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...problems and if you need to purchase a chuck they are pretty much equal in cost to a direct mounting threaded chuck.

'''By cost?''' A rear axle shaft with bearings and a hub should cost almost

...did the 8.8-cm FlaK 18/36/37 on its pedestal mounting. Because of the high cost and complexity of this FlaK gun, the Germans manufactured relatively few of

In the USA, ENCO "USA" made “screw machine” bits are low cost and very good quality.

...cations, where its efficiency more than compensates for the higher initial cost, and associated risk. Though it was once fairly popular for home air condit ...ogeek.org/content/view/2382/74/ $25 Fridge Powered By Cooking Fire] (a low cost and eco-friendly 21st century version of this idea)

...the cooling effect, and the section strengthens the. fins and re duces the cost. I find that the channel-like fins are a very decided advantage over the us ...easy operation, makes my device available for domestic refrigeration at a cost which is very much lower than present systems, and brings artificial refrig

Grinder. The logistics and cost of getting a machine frame to one of these monsters

...in several European and Asian countries because the war prevented easy and cost-effective access to oil. In more recent times, wood gas has been suggested

...al oiling = $8. It can print its own replacement printed parts at material cost. | Material Cost||[[PLA]]: €22/kg, HDPE: €11/kg, [[ABS]]: €17/kg|| [[PLA]]: $

|Ship original cost= Tucumcari was built for operation by the Navy at a cost of $4 million by a Boeing subcontractor in Portland, Oregon, and then assem

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...and ease of use. More sophisticated "missile" based systems have severe ''cost and "need-of-training" negative factors'' by comparison with this [[Bazooka ...at enabled it to be fired from enclosed spaces, was rejected due to higher cost and lack of effective range against moving targets.</ref>

...g system and has the disadvantage of being more expensive in both original cost and ammunition. Muzzle-loading guns are far superior to breech-loaders in s Despite a further report which remarked on the advantages of breech-loaders, cost dominated the proceedings and the Committee finally announced that ''"The b

...intelligence and target location at a range of 8&nbsp;km or more) and low-cost precision kill (LCPK) missile (fireable on direct shot at an 8&nbsp;km+ ran ...wide array of weapons for different engagements. Its direct fire with low cost rockets will be able to take down direct targets at an 8+ km range with an

To capitalise on the advantage given by using a lower cost seeker the Soviet designers also produced a new flight control system:

...Guided Missile Development Program]] (IGMDP). Nag has been developed at a cost of [[Rs]] 300 [[crore]].<ref name = "nag induction">[http://timesofindia.in

...found in field condition tests to be impractical both from a technical and cost standpoint. <ref name=IDR>{{cite journal|first=B.|last=Fritz|title=A Guided ...this unique and simplified SACLOS tracking system provides for a far more cost effective solution and enable the Eryx to be highly resistant to decoys or

...et cost US$1.4&nbsp;million, but this figure did not take into account the cost of the guns themselves.<ref name="Mark7"/>

...mmission on the Defence of the United Kingdom]] estimated that each cannon cost approximately £167.<ref name=Hogg25>Hogg, p. 25</ref> Over 2000 were cast

...ed around this "vertical gun", but the project ran into serious technology/cost problems and was radically scaled back to a more conventional 6.1&nbsp;inch

...e|veterinary]] [[surgery]] and in the [[Third World]] because of its lower cost.

The CRN-91 Naval gun is not a sophisticated weapon but its operational cost is very low. The gun is suited for vessels primarily designed for peace tim

...igger charge for better [[muzzle velocity]] and higher rate of fire at the cost of hitting power. It entered U.S. Navy and [[United States Marine Corps|U.S

* '''Cost''': €16 million

...0&nbsp;mm round, coupled with the larger and heavier 20&nbsp;mm projectile cost some [[muzzle velocity]] (950 m/s for the 15&nbsp;mm round vs. 800 m/s for

...e use of a live warhead, and insisted [[Bureau of Ordnance|BuOrd]] pay the cost of refloating her if she was hit in error.<ref name="Blair, p.62"/> How thi

..., entering service in 1946. It was 30% lighter than its predecessor at the cost of a 23% lower [[muzzle velocity]].

...ty of 830 m/s (versus 490 m/s for the original Becker 20x70RB gun), at the cost of increased weight and a reduced rate of fire (280 rpm). The purpose of th

* '''Cost''': $1.5 Million (gun system only - no radar)

The '''Polsten''' was a low cost Polish development of the 20 mm [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon gun]]. The ...cost of one Oerlikon cannon was about [[Pound sterling|£350]], while the cost of the Polsten was between £60 and £70.

...oduction cost 1859 - 1862; £650 Elswick Ordnance (Armstrongs) production cost 1862-3. Report of the Select Committee on Ordnance 1862. The gun was not so

|unit_cost=£1005 10s.<ref>Unit cost of £1005 10 shillings 2 pence is quoted in "The British Navy" Volume II, 1

|unit_cost=£1,715 13s.<ref>Unit cost of £1,715 13 shillings 5 pence is quoted in "The British Navy" Volume II,

|unit_cost=£2,154<ref>Unit cost of £2,153 13 shillings 9 pence is quoted in "The British Navy" Volume II,

|unit_cost=£739 18s.<ref>Unit cost of £739 17 shillings 8 pence is quoted in "The British Navy" Volume II, 18

...e weapon system for its [[ATF Dingo]] that uses periscopes to decrease the cost and reduce the risk of failure. Recently, KMW has developed the light "FLW

...Royal Oak (1674)|Royal Oak]]''.<ref>Spencer, p.351; Endsor, p.9.</ref> The cost of the gun led to a [[fraud]] investigation by the Naval Commissioner [[Sam

* Unit cost: £7,500 <ref name="EVER">[http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1452

...ight vision camera, and the IR camera can be replaced by a ImIR, at higher cost. Development to incorporate the dual band IR, night vision camera, and the

...magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, owing to the cost of the magnet material. Since the permanent magnet field is constant, the t ...ngine, improving output when the engine is idling. The availability of low-cost solid-state [[diode]]s from about 1960 onward allowed car manufacturers to

...centrifugal pumps can be used as turbines, with comparatively low purchase cost compared to purpose-built turbines. ...st of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of [[fossil fuel]]s such as [[Petroleum|oil]], [[natural gas]] or coal, and

...oronary angiographic procedures, with minimal adverse effects and at a low cost"<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kay J, Chow WH, Chan TM, Lo SK, Kwok OH, Yip

...suppliers' inability to fill orders.<ref name="cdc.gov"/> The approximate cost of a 1&nbsp;ml ampoule of naloxone in the US is estimated to be significant

...This recommendation may yet change now that a single dose of ceftriaxone (cost US$3) has been shown to be equivalent to one dose of oily chloramphenicol.<

...tial ramifications of its use. Gentamicin is well known to be a cheap, low cost yet old medicine as compared to modern alternatives, and is typically US$3-

...rst line treatment, except in medically under-served populations where the cost of more expensive treatments are prohibitive.

