Bretazenil

Bretazenil

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Systematic (IUPAC) name
t-butyl-8-bromo-11,12,13,13a-tetrahydro-9-oxo-9H- imidazo(1,5-a)-pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,4)benzodiazepine-1-carboxylate
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life	2.5 hours
Identifiers
CAS Number	84379-13-5
ATC code	none
PubChem	CID 107926
ChemSpider	97049
Chemical data
Formula	C19H20BrN3O3
Molar mass	418.284 g/mol[[]]

Bretazenil (Ro16-6028) is an imidazobenzodiazepine anxiolytic drug which is derived from the benzodiazepine family, and was invented in 1988. It is most closely related in structure to the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, although its effects are somewhat different. It is classed as a high-potency benzodiazepine due to its high affinity binding to benzodiazepine binding sites where it acts as a partial agonist. Its profile as a partial agonist and preclinical trial data suggests that it may have a reduced adverse effect profile. In particular bretazenil has been proposed to cause a less strong development of tolerance and withdrawal syndrome. Bretazenil differs from traditional 1,4 benzodiazepines by being a partial agonist and because it binds to alpha,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 subunit containing GABA_A benzodiazepine receptor complexes. 1,4 benzodiazepines bind only to alpha 1, 2, 3 and 5 GABA_A benzodiazepine receptor complexes.

History

Bretazenil was originally developed as an anti-anxiety drug and has been studied for its use as an anticonvulsant but has never commercialised. It is a partial agonist for GABA_A receptors in the brain. David Nutt from the University of Bristol has suggested bretazenil as a possible base from which to make a better social drug, as it displays several of the positive effects of alcohol intoxication such as relaxation and sociability, but without the bad effects such as aggression, amnesia, nausea, loss of coordination, liver disease and brain damage. The effects of bretazenil can also be quickly reversed by the action of flumazenil, which is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose, in contrast to alcohol for which there is no effective and reliable antidote.

Traditional benzodiazepines are associated with side effects such as drowsiness, physical dependence and abuse potential and have become increasingly unpopular in the general publics eyes. It was hoped that bretazenil and other partial agonists would be an improvement on traditional benzodiazepines which are full agonists due to preclinical evidence that their side effect profile was less than that of full agonist benzodiazepines. For a variety of reasons however, bretazenil and other partial agonists such as pazinaclone and abecarnil were not clinically successful. However, research continues into other compounds with partial agonist and compounds which are selective for certain GABA_A benzodiazepine receptor subtypes.

Tolerance and dependence

In a study in rats cross-tolerance between the benzodiazepine drug chlordiazepoxide and bretazenil has been demonstrated. In a primate study bretazenil was found to be able to replace the full agonist diazepam in diazepam dependent primates without precipitating withdrawal effects, demonstrating cross tolerance between bretazenil and benzodiazepine agonists, whereas other partial agonists precipitated a withdrawal syndrome. The differences are likely due to differences in instrinsic properties between different benzodiazepine partial agonists. Cross-tolerance has also been shown between bretazenil and full agonist benzodiazepines in rats. In rats tolerance is slower to develop to the anticonvulsant effects compared to the benzodiazepine site full agonist diazepam. However, tolerance developed to the anticonvulsant effects of bretazenil partial agonist more quickly than they developed to imidazenil.

Pharmacology

Bretazenil has a more broad spectrum of action than traditional benzodiazepines as it has been shown to have high affinity binding to alpha 4 and alpha 6 GABA_A receptors in addition to acting on alpha1,2,3 and 5 subunits which traditional benzodiazepine drugs work on. The partial agonist imidazenil does not, however, act at these subunits. The approximate equivalent dose of bretazenil is 0.5 mg of bretazenil is equivalent to 10 mg of diazepam. The elimination half-life of bretazenil is 2.5 hours and is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Contrary to the results found in animals, no indications for a dissociation of the sedative and anxiolytic effects of bretazenil were found in man. In fact. bretazenil has a more pronounced psychomotor-impairing effect than diazepam. Bretazenil produces marked sedative-hypnotic effects when taken alone and when combined with alcohol. This human study also indicates that Bretazenil is possibly more sedative than Diazepam. The reason is unknown, but the study suggests the possibility that a full-agonist metabolite may be generated in humans but not animals previously tested or else that there are significant differences in benzodiazepine receptor population in animals and humans.

In a study of monkeys bretazenil has been found to antagonise the effects of full agonist benzodiazepines. However, bretazenil has been found to enhance the effects of neurosteroids acting on the neurosteroid binding site of the GABA_A receptor. Another study found that bretazenil acted as an antagonist provoking withdrawal symptoms in monkeys who were physically dependent on the full agonist benzodiazepine triazolam.

Partial agonists of benzodiazepine receptors have been proposed as a possible alternative to full agonists of the benzodiazepine site to overcome the problems of tolerance, dependence and withdrawal which limits the role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia and epilepsy. Such adverse effects appear to be less problematic with bretazenil than full agonists. Bretazenil, also has been found to have less abuse potential than benzodiazepine full agonists such as diazepam and alprazolam, long-term use of bretazenil would still be expected to result in dependence and addiction.

Bretazenil alters the sleep EEG profile and causes a reduction in cortisol secretion and increases significantly the release of prolactin. Bretazenil has effective hypnotic properties but impairs cognitive ability in humans. Bretazenil causes a reduction in the number of movements between sleep stages and delays movement into REM sleep. At a dosage of 0.5 mg of bretazenil REM sleep is decreased and stage 2 sleep is lengthened.

Chemistry

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Hunkeler, W.; Kyburz, E.; 1982, U.S. Patent 4,353,827.

The use of an isocyanide can be seen.

See also

• Pagoclone
• Flumazenil
• Premazepam
• Benzodiazepine

Notes

1. ^ Nutt DJ (2006). "For "Critique and Commentaries" section of the Journal of Psychopharmacology: Alcohol alternatives - a goal for psychopharmacology?". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 20 (3): 318–320. doi:10.1177/0269881106063042. PMID 16574703. 
2. ^ Sellers EM; et al. (1992). "Abuse liability of bretazenil and other partial agonists". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 15 Suppl 1(Pt A): 409 A. PMID 1354047. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
3. ^ van Steveninck AL; et al. (1996). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of bretazenil and diazepam with alcohol" (PDF). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 41(6) (6): 565–573. PMC 2042631 Freely accessible. PMID 8799523. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)