substance is [[air]]. It is equally suspended, and the

...sion, one liquid (the dispersed [[Phase (matter)|phase]]) is [[Dispersion (chemistry)|dispersed]] in the other (the continuous phase). Energy input through shaking, stirring, [[Homogenization (chemistry)|homogenizing]], or spray processes are needed to initially form an emulsio

...articles or droplets are affected largely by the [[surface science|surface chemistry]] present in the colloid. *Physical deformation of the particle (e.g., stretching) may increase the van der Waa

...heat]] and forms [[cations]] and [[ionic bonds]] with [[non-metal]]s. In [[chemistry]], a '''metal''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] "μέταλλον" - ''mét ...nd]]s.<ref name="morty">{{cite book| author = Mortimer, Charles E.|title = Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach|location = New York:|publisher = D. Van Nostrad Comp

.../> It is weakly radioactive and remains so because of its long [[half-life|physical half-life]] (4.468 billion years for [[uranium-238]]), but has a considerab {{quotation|Annex II to the [[Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material]] 1980 (which became operative on 8 February

Metallic foams typically retain some [[physical property|physical properties]] of their base material. Foam made from non-flammable metal wi ...all to be visible to the naked eye, are used as high-temperature [[filter (chemistry)|filter]]s in the chemical industry.

...on as neutral (non-charged) entities. Metallic bonding accounts for many [[physical properties]] of metals, such as [[Strength of materials|strength]], [[malle As chemistry developed into a science it became clear that metals formed the large major

'''Metallurgy''' is a domain of [[materials science]] that studies the physical and chemical behavior of [[metal]]lic [[Chemical element|elements]], their ...ulfide]] to a purer metal, the ore must be [[redox|reduced]] physically, [[chemistry|chemically]], or [[electrolyte|electrolytically]].

===Physical=== ...rhenium which is [[Close-packing of spheres|hexagonal close-packed]]. Most physical properties of the elements in this group vary significantly because they ar

===Physical properties=== ...a powder.<ref name=cotton>{{cite book|last = Cotton|first = Simon|title = Chemistry of Precious Metals| pages = 1–20|publisher = Springer-Verlag New York, LL

{{Expert-subject|Chemistry|date=November 2008}} | journal = [[Journal of Physical Chemistry]]

A 3-D model would show that each of the [[chirality (chemistry)|chiral]] backbone carbons lies at the center of a [[tetrahedron]], with it |[[Absorption (chemistry)|Water absorption]] (ASTM)

* Physical properties of the gas used in between the gap (such as density, heat capaci ''Physical property of air''

==Chemistry of green coffee beans== ...on the content of [[chlorogenic acid]]s, caffeine, and trigonelline, Food Chemistry, Vol 26, p 59-69</ref> Lower concentrations of [[theophylline]], [[theobrom

...them more [[Cohesion (chemistry)|cohesive]] and more easily [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspended]] in a [[gas]]. Granular materials are commercially important i * Mester, L., [http://www.granularmaterials.com/ The new physical-mechanical theory of granular materials]. 2009, Homonnai, ISBN 96383-43-87

...f when and where a textile originated, as well as a working knowledge of [[chemistry]], can come in handy. If in doubt as to the wash ability of a dye, apply a '''What additives and cleaning aids are needed?''' This can include physical supplies ([[water]], screens, a vacuum cleaner), as well as chemical ([[wat

==Physical characteristics== ...eswax substitute as a consistency regulator and [[emulsion]] [[Stabilizer (chemistry)|stabilizer]]. [[Japan wax]] is another substitute.

In chemistry, '''paraffin''' is a term that can be used synonymously with "[[alkane]]", | work =Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants

== Physical properties of PPEs == ...ick and R. L. Shubkin, Eds., p. 239, Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, 1999</ref>. Physical properties of a particular PPE depend upon the number of aromatic rings, th

{{physical-chemistry-stub}}

.... Lubricants achieve this by several ways. The most common is by forming a physical barrier i.e. a thin layer of lubricant separates the moving parts. This is ...t al. "Lubricants and Lubrication" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a15 423}}</ref> The majority was f

...occurs. Internal stresses from this expansion generally take the form of [[physical compression|compression]] on the crystals of martensite and [[tension (mech ...improvement to the Bessemer process, lining the converter with a [[basic (chemistry)|basic]] material to remove phosphorus. Another improvement in steelmaking