...l widely used in first-line therapy in developing countries due to its low cost and widespread availability. [[Zidovudine]] (AZT) or [[Tenofovir]] (TDF) ar

...such as Efavir by Cipla Ltd<ref>www.cipla.com</ref> for a fraction of the cost.

...single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis in many developing world settings as a cost-effective way of reducing mother-to-child transmission. However, in the Uni

...[[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] on July 12, 2006. In the UK, the drug cost to the NHS is {{GB£}}620 per month. ...[[Merck & Co.]]<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Merck To Register, Lower Cost Of Antiretroviral Atripla In Developing Countries | url=http://www.medicaln

...Scott AI, Morton JM, ''et al.'' |title=Intravenous ribavirin is a safe and cost-effective treatment for respiratory syncytial virus infection after lung tr

...45 |year=1997 |month=March |author=Hueston, Wj |title=Antibiotics: neither cost effective nor 'cough' effective. |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=261–5 |journa

...his needs to be considered against pressure drop, which will affect energy cost. Careful consideration of particle size distribution can provide significan Current concerns with the high energy/cost nature of thermal regeneration of activated carbon has encouraged research

...acetaminophen) and caffeine (Excedrin) is still more effective, but at the cost of more stomach discomfort, nervousness and dizziness.<ref name=pmid7955822

...t and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost-effective treatment. ...s complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less attractive cost-effectiveness in a variety of settings.

== Cost / benefit == In the UK in 2008 the typical per patient cost to the NHS of simvastatin was approx £1.50 per month.

...However, the separation of acetic acid from these by-products adds to the cost of the process. ...can produce vinegar of up to 20% acetic acid. At present, it remains more cost-effective to produce vinegar using ''Acetobacter'' than to produce it using

...o G, Meads C, Bayliss S, Ready A, Raftery J, Taylor R | title=Clinical and cost-effectiveness of newer immunosuppressive regimens in renal transplantation:

...lbutamol inhalers are "brand-name" (ProAir, Proventil, and Ventolin). They cost approximately $20 more per inhaler than existing generic CFC salbutamol inh

...jornson CL, Johnson DW}}</ref><ref name="Thomas">{{Cite journal |title=The cost-effective use of nebulized racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup |j

...es out the use of mercury in batteries, and provides for the efficient and cost-effective disposal of many types of used batteries.<ref name="epa regs">{{c

| Material Cost ==What kind of materials can you print with and what is the cost per pound of material?==

* It uses low cost parts and construction to make it easier for others to design or build thei

...ing the bits laser cut out, Ill give you a rough costing of how much these cost as well.<br/> ...bad when you consider a commercial unit of this strength and quality will cost you around 1600.

124 Operadio Mfg coSt. Charles, IL<br/>

...he production of scarce resources becomes relatively expensive and a large cost to consumers and firms that need to pay a higher price for these goods and

|unit cost=

..." Under questioning he admitted billing unpurchased insurance and half the cost of trips Allen took on his plane back to him without Allen's knowledge. As

...yclopedia was made available free online (at a time when the print version cost roughly $1250); however, this changed in early 2001. Despite an enormous a

...hen eliminated them entirely. A company spokesperson said: "We've had some cost reductions and belt-tightening but we're not going into details… We're a

...s responded by reducing the price of its products and implementing drastic cost cuts. According to a 2003 report in the ''[[New York Post]]'', the ''Britan

* {{cite book|author=-|year=1933| title=What Gods cost Man |publisher=Haldeman-Julius Publications| location= Girard, Kansas |seri

...k]]. The 14th edition took three years to complete, at the then exorbitant cost of $2.5 million dollars, all of it invested by [[Julius Rosenwald]] of [[Se The 15th edition was produced over ten years at a cost of $32 million dollars and released in 1974 in 30 volumes. The so-called ''

It is also available as a generic. The major cost is that it must be mixed by a [[compounding |compounding pharmacy]] and the

...only used. These sealers are used to extend the life and lower maintenance cost associated with asphalt pavements, primarily in asphalt road paving, car pa

...plastic was nicknamed Parkesine. Due to an extremely expensive production cost of raw materials as well as the combustability of the finished product, the ...ystyrene]] (PS)''' offers excellent clarity and stiffness at an economical cost. It is commonly used with dry products including vitamins, petroleum jellie

CEM-1 is low cost, flame retardant, cellulose paper based laminate with only one layer of wov

...per for [[printing]], [[painting]] and [[writing]]. Chemical pulps tend to cost more than [[mechanical pulp]]s, largely due to the low yield, 40–50% of t

...sulfate resistance because of its superior performance and greatly reduced cost compared to SRPC. Most projects in [[Dublin Docklands|Dublin's Docklands]], ...eve a lighter colour for exposed fair-faced concrete finishes, at no extra cost. To achieve a lighter colour finish, GGBS is usually specified at between 5

Rice hulls are a low-cost material from which silicon carbide "[[whisker (metallurgy)|whiskers]]" can

The main limitation of the carbon grid is the additional cost of carbon as compared to mild carbon steel (with rising energy costs this g

...was the infill of choice. This craft's popularity stems much from the low cost and abundant availability of the materials. The abundance of wood allowed

...serve as initiation points for [[phase transition]]s because the energetic cost of creating a finite-size [[domain (physics)|domain]] of a new phase is low

...t provides greater durability and warmth than a basic space blanket at the cost of greater bulk and weight. It is also used as a partial liner inside the

...ated) [[corundum]]s, including ruby and sapphire, are very common and they cost only a fraction of the natural stones. Smaller [[synthetic diamond]]s have

...[http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/LC/article.asp?doi=b918834g Rapid, cost-efficient fabrication of microfluidic reactors in thermoplastic polymers by

| Relative cost ...ame="imprint lithography">{{cite journal|doi=10.1039/b918834g|title=Rapid, cost-efficient fabrication of microfluidic reactors in thermoplastic polymers by

...petitive advantage against other plastics, as it offsets high raw material cost.<ref>Charles A. Harper, ed., ''Modern Plastics Handbook'', ISBN 0-07-026714

...hermic) is used to drive much of the process, helping reduce manufacturing cost. The reactant polymer gel is then chopped, dried and ground to its final gr

Polyanhydrides can be easily prepared by using available, low cost resources. The process can be varied to achieve desirable characteristics.

...rylene C is the most popular due to its combination of barrier properties, cost, and other manufacturing advantages.

implemented to reduce pumping cost for oil pipelines, to increase the flow rate in hulls to achieve an increased speed and reduced energy cost.

...le applications in the production of [[hydrogen]], where it could serve as cost-effective [[electrode]]s in an [[electrolyzer]], replacing expensive rare e

...are now seen rarely thanks to the use of these additives. A common and low cost [[antiozonant]] is a wax which bleeds to the surface and forms a protective ...igh value equipment where loss of function can cause serious problems, low cost seals may be replaced at frequent intervals so as to preclude failure.

...gh capacity for elastic deformation (up to 200% in most cases), much lower cost, lower density, a broad range of application temperatures which can be tail

...with plant growth and then photodegrade in the fields thereby avoiding the cost of removal. The plastic films are desirable because they conserve moisture,

...njected into a mold while molten, forming complex shapes at relatively low cost and high volume; examples include bottle tops, bottles, and fittings.

...Polysulfones were introduced in 1965 by [[Union Carbide]]. Due to the high cost of raw materials and processing, polysulfones are used in specialty applica

Advantages of functional polymers are low cost, ease of processing and a range of attractive mechanical characteristics fo

...in the research of fire-safe [[polymers]] because of their relatively low cost and high flexibility for multifunctional properties.<ref name=bourbigot>Bou

...tively high cost of raw materials, general inability to load TPEs with low cost fillers such as carbon black (therefore preventing TPEs from being used in

...lsion) SBR is extensively used in [[coated paper]]s, being one of the most cost-effective resins to bind pigmented coatings. It is also used in building ap

Chemical recycling of PET will become cost-efficient only applying high capacity recycling lines of more than 50,000 t .... These kinds of processes are typical of small and medium-sized industry. Cost-efficiency can already be achieved with plant capacities within a range of

...ific research purposes. Depending on the number of [[isoprene]] units, the cost can vary up to around US$100,000 per gram.

...zations, can be eliminated. All of these advantages could make ACOMP very cost-advantageous for any end-users of the technology, and help to increase the

...homeowner combined waste vegetable oil with dry aggregate to create a low-cost and less polluting paving material for his 200-foot driveway. After five ye

...r#Fabric filters|'''Fabric Filters''' ]] are one of the most efficient and cost effective types of dust collectors available and can achieve a collection e

...oom temperature. They are the petroleum gases. Depending on demand and the cost of recovery, these gases are either flared off, sold as liquified petroleum

...alt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low cost pavements.

...ations where high strength-to-weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in aerospace and some automotive applications.

...tle -->]</ref> Such disposal of the entire DUF₆ inventory could cost anywhere from $15 million to $450 million.<ref>[http://web.ead.anl.gov/uran

...energy absorption, flow diffusion and lightweight optics. Due to the high cost of the material it is most typically used in advanced technology [[aerospac ...d in the field of compact heat exchangers to increase heat transfer at the cost of an additional pressure drop.<ref>Topin, F., et al., Experimental Analysi

...ncludes [[steel]]s and [[cast iron]]s. Plain carbon steels are used in low cost, high strength applications where weight and [[corrosion]] are not a proble ...the metallurgist is to achieve balance between material properties such as cost, [[weight]], [[tensile strength|strength]], [[toughness]], [[Hardness (mate

...ms are used to achieve the necessary wear-resistance. Because of its lower cost and similar properties compared to rhodium,<ref name="Hunt 1969 126–138"/ ...light absorption in [[dye-sensitized solar cell]]s, a promising new [[low-cost solar cell]] system.<ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1021/ja058540p|title =High

* Lower overall cost with a {{convert|1456|sqft|m2|adj=on}} in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]] costin

...synthetic insulation, are available. Synthetic insulation types generally cost less and are usually not as lightweight or as compressible as down. Howeve

...t with the greatest efficiency and potential for energy savings, to make a cost-effective purchase and to consider the main variables limiting insulation e

...itive. Compared to more conventional insulating materials VIPs have a high cost/r-value ratio. Unlike fiberglass (although foam insulation does age), VIPs ...sed over fiberglass often for the same goal of higher R/in, despite higher cost for the same R value).

...tton suffers from high water retention and significant weight, but its low cost makes it an attractive option for uses like stationary camping where these

* Cost effectiveness * The cost can be high compared to traditional insulation.

...http://www.thinkcycle.org/tc-notes/note-view?topic_id=27256 Design of Low Cost Passive Cooling Systems, ThinkCycle Open Collaborative Design,]</ref> are n

...m pane on the interior. These variations are allowed for architectural and cost reasons. Other combinations can be specified and produced but the manufactu ....html</ref> [[Xenon]] has found very little application in IGUs because of cost.<ref>http://www.ktu.lt/ultra/journal/pdf_51_2/51-2004-Vol.2_01-J.Butkus.pdf

...hat offset many conflicting goals: what people will pay for, manufacturing cost, local climate, traditional building practices, and varying standards of co ...his increases the heat energy requirements of a process, and therefore the cost and environmental impact.

...[concrete]] [[Construction aggregate|aggregate]] mix. Owing to much higher cost than either [[asphalt]] or concrete pavement, the use of river gravel is ge

...g local or regional markets. Production costs are determined mainly by the cost of labor, equipment, energy, and water, in addition to the costs of complia ...at have to be shipped, crushed stone is usually marketed locally. The high cost of transportation is responsible for the wide dispersion of quarries, usual

The cost of perlite has varied since 2001.<ref>{{cite journal

...d [[monogastric]] animals. It is widely used in the United States as a low-cost meat in [[dog food]] and [[cat food]]. [http://www.pedigree.com/really-good

...elp prevent differential settling under the road or building), or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.

...te. A given application's most desirable quality (be it high strength, low cost, high dielectric constant, or low density) is usually most prominent in the

...]. The material is increasingly being used at domestic properties as a low cost and [[environmentally friendly]] alternative to [[concrete]] and block pavi

...f type of [[Textile|fabric]], environmental friendliness, ease of removal, cost considerations, [[effluent]] treatment, etc.