...ssembly towards the fire, as that is the location where the [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] occurs, which weakens the assembly, due to the fire influenc ...cold water in a [[water pipe|pipe]]), particularly in a fire, but it is a physical impossibility to have the penetrants follow the movement of drywall assembl

...produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any physical or psychological effects. Typically, hemp contains below 0.3% THC, while cu ! [[Ash (analytical chemistry)|Ash]]

...us a fine aggregate such as [[sand]]), [[water (properties)|water]], and [[Chemistry|chemical]] admixtures. Concrete is strong in [[Physical compression|compression]], as the aggregate efficiently carries the compres

...that are extremely finely ground together. Such cements can have the same physical characteristics as normal cement but with 50% less cement particularly due ...nd in "low-energy" cements. Hydration produces ettringite, and specialized physical properties (such as expansion or rapid reaction) are obtained by adjustment

...istic]] puzzle in [[organic chemistry]].<ref>March, J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry” 5th Ed. J. Wiley and Sons, 1992: New York. ISBN 0-471-60180-2.</ref> In terms of its physical properties, 4,4'-benzidine is poorly soluble in cold water but can be recry

...dat, Dieter Mayer "Ethylene Oxide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.{{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a10_117}}.</ref> |title = Organic chemistry: textbook for schools| editor = VFTraven

...600-0773.2003.930306.x|month=September}}</ref> The rate of [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociation]] between carbon monoxide and cytochrome oxidase is slow, cau ...asurement of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in blood|journal=Clinical Chemistry|volume=25|issue=8|pages=1388–1393|year=1979|month=August|pmid=455674|doi=

...SJ, Ross JS, White IR, McFadden JP, Rycroft RJ |title=Dermatitis caused by physical irritants |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=270–5 |ye ...to counteract the effects of dermatitis contracted by exposure to [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] irritants.

===Physical properties=== ...tic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics| publisher = CRC press| isbn = 0849304857|first = David R. last

...al and environmental applications, to fields such as engineering, biology, chemistry, computing, materials science, military applications, and communications. ...ay allow for automation of tasks which were previously inaccessible due to physical restrictions, which in turn may reduce labor, land, or maintenance requirem

...ivided into the categories [[Biological]], [[Chemical]], [[physical hazard|physical]], [[Ergonomic]] and [[Psychosocial]].<ref>[http://www.aioh.org.au/about_oc ...in the workplace or community that could cause [[injury]] or [[disease]]. Physical hazards may include [[noise health effects|noise]], [[temperature extreme]]

..., ed.|title= "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, <http://www.hbcpnetbase.com>|journal=CR ...=F.|title=Solubility of Benzene in Water.|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series|volume=3|pages=253|year=1958|doi=10.1021

...al (or industrial) hygiene]], [[public health]], [[safety engineering]], [[chemistry]], [[health physics]]. ...alth should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention

...idemiology, medicine, industrial hygiene, safety, psychology, engineering, chemistry, and statistics. The director of NIOSH is [[John Howard (public health admi ...elop information on safe levels of exposure to toxic materials and harmful physical agents and substances," and to "conduct research on new safety and health p

...lf "Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, VCH-Wiley, 2008, Weinheim.{{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2}}</ref> The ===Physical characteristics===

===Physical=== {{Main|organochromium chemistry}}

...dition, John Wiley and Sons (1999) Chapter 16: Survey of Transition-Metal Chemistry p. 633 ISBN 0471199575</ref> Average concentration in the earth’s crust i ===Physical properties===

A [[Bivalent (chemistry)|bivalent]] element, beryllium is found naturally only combined with other ...reek]] word for sweet: γλυκυς, due to the sweet taste of its [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]].

===Physical characteristics=== ...ne is used extensively in [[organic chemistry|organic]] in [[substitution (chemistry)|substitution]] and addition reactions. Chlorine often imparts many desired

.../ref> Wildfires are characterized in terms of the cause of ignition, their physical properties such as speed of [[wikt:propagation|propagation]], the combustib ...es are always unique, all wildfires can be characterized in terms of their physical properties, their fuel type, and the effect that weather has on the fire.