...llars per square meter while Chinese textiles cost 2.69 dollars. While the cost of Mexican fabric has increased 2%, those from a number of other countries

...esses and to a relatively low price. Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, p

...PPEs in lubricating jet engines has somewhat subsided due to their higher cost, they are still used in some aerospace applications. PPEs are also used as

* Cost of replenishing the liquid * Cost of entire material rejection due to imperfections

...tional benefit of reducing the thermal stress on the lubricant. Thus lower cost liquid lubricants may be used. The primary drawback is that high flows typi The marketer offers a lubricant at a lower cost than rivals either in the same grade or a similar one that will fill the pu

}}</ref> The cost of extracting kerosene from coal was, however, high. Fortunately, Gesner re ...'s contract, leading to a negotiated contract at a significantly increased cost.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/nyregion/25fuel.html How a Plan for

...ch is still employed by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost, local vegetation. By contrast in some developed countries it is now the ch

...und limestone (which is largely calcium carbonate). The limestone reduces cost, and also balances the titanium dioxide, keeping both extrusion streams equ ...premium grade products. Thicker vinyl products, usually realized in higher cost, are more rigid which can add to the aesthetic appeal and look of the insta

...h that extra treatment and maintenance that can significantly increase the cost in some pest-infested areas. ...iding has grown in popularity due to the generally low maintenance and low cost appeal it offers. It is among the easiest forms of siding to install, makin

...panels are lightweight and very robust. They are especially suited for low-cost, mass housing schemes. ...tages of this approach are the further reduction of manual labour time and cost per area of slab and a simple and systematic building technique. The disadv

...ies now use [[polyethylene]] or [[vinyl]]- based bags because of their low cost. Extremely important in the use of dunnage bags is that the size of the ba

...one, it was easier to handle, quickly set and more affordable to use. The cost of molding the clay, glazing and firing the blocks, when compared to carvin

...other kinds of flooring materials in high-traffic areas because of its low cost, durability, and ease of maintenance. Vinyl tiles have high resilience to

In the kitchen, quarry tile serves as a great low cost baking stone. Since it is fired at high temperatures while in production,

...testing back-up, let alone [[product certification]]. These are short term cost cutting measures at the expense of [[fire safety]] and code compliance. Com ...g that is intended to be applied on both sides. That step was omitted as a cost-cutting measure. The seal is only listed for maximum 1.1ft² openings.

...in a shorter time with less labor than a solid masonry wall thus saving in cost.

...or products are typically less substantial, with lower densities and lower cost. Exterior products have to withstand more extreme fire and other environmen

...nger than either of these types of roofing, it is more economical when the cost is prorated over the longer lifespan. <ref>Gayle, Margot and Waite, John G. The initial cost of copper was traditionally high, but its length of service more than compe

...to the need of the manufacturers to keep the price low, and since the main cost-factor is the Portland cement, they reduce that, which results in a block t

...as a lower R-value per inch, but is much less expensive; foam has a higher cost per equivalent R-value. === Long-Term Cost Savings ===

...lotex collaborated to develop a [[prefabrication]] system for building low-cost housing using cemesto panels, in which single cemesto panels were slid hori ...would in the future make it possible to [[mass-produce]] housing at a low cost.<ref name=TIME>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851734,00.

...rices, it may be surprising for most people to learn that copper is a very cost-effective cladding and [[roofing]] material. With good building design, mat

...water, resulting in a clearer product. The application enabled by the low cost and non-toxicity of calcium hydroxide.

...total construction cost was £300,000, but the metre-thick cob outer wall cost only £20,000.<ref name="Indy1">{{cite new ...n alternative building practice and one desired for its form, function and cost effectiveness. There are more than ten cob houses in the Southern [[Gulf Is

...re clearly much more expensive to produce, as they had to carry the entire cost of creating the mould.

...um to give it some of the durability of each of those materials at a lower cost and higher strength than either. Copper and Zinc details have historically ...asily applied over an existing roof. Especially in situations where labor cost cutting is essential, the added value of not having to remove the existing

...e-offs, and avoiding landfill “tipping fees” are all ways in which the cost of deconstruction can be made comparable to demolition. ...sible to claim the value to be half of what that particular material would cost new. When donating rare or [[antique]] components it is sometimes possible

...t brittle, and soft enough to be cut with a handsaw. Orangeburg was a low cost alternative to metal for sewer lines in particular. Lack of strength cause

...Elemental classification for Building Specifications, Cost Estimating, and Cost Analysis," NIST BFRL Office of applied Economics, NISTIR6389, October 1999.

| High Unit weight increases the overall cost – material, lifting, transporting, etc. It is difficult to work with (e.g | Low unit weight reduces the cost comparatively. Ease of construction (e.g. connection).

...ages of CEB are in the wait time for material, the elimination of shipping cost, the low moisture content, and the uniformity of the block thereby minimizi *Shipping cost: Suitable soils are often available at or near the construction site. [[Ado

The choice of material for floor covering is affected by factors such as cost, endurance, noise insulation, comfort and cleaning effort. Some types of fl

...resistance to [[corrosion]] and staining, low maintenance, relatively low cost, and familiar luster make it an ideal base material for a host of commercia ...rves an austenitic structure in the steel as does nickel, but at a lower [[cost]].

...aditional construction materials, with the goal of allowing for faster and cost-effective construction. InnoVida's 'sandwich panels' are similar to the mat

* on flat roofs on houses in the UK, a low cost limited life roofing method * mixed rag fibre - lowest cost, shortest life

...ethodology || N.A. || Use high Vf || Micromechanics based, minimize Vf for cost and processibility

...]. An in-depth and user friendly manual for designing and constructing low cost ferrocement water tanks.

...author=H. Kinomere, S. Matsumoto, H. Fujishiro, and K. Yatsuyanagi|title=A Cost Study of Concrete Production on the Moon|booktitle=Engineering, constructio * {{cite conference|author=Husam Omar and Mohsen Issa|title=Cost Effectiveness of Lunar Concrete for Lunar Structures|booktitle=Pacific Inte

...property owners to develop a larger area of available property at a lower cost. Pervious concrete also naturally filters storm water and can reduce [[wate

...kness savings can translate into additional floors for the same (or lower) cost and fewer joints, since the distance that can be spanned by post-tensioned

...en the compacted layers was unusually high. Remedial grouting at a further cost of $2 million was required to reduce this. Concern over the dam's safety ha

...material can be extruded to provide two or three insulating cells, at the cost of light transmission.

...Earth Block''' (GCEB)<ref>http://earthcomegablock.com</ref> provides a low cost, environmentally friendly, natural alternative to conventional building mat ...erefore, using the largest suitable block size for the project is the most cost effective way to build. Use of larger blocks can reduce construction time b

...large format retail outlets and home centers. Plain silicates are low in cost, and as such are often misapplied as a sealer for porous, broom finished su

...framed one. Whether this benefit is already realized on total construction cost alone (materials and labor) appears to depend on the circumstances, includi ...75 m). Panels come in widths ranging from 4 to 12 inches thick and a rough cost is $4-$6/ft² in the U.S.<ref>http://www.greenwall.us/files/Green

...ken right from the site and the bags can be obtained for free or for a low cost. The technique demands few skills. Anyone can learn to do it{{Citation need ...estimated that a four-bedroom, {{convert|2000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} house would cost $75,000 to build, including labor, materials and utilities.{{Citation neede

...tages include speed of installation, ease of use, [[reusability]], and low cost relative to using traditional tile installation methods.

...n a conventional wood built home. This usually amounts to about 5% of the cost of the home. For high-end wood homes this percentage decreases to about 2% ...ef> However, the energy savings of an ICF home usually result in far lower cost for utilities compared to most conventional construction.<ref>http://www.to

...er Cable has a high strength-to-weight ratio of the strands and the cables cost less to place than precast panels, traditional cast-in-place or concrete ma

...ith or without galvanization. The non-galvanized version comes for a lower cost. ...ire provides advantages like high strength, easy installation and feasible cost. It is mostly used for grating roads, making drainage coverings and buildin

...in the process, such as [[basic oxygen steelmaking]], further lowered the cost of production while increasing the quality of the metal. Today, steel is on ...r a dozen different elements in varying amounts to create a relatively low-cost metal for use in [[bunker buster]] weapons. Hadfield steel (after Sir [[Rob

...nce of [[aluminium]] alloys and [[tin]] sometimes overcome their greater [[cost]]. [[Brass]] was more common in the past, but is usually restricted to spec

...material was commonly used as [[siding]] in house buildings due to its low cost, [[fire resistance|fire-resistance]], water tightness, light weight, and ot

The choice of material for floor covering is affected by factors such as cost, endurance, noise insulation, comfort and cleaning effort. Some types of fl

...material was commonly used as [[siding]] in house buildings due to its low cost, [[fire resistance|fire-resistance]], water tightness, light weight, and ot

...d of asphalt. This has been shown to help reduce aggregate loss and reduce cost of installation, but can increase the occurrence of stripping. It reduces e Although chip seal is an effective low cost way to repair road, it has some drawbacks. Loose crushed stone is often le

===Cost=== ...ore stormwater BMPs on site, and these savings should be factored into any cost analysis. In addition, the off-site environmental impact costs of not reduc

...tures last indefinitely and could be built for no more than two-thirds the cost of standard frame houses.<ref>[http://www.aaronhauser.com/rammed-earth-book Soil is a widely available, low cost and [[sustainable]] resource, and harvesting it for use in construction has

*Reduce cost.

...06}}</ref> The choice of which [[bast fibre]] to use is primarily based on cost and availability. ...andling of the bulky stalk bundles, which accounts for a high raw material cost. Hemp pulp is bleached with [[hydrogen peroxide]], the hydrogen peroxide p

A study was conducted in Sweden by Olle Lundberg on the cost of fire damage associated with larger fires in multi-unit buildings, based

...using professional unionized journeymen carpenters in turn eliminates the cost advantage of EIFS over stucco, and that the EIFS industry should have antic

...to 77 Mt, all including recycling . This more like 8% than 5.--> Its low cost and high strength make it indispensable in engineering applications such as ...tions to produce high strengths and often spectacular toughness at minimal cost.

...tion with insulation products, which increase the environmental impact and cost of construction.

...reen was classified a Class II Health Hazard. Due to its low manufacturing cost, malachite green is still used in certain countries with less restrictive l

...gs being stored as data rather than on discs or tapes, the differential in cost of producing the full text was minimised. Audiobooks may come as fully dra Downloadable audiobooks tend to cost slightly less than hardbacks but more than their paperback equivalents. Fo

...ssed with relative ease, making Braille production much more efficient and cost-effective. ...ded for consumers to those used by large publishers. Thus, an embosser can cost roughly anywhere from US$2,000 to $80,000, depending on the user's needs.

a modern, low cost, portable brailler.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvibabstrac

...ign decision to reduce the number of image pixels from 144 to 100 to lower cost resulted in Optacon II not being successful. ...other companies to develop an updated version of the Optacon to reduce the cost of the device and take advantage of newer technology, but no device with th

...sibility options such as speech [[screen readers]] or magnification for no cost. Having changed its name to "TeleSensory", the company shifted its focus to

...exposed to an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels or greater at no cost to the employees”

(d) the cost of removing or mitigating that hazard or risk.”

...ely seen, presumably{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} due to its greater cost and size than the other coin-operated machines.

...isher = Radon Solution—Raising Radon Awareness}}</ref>. They are usually cost effective and can greatly reduce or even eliminate the contamination and th

...o are exposed to noise levels of 85 dB(A) or greater. This is to be at no cost to employees. Employees can pick whichever type of hearing protection they

...]. In general, courts will only award a nominal sum, not the full economic cost. However, in the specific case of health and safety prosecution, the court

...rk environments has begun to gain momentum in business and government as a cost-effective means to enhance occupational safety and health. Many U.S. compan

Cervical cancer screening via the [[Pap smear]] has the best cost-benefit profile of all the forms of cancer screening from a public health p

...h care expenditure: An analysis of the multi-employer HERO health risk and cost database. J Occup Environ Med, 40:843-854.</ref>

...e that 10%, or 2 million, patients a year become infected, with the annual cost ranging from $4.5 billion to $11 billion.

...metI"/> Among a variety of other uses, manganese is a key component of low-cost [[stainless steel]] formulations.<ref name="MangUSGS2006"/><ref>{{cite jour

Road crashes worldwide kill over a million people every year and cost as much as 3% of global gross domestic product (GDP).<ref name=peden>Peden, ...IPE model assumes that managers will write a business case focusing on the cost savings of protecting workers; perform a safety audit of their organization

...rom banning asbestos in 1991 because although EPA research showed it would cost between $450 and 800 million and save around 200 lives in a 13 year period,

...largely be carried out in-house in many organisations. This can result in cost savings and more flexibility in when PAT testing is carried out.

...mon, helped to promote greater safety of coal miners and to increase the [[cost-effectiveness]] of production<ref>Simpson G. (1984) An ergonomics service t ...ment]] (HIA) led over time to further work, including involvement in the [[cost-benefit analysis]] of the European Commission’s Clean Air for Europe (CAF

...itizens in Europe and worldwide through safety analysis, implementation of cost effective action plans, and coordination with other safety initiatives worl

...related to stress and, according to the American Institute of Stress, the cost to industry has been estimated at $200 billion-$300 billion a year.[http://

...roduction using little labor, land, or maintenance, high productivity, low cost, and modest requirements for materials and energy.