...n]]s, the term '''sol''' evolved—originally meant to cover [[Dispersion (chemistry)|dispersions]] of tiny (sub-microscopic) particles in a liquid. With studie | journal = Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

...s, industrial plant, transportation, buildings), people/fire interactions (physical, physiological, and psychological), risk, management, legislation, and educ

...cluding [[Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook]] and [[Lange's Handbook of Chemistry]], databases and conference proceedings licensed from [[STM]] publishers, i *Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

...voisier|Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier]], who is known as the "father of modern chemistry") who had been commissioned by [[Louis XVI]] of France to create a unified ...l analysis|different kinds of physical quantities]]<!--"different kinds of physical quantities" is direct from the article "Dimensional_analysis"; "dimensional

it is implied that the [[Activity (chemistry)|activity]] quotient is constant. In order for this assumption to be valid ...U}{n_d-n_p}</math> is 1.<ref name=Hamilton>W. C. Hamilton, ''Statistics in Physical Science'', The Ronald Press, New York, 1964</ref> It is therefore very usef

In [[chemistry]] and the [[pharmaceutical sciences]], a '''partition'''- (P) or '''distrib ...s: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry, Vol. 2 of Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |year=1997 |location=Chichester |pages=17

...s are typically interpreted as being proportional to the dASA. There is no physical basis for the LEM and is purely empirical, though it is widely used in inte * Privalov PL. (1992) "Physical Basis for the Stability of the Folded Conformations of Proteins", in ''Prot

In [[chemistry]], '''Le Châtelier's principle''', also called the '''Chatelier's principl ...ulate the outcomes of reversible reactions, often to increase the [[Yield (chemistry)|yield]] of reactions. In [[pharmacology]], the binding of [[ligands]] to t

...a '''reaction quotient: Q_r''' is a function of the [[activity (chemistry)|activities]] or [[concentration]]s of the chemical species involved in a c ...fined as <ref>{{cite book | author=Zumdahl, Steven; Zumdahl, Susan | title=Chemistry 6th Edition| publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company | year=2003 | isbn=0-618-22

...|last1=Atkins |first1=Peter |last2=De Paula |first2=Julio |title=Physical Chemistry |page=212 |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |edition=8th |date=2006-03-10 [[Category:Equilibrium chemistry]]

{{About|one of the gas laws in chemistry|the chemist|William Henry (chemist)|all other uses|Law (disambiguation)}} In [[chemistry]], '''Henry's law''' is one of the [[gas laws]], formulated by [[William He

...alone occupied the volume.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Henrickson|title=Chemistry|edition=|publisher=Cliffs Notes|year=2005|isbn=0-764-57419-1}}</ref> The t In [[chemistry]], the partial pressure of a [[gas]] in a mixture of gases is defined as ab

A '''phase diagram''' in [[physical chemistry]], [[engineering]], [[mineralogy]], and [[materials science]] is a type of The [[solidus (chemistry)|solidus]] is the temperature below which the substance is stable in the so

<ref name="Atk">{{cite book |title= Physical chemistry |last=Atkins |first=P.W. |coauthors = de Paula, J. | edition=8th. edition | ...ndent components. ''F'' is the number of [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]], which means the number of [[intensive variable|inten

...chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]] mixture of [[reactant]]s and [[Product (chemistry)|products]]. For a reaction involving two reactants and two products this c [[Category:Equilibrium chemistry]]

...(s) of the complex(es) in solution. There are many areas of application in chemistry, biology and medicine. |title=Chemistry of Complex Equilibria

....youtube.com/user/genchemconcepts#p/a/u/5/LZtVQnILdrE</ref>. It is used in chemistry to keep track of the changes in [[amount of substance]] of the reactants an ...-log₁₀{H⁺} where {H⁺} is the [[Activity (chemistry)|activity]] of the hydrogen ion. In dilute solution concentration is almost

where {A} is the [[activity (chemistry)|activity]] of the chemical species A, etc. (activity is a dimensionless qu In organic chemistry and biochemistry it is customary to use pK_a values for acid diss

...[[equilibrium constant]] for a chemical reaction known as [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociation]] in the context of [[acid-base reactions]]. The equilibrium ...values of the many acids and bases present in the cell and in the body. In chemistry, a knowledge of p''K''_a values is necessary for the preparation

'''Distribution law''' <ref>Martin's Physical Pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences; fifth edition, Patrick.J.Sinko Isbn 0-7 [[Category:Equilibrium chemistry]]

Raoult’s law is similar in that it assumes that the physical properties of the components are identical. The more similar the components Chapter 24, D A McQuarrie, J D Simon ''Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach''. University Science Books. (1997)