...th and safety professionals. In 2000, it was estimated that the US annual cost for occupational health compliance more than $30 billion and a year later t ...health screening requirements. The company has determined that it is more cost-effective for businesses with 15 or more workers who require occupational h

...rises|SME]]s). It is a highly pragmatic approach that focus on simple low-cost interventions which improve both [[labor productivity]] and work conditions

...ctivity]] of the workforce. The interventions are based on simple and low-cost modifications, on local solutions to highly specific local problems and spe

...ents). They are relatively easy to set up and use. However, considerable cost can still be incurred in analysis of the 'badge'. They weigh 20 to 30&nbsp

...e the sources of the moisture. If these can be answered by simpler or more cost-effective methods, mold testing is probably not a wise use of resources.

...aper 312. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/312</ref> Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method for reducing the impact of hazards, however it is not alwa

...]s used an [[alloy]] of beryllium and other metals due to beryllium's high cost and difficulty to form. These challenges, coupled with the high performance

...e risk, no doubt, the less will be the weight to be given to the factor of cost. | Lord Justice Tucker }}

...</ref> stated that he felt that “BBS has virtues but lasted too long and cost too much.” He felt that it has been used incorrectly turning the process

...s project is estimated to around 1 billion yuan ($150 million). 70% of the cost will be paid by local government and the smelter company, while rest be pai

...These include but are not limited to human health and safety, construction cost, ecological impacts, social and legal consequences and the costs of protect

...does not have the weight-to-volume ratio of many heavy metals, but its low cost increases its use in these and other applications. ...doi=10.1002/tqem.20197 |title=The proposed lead NAAQS: Is consideration of cost in the clean air act's future? |year=2008 |author=Bergeson, Lynn L. |journa

...$9000 and included 81 volumes. For 2010, the complete set of books or CDs cost almost USD $9700 and included 82 volumes.

...ed by the individual may be parts of a paper-based PHR. This method is low cost, reliable, and accessible without the need for a computer or any other hard ...etimes patients..."{{Cite quote|date=July 2010}}) including providing more cost-effective solutions to currently difficult problems including entry/verific

===Reduction of cost=== ...te cost savings for the health system at large that might offset the EHR's cost, many physicians might not be able to reduce their office expenses or incre

*The cost associated with taking corrective and preventive action in order to qualify *The cost of preparing for the audit.

...be able to install the IPTV home network by themselves, thus reducing the cost to the service provider.<ref name="whyunified"/>

...tage of reliable construction, high productivity, easy adjustment and less cost in operation. The spring release system of a cone crusher acts an overload

From 1985 on, steady increases in the value of the Japanese [[yen]] and lower cost competition from Taiwan made Panasonic bicycles less competitive in the U.S

...d air is the most common power source for impact wrenches, providing a low-cost design with the best [[power-to-weight ratio]]. A simple [[vane motor]] is

...e riveting [[machine]] offers greater consistency, productivity, and lower cost when compared to manual riveting.<ref name="cubberly">{{Citation | last = C

...in design than single action airbrushes which tends to be reflected in its cost. ...automotive grade bases through top of the line gravity fed airbrushes. The cost to hire a professional artist will vary from a few hundred to several thous

...rovement over compressed air is easily justified with the electrical power cost savings.

...rastically in technology, design, performance, application suitability and cost. A conservative estimate would be that there may be over 50 technologies an

..., roads, sidewalks, and landscaping. Pneumatic piercing tools are a lower cost alternative to [[directional boring]].

...ir aim, but a way was found of procuring gluconic acid. This acid formerly cost $100 per lb., can now be made for less than 35¢. It can be used in dyestuf

...l acidity are used. It is mostly used for inexpensive wines due to its low cost of production.<ref name="Oxford pg 171">{{cite book|editor=J. Robinson|titl

...zed to be lower in the short run than in the long run because of the fixed-cost constraint in the short run.<ref name="PaulS">{{cite book|last=Samuelson|fi

...electrolysis of water]] powered by renewable energy is not yet competitive cost-wise with hydrogen from fossil fuels, such as natural gas, and so has been

...ing the additional electron into an e_''g'' orbital at an energy cost of Δ. As noted above, e_''g'' refers to the ...s. If the energy required to pair two electrons is greater than the energy cost of placing an electron in an e_''g'', Δ, high spin splitting occ

.... If the energy required to pair two electrons is greater than the energy cost of placing an electron in an e_''g'', Δ, high spin splitting occ

The low-cost food that is generally affordable to the poor in affluent nations is low in

...he intention of eradicating the patient's malignant cell population at the cost of partial or complete [[bone marrow]] ablation (destruction of patient's b

...s (e.g. 16 Anadin Paracetamol tablets each containing 500mg of paracetamol cost around £2.09 while non-branded equivalents retail for around £0.35.) Over

...nd in relatively high purity. The ease of availability and relatively low cost allows producers to minimize suspicion. Other less commonly used solvents

...m bromide, 120 grs.; Ext. Hyoscyamus, 1 gr.; and Ext. Cannabis, 1 gr. The cost was $19.80 per pint (16 fl. oz.) per dozen pints, and $15.20 per gallon bot

...ney to afford seeing an addiction specialist each month in addition to the cost of medication. In studies done methadone is considered more addicting physi

...t eliminated; 4) convenience could increase patient compliance; and 5) the cost, time, and convenience advantages could lead to increased treatment capacit

...addition, the expense of some of these appliances may greatly reduce their cost-effectiveness. ...10 to US$30 per unit (based on strength of lozenge), with the black market cost anywhere from US$15 to US$40 per unit, depending on the strength.

...anaging [[chronic pain]] owing to its long duration of action and very low cost. Methadone was introduced into the United States in 1947 by [[Eli Lilly and ===Cost===

...l quinine as opposed to quinine flavouring. These premium mixers typically cost twice or three times as much as their more generic contemporaries and are s

==Dosage, availability and cost==

...inth and twelfth most frequently prescribed NSAIDs and first and fourth in cost. ...t as previously hoped. Questions remain regarding the relative safety and cost effectiveness of this new class. While [[endoscopy|endoscopic]] evidence of

...volatilize more TCE into the air. In a home closed tightly to conserve the cost of heating and cooling, these vapors would then recirculate.

...s not form xenon. Elements more massive than [[iron-56]] have a net energy cost to produce through fusion, so there is no energy gain for a star when creat ...uthors=Nakata Y, Morita S|title=Will xenon be a stranger or a friend?: the cost, benefit, and future of xenon anesthesia|journal=Anesthesiology|volume=98|i

...d to be superior to [[lorazepam]] both in effectiveness as well as overall cost; as result, the use of propofol for this indication is now encouraged where

...sfied with minimal effort; (2) those that can be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort; (3) those that cannot be adequately satisfied no matter ...ecipes" for bombs, are excluded from the sale. The auctioneer will pay the cost and will keep up to 10% of the sale price, and the rest of the proceeds mus

...E6DE1139F93AA35752C1A962948260|accessdate=2008-03-12 }}</ref> The outbreak cost local restaurants hundreds of thousands of dollars<!-----through litigation

...little censorship, rapid and ‘always on’ flow of information, the low cost, anonymity of communication and a multimedia environment. The following is

....M. Atiqur Rahman [http://www.rcss.org/terrorism/atiqurrahman.pdf Economic Cost Of Terrorism In South Asia: The Case Of Bangladesh] p. 3. Paper presented a

...inter-club rivalry. Club members tend to be older veterans, and given the cost of ownership of a Harley Dresser type motorcycle, increasingly well to do.

.../2007/04/16/afghan15688.htm Human Rights News, Afghanistan: Civilians Bear Cost of Escalating Insurgent Attacks].</ref><ref>

...House]] |page= |quote=The chicken racket in West Washington Market, which cost Barnet Baff his life, was estimated to be worth at least one hundred thousa

...eutical companies on the condition that developing nations receive them at cost.<ref>http://truthinjustice.org/hatfill.htm</ref>

...s, minerals, and a proprietary bacterial mix — a month's supply of which cost $59.95 plus tax and shipping — will purportedly “bolster the immune sys

.../08/nation/na-anthrax-threats8|title=Anthrax hoaxes pile up, as does their cost|last=Drogin|first=Bob|date=8 March 2009|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=1

...[[ZIP code prefixes]].</ref> remained closed until March 2005; its cleanup cost $65&nbsp;million. The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] spe

...rogram cost $60 million to implement, with a proposed expansion in 2005 to cost $118 million.<ref>[http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/biosensing_05.htm ''A Hot Idea'

...production of required products, in a manner that is timely, reliable and cost effective. ...ess Act (PAHPA) charges BARDA to support innovation to reduce the time and cost of medical countermeasures and product advanced research and development. T

|accessdate=2007-01-14}}</ref> This was anticipated to cost around $64-million dollars to train and equip four 600 man [[battalion]]s w

...imes]]'' the electronic equipment that was installed in courtroom number 2 cost $4 million [[United States dollar|USD]].<ref> ...four million dollars, according to the US military here who put the total cost of the “multidefendant” court at 12 million dollars.

| title=Guantanamo: The cost of replacing legal process with politics -- incompetence and injustice and

*[http://cbo.gov/ftpdocs/75xx/doc7566/hr6054.pdf Cost Estimate], H.R. 6054, [[Congressional Budget Office]], as ordered reported

...[[Anthony H. Gioia]]. PISCES is being provided by the United States at no cost to Malta, and assistance will include installation of the system, training

...tability Office. Cleaning the Brentwood postal facility outside Washington cost $130&nbsp;million and took 26 months. Since then newer and less costly meth

...spati]], [[Dalda]], or "vegetable ghee") in place of ghee due to its lower cost. This "vegetable ghee" may contain [[trans fat]]. Trans fats are increasin

...utes among other dairy products. Coconut oil filled milk became a popular cost-saving product sold throughout the United States in the early 20th century.

...vily taxed, rum from the [[Triangular Trade]] with the [[Caribbean]] was a cost-effective substitute. The inexpensive liquor, coupled with plentiful farm a

...inic]] said, “As with most consumer products, brand-name infant formulas cost more than generic brands. But that doesn't mean that brand-name [Similac, N ...</ref><ref name="pmid9233193">{{cite journal |author=Riordan JM |title=The cost of not breastfeeding: a commentary |journal=J Hum Lact |volume=13 |issue=2

...nd/or [[gelatin]] to artificially create thickness and creaminess at lower cost. This type of adulterated product is also marketed under the name Swiss-sty

...ness to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity.

...row and [[harvest]], and [[Post-harvest handling|post-harvest processing]] cost * [[Castor oil]], lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic [[viscosity]] may be an issue.<ref>{{cite w

...onseed oil]], [[corn oil]], and [[soy beans]] helped found a market in low-cost vegetable shortening.

...of fluid in the dry rendering process. The fat obtained can be used as low-cost raw material in making grease, animal feed, soap, candles, [[biodiesel]], a ...e products to rendering products may not necessarily prove to be lesser in cost. In spite of the advantages of the rendering process mentioned in this para

== Cost == Cost of critical path in [[FO4]] (estimated, without wire delay):

...thod, unless for some reason the cost of a diode is only a fraction of the cost of an I/O pin, where that fraction is one over the number of I/O lines.

==Cost savings== One use for multiplexers is cost savings by connecting a multiplexer and a '''demultiplexer''' (or '''demux'

...ves or timed intervals are required. For example, before the advent of low-cost integrated circuits, chains of multivibrators found use as [[frequency divi ...e. Chains of bistable flip-flops provide more predictable division, at the cost of more active elements. <ref name=Fink75/>

...dditions (rather than 64), and can do several steps in parallel—but at a cost of making the process almost unreadable.

...gle [[Chip carrier|package]]. In large volumes, SoC is believed to be more cost-effective than SiP since it increases the yield of the fabrication and beca SoC designs usually consume less power and have a lower cost and higher reliability than the multi-chip systems that they replace. And w

...r to replace, for free, every chip sold until they could fix the bug, at a cost of $475 million (US).

...w''' or '''Moore's Second Law''', named for [[Arthur Rock]], says that the cost of a semiconductor chip [[fabrication plant]] doubles every four years. As .../2 Rock's Law Fails to Hold]</ref> – and also that the fabrication plant cost ''per transistor'' (which has shown a pronounced downward trend<ref name="i

...lished, someone from marketing says "To make this chip profitably, it must cost $C and run at frequency F." Someone from manufacturing says "To meet this c ...yield is generally an objective, which is maximized to lower manufacturing cost. For the purposes of design closure, the distinction between constraints an

...chip]]. By licensing a design multiple times, IP core licensor spread the cost of development among multiple chip makers. IP cores for standard processors

The push for reduced cost, more compact circuit boards, and added customer features has provided

unsuitable due to these high growth rates of computational cost with increasing

...o.com/rta_faq1.htm True Audio FAQ]</ref> Digital signal processing is more cost effective.

...y eventually wear out or break. Making holes is a considerable part of the cost of a through-hole printed circuit board.]]

...ves in their cost-band. This in part explains their huge popularity in low-cost and computer-controlled (i.e. PLL and synthesizer-based) VFOs.