At equilibrium the [[concentration (chemistry)|concentration]] quotient, ''K'', the [[acid dissociation constant]], is co ...ce the concentrations do not change thereafter, they are, by [[equilibrium chemistry|definition]], equilibrium concentrations. Now, the [[equilibrium constant]]

...pplications include [[acid dissociation constant|acid-base]], [[Host-guest chemistry|host-guest]], [[stability constants of complexes|metal-complex]], [[solubil A [[Steady state (chemistry)|steady state]], on the other hand, is not necessarily an equilibrium state

...rk resulted in his sharing with [[John Kendrew]] the 1962 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. ...name="Kessel 2003">van Kessel et al. "2.4 Proteins - Natural Polyamides." Chemistry 12. Toronto: Nelson, 2003. 122. Print.</ref> Most of the amino acids in hem

...b|url=http://pages.pomona.edu/~wes04747/handout/equil_io.htm|title=General Chemistry Handouts, Pomona College: How to Solve Equilibrium Problems: An Approach Ba However, pH is not precisely p[H], but takes into account an [[activity (chemistry)|activity factor]]. This represents the tendency of hydrogen ions to inter

..."Chamber Process Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid", Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Nov 1950, Vol 42, No. 11, pp 2208-10.</ref> As late as 1940, up to 50% of ==Physical properties==

...rocess]], '''chemical equilibrium''' is the state in which the [[Activity (chemistry)|chemical activities]] or [[concentrations]] of the reactants and products ...ying out e.g. acid-base [[titration]], is an important part of equilibrium chemistry.]]

...e system reaches equilibrium much faster, almost instantaneously, than its physical parameters vary. [[Category:Equilibrium chemistry]]

'''Tanabe-Sugano diagrams''' are used in [[coordination chemistry]] to predict [[absorption (optics)|absorption]]s in the UV and visible [[el |journal=Physical Review

They are often used in transition-metal chemistry to describe the repulsion energy associated with an electronic [[term symbo | journal = Physical Review

* Although coordinate compounds do not ionize in water their physical properties are intermediate between those of ionic and covalent compounds [[Category:Coordination chemistry]]

...= [[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences (1934-1990)]] | volume = 161 | issue = 905 | pages = 220–235 | d ==Transition metal chemistry==

...bol ''B'', that occurs when a transition metal free ion forms a [[complex (chemistry)|complex]] with [[ligands]]. The name comes from the [[Greek language|Greek *[[Complex (chemistry)]]

..."tren," it is the archetypal tripodal ligand of interest in [[coordination chemistry]]. ==Coordination chemistry==

The '''d electron count''' is a [[chemistry]] formalism used to describe the [[electron configuration]] of the [[valenc | journal = Journal of Organometallic Chemistry

In coordination chemistry, the '''oxidation number''' of a central [[atom]] in a [[coordination compo ...bly. To be more precise, however, oxidation number is used in coordination chemistry with a slightly different meaning since the rules used for counting electro

[[Category:Coordination chemistry]] [[Category:Inorganic chemistry]]

*[[Avogadro's law]] — In [[chemistry]] and [[physics]], one of the [[gas laws]], relating to the volume and mola * [[Dalton's law]] — In [[chemistry]] and [[physics]], states that the total [[pressure]] exerted by a [[gas]]e

| [[Carothers equation]] || Polymer chemistry || [[Wallace Carothers]] | [[Dirac equation]]<br /> [[Dirac equation in the algebra of physical space|Dirac equation in APS]] || Quantum mechanics<br /> Quantum field theo

...oulli's principle]]<br />[[Bernoulli's principle|Bernoulli's equation]] || Physical sciences || [[Daniel Bernoulli]] ...nduction]]<br />[[Faraday's law of electrolysis]] || Electromagnetism<br />Chemistry || [[Michael Faraday]]

| [[Major League Baseball]] player who best overcomes physical or emotional adversity ...ievements in research in any branch of science, and alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences"; awarded by the [[Royal Society of Lo

...gnesium|Mg²⁺]], and [[Calcium|Ca²⁺]]), and [[organic chemistry|organic compounds]] (mostly [[carbohydrate]]s, [[protein]]s, and [[lipid]]s ...ian medical papyrus]] containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies, both physical and spiritual. In the [[papyrus]], it acknowledges the connection of the h

...he cardiovascular system that is composed of [[blood cell]]s [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspended]] in [[Blood plasma|plasma]]. Its phosphate content is in many f A slight increase of [[pH]] in blood plasma above 7.4 causes [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] of [[calcium phosphate]] and resulting [[turbidity]], wher