...s the stability of the amplifier and improves its [[step response]] at the cost of decreased speed.<ref> That is, the [[rise time]] is selected to be the f

...ast radio [[transmitters]] for the commercial market surviving the drastic cost cutting market of the 1960s and 1970s. The transmitter line was later sold ...and the rack mounted KW-1 can easily sell for several times their original cost. Like the no- expense-was-spared 300G, the KW–1 demonstrated Art Collins

...doubler is a significant improvement over the Villard circuit for a small cost in additional components. The ripple is much reduced, nominally zero under

...abricated with [[Through-hole technology|through-hole techniques]] for low-cost and mass-production. The post-wall waveguide is known to have similar guide

...onstant needs of handheld wireless devices to further decrease in size and cost and increase in functionality.

...ficant increase in test time, and required tester memory. This raised the cost of testing.

...-quarter to one-tenth the size and weight, and one-half to one-quarter the cost of equivalent through-hole parts. ...dues are designed to be left on the circuit board [Benign]. This saves the cost of cleaning, speeds up the manufacturing process, and reduces waste.

...equencies where digital technology is still impractical, or at least, less cost effective. Wherever possible, and especially at low frequencies, analogue f ...erminations and improved steepness of roll-off. These were achieved at the cost of an increase in filter circuit complexity.<ref name=Zobel/><ref name=Darl

...number of transistors in order to reduce their size, power consumption and cost, and increase their reliability. ...s have applied large amounts of ingenuity to computer design to reduce the cost and increase the speed and immunity to programming errors of computers. An

...re allows engineers to design circuits more efficiently, reducing the time cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes. Some of these m

...how to build a crystal radio with common household items. To minimize the cost, many of the plans suggested winding the tuning coil on empty pasteboard co

...has been largely integrated into a single integrated circuit to reduce the cost and size of the handset. However, due to the high performance required of b

...operating fabricators either donated the processed wafers, or sold them at cost, seeing the program as helpful to their own long-term growth.

...c value was so high, however, that the [[British Admiralty]] felt the high cost was justified. ...e to the need for an extra tube (for the oscillator), the generally higher cost of the receiver, and the level of technical skill required to operate it. F

...many delays and pitfalls can come from ill considered cost cutting as with cost overruns. Good accounting tools (and a design culture that fosters their us

...inimization technique presented the notion of prime implicants and minimum cost covers that would become the cornerstone of [[two-level minimization]]. Now ...iques before technology-dependent optimizations are performed. The typical cost function during technology-independent optimizations is total [[Proposition

...xecutive weighs 100 times as much, is nearly 500 times as large by volume, cost approximately 10 times as much (adjusting for inflation), and has 1/100th t ...means by 1975, the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000. I believe that such a large circuit can be built on a singl

...e, yet until the last decade it has been difficult to either combine these cost-effectively or to design both analog and digital in a single technology wit

...avoids this bandwidth doubling, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of somewhat increased device complexity. ...[Hilbert transform]] to phase shift the baseband audio, can be done at low cost with digital circuitry.

It states that every decade, the cost per lumen (unit of useful light emitted) falls by a factor of 10, the amoun Besides the forecast of exponential development of cost per lumen and amount of light per package the publication also forecast tha

:1. Cost: Logic analyzers usually carry higher prices than bus analyzers. The conver

...s)|channels]] over a much wider band. A large number of crystals increases cost and requires greater space. ...thesis]] (DDS). The choice of approach depends on several factors, such as cost, complexity, frequency step size, switching rate, [[phase noise]], and spur

* Lower cost than Bed Of Nails, because no fixturing required

...PALL&s1=6433720.PN.&OS=PN/6433720&RS=PN/6433720], is implemented using low-cost monolithic IC technology and can produce pulses as short as 1 picosecond, a

...k-like environment forming a platform to test the cell phone. This reduces cost of manufacturing and testing the cell phone in a real environment. It can b

[[Image:Logic probe new.jpg|right|100px|thumb|A low-cost logic probe]]

...er, actual power, power factor, energy in [k]Wh over a period of time, and cost of electricity consumed.

...ts who say they provide a reasonably high accuracy and stability for a low cost with build quality reflecting tough military construction standards.<ref na Some present day electronic hobbyists say the URM-25 series is a good cost-effective choice to use for tuning radio equipment but overhauling can be t

...re higher precision and accuracy, but factors such as power consumption or cost may still favor application of analog meter movements.

Not all devices are tested equally. Testing adds costs, so low cost components are rarely tested completely, whereas medical or high costs comp ...But deciding on the parameters to be tested is a complex decision based on cost vs [[yield]]. If the device is a complex digital device, with thousands of

...tching system]] to a test system’s configuration allows for faster, more cost-effective testing of multiple devices, and is designed to reduce both test ...fer the size and integration advantages of modular instruments without the cost and form factor constraints of card-cage architectures. Through the use of

A low-cost type of test lamp only contacts one side of the circuit under test, and rel

...'''PC-based oscilloscopes''' depends on the current widespread use and low cost of standardized PCs. Since prices can range from as little as US$100 to as ...more expensive than e.g., a typical PCI [[sound card]], and some can even cost more than a new PC ([http://www.pc-oscilloscopes.com/oscilloscope-chart.htm

...fer the size and integration advantages of modular instruments without the cost and constraints of card-cage architectures. LXI supports synthetic instrume

...s at the edge of the graticule. The lamps had a brightness control. Higher-cost instruments have the graticule marked on the inside face of the CRT, to eli ...isplay a few cycles of the waveform. Early (tube) oscilloscopes and lowest-cost oscilloscopes have sweep oscillators that run continuously, and are uncalib

* High cost (compared to RS-232/[[USB]]/Firewire/Ethernet)

...for other purposes. [[Rubidium standard]] clocks are prized for their low cost, small size (commercial standards are as small as 400&nbsp;cm³) ...tubes suitable for national standards currently last about seven years and cost about US$35,000. The long-term stability of hydrogen maser standards decrea

...c aircraft systems against EMP pulses from [[nuclear warfare]]. Built at a cost of $60 million, it was composed of two parts: a powerful [[Marx generator]] ...ookings.edu/projects/archive/nucweapons/trestle.aspx "U.S. Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project: The Trestle Electromagnetic Pulse Simulator"]. [[Brookings I

...ng-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. Its name follows the [[JEDEC]] nomenclature. The 1N4148 is useful in switc

...ions where they are usually forward-biased, such as power converters. The cost is a lower voltage rating and higher reverse leakage.

An all-in-one debugger/programmer solution: MPLAB® ICD 2 is a low cost, real-time debugger and programmer for selected PIC® MCUs and dsPIC® DSCs

...ltage]], and can operate at moderately high speeds. This transistor is low cost, widely available and sufficiently robust to be of use by experimenters.<re

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