...ion]] CH₃CH₂COO⁻ as well as the [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]s and [[ester]]s of propanoic acid are known as [[propanoate]]s (or Propanoic acid has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, [[fo

...p>1</sup>-THC''' (using an older [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature|chemical nomenclature]]), or '''dronabinol''', is the main [[p ...ttp://www.erowid.org/plants/cannab/cannabis_chemistry.shtml|title=Cannabis Chemistry|accessdate=2006-03-20|author=Erowid}}</ref> One estimate of THC's LD<sub>5

...se of Drugs Act | last=King| first=Leslie A.| publisher = Royal Society of Chemistry|year = 2003| pages = 75–76 | isbn=978-0854046256 }}</ref> ...properties similar to a glass (fragile, capable of shattering). Thus the physical appearance and behavior (viscosity) is often compared with that of honey.

...produce a group of chemicals called cannabinoids, which produce mental and physical effects when consumed. [[Cannabinoids]], [[terpenoids]], and other compound ...name = "schultes1980a">Schultes, R. E., and A. Hofmann. 1980. ''Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens''. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 82–116. ISBN

...dence of heavy cannabis use producing comparatively mild psychological and physical withdrawal symptoms.<ref name="Budney, A.J. 2001">Budney, A.J., Hughes, J.R ...and appetite and increases in irritability, anxiety, physical tension and physical symptoms and their scores on the [[Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression]] s

...[epinephrine]] (an [[amino acid]] derivative, in essence a small [[Organic chemistry|organic]] molecule).<ref name=small>{{cite journal|author =Small KM, McGraw ...Environmental stimuli may also be molecular in nature (as above) or more physical, such as light striking cells in the [[retina]] of the eye,<ref name=burns>

{{Redirect|Phy|the abbreviation for the physical layer of the OSI Model|PHY}} ...was given the generic name “methadone” by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association (COUNCIL...1947). Since the patent righ

...harmaceutical company and marketed under the brand name '''Sernyl'''. In [[Chemistry|chemical]] structure, PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative, and, in [[ ...their putative similar effects.<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/pcp/pcp_index.html PCP synthesis and effects: table of contents<!-- Bot gen

== Chemistry == ...sed it recreationally. However, it does not produce [[Substance dependence|physical addiction]], according to the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Committee o

...ef>Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito SW. Foyes ''Principles of Medical Chemistry''. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2008.</ref> Keto ...ase the power of the analgesics in addition to the topical preparation and physical and alternative modalities such as physiotherapy, acupuncture, biofeedback

| journal = Industrial & Engineering Chemistry}}</ref> Because of the [[strain (chemistry)|strain]] in the carbon-carbon bonds of cyclopropane, the molecule has an e

...C-H [[angle]] is 119°, close to the 120° for ideal sp² [[hybridization (chemistry)|hybridized]] carbon. The molecule is also relatively rigid: rotation about ...[[oligomerization]] (formation of short polymers) are used as [[precursor (chemistry)|precursors]], [[detergents]], [[plasticisers]], [[synthetic lubricants]],

...=15728132}}</ref> The first [[excimer laser]] design used a xenon [[Dimer (chemistry)|dimer]] molecule (Xe₂) as its [[Active laser medium|lasing medi |title=Chemistry at its Most Beautiful

...sein for the coagulated [[protein]]. As it exists in milk, it is a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] of [[calcium]]. Casein is not coagulated by heat. It is precipitate ...ing it poorly soluble in [[water]]. It is found in milk as a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] of particles called casein [[micelles]] which show some resem

...g 10-80 microns in diameter, dispersed uniformly throughout a fat [[phase (chemistry)|phase]] which is in a stable crystalline form.<ref name="Rajah">{{cite web ...Manufacture|last=Claek|first=Jim|work=Chemguide:Helping you to understand Chemistry|accessdate=9 November 2009}}</ref> This method is used today for some marg

In many physical and biological systems, qualitatively different influences can oppose each In [[engineering]], [[mathematics]] and the physical and biological sciences, common terms for the points around which the syste

...or [[solid]] [[crystal]] (e.g., via [[oral]] [[ingestion]] or [[freebase (chemistry)|freebase]] [[smoking]]), and [[natural resource|natural]] or [[herbal]] fo * [[Liquid]] [[solution]] or [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] (e.g., [[drink]] or [[syrup]])