Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRM3 gene.[1][2]
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.[2]
Contents
Ligands
Though truly mGluR3 selective agents still await their discovery, mixed mGluR2/3 (group-II) ligands with selectivity over other mGluR-subtypes are known (2008). Low oral bioavailability is observed in some of them, but it can be met by applying a prodrug strategy.[3]
Agonists
- with a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane skeleton
- (R)-2-amino-4-(4-hydroxy[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yl)butyric acid[9]
Antagonists
- CECXG - 38x selectivity for mGlu3 over mGlu2
- LY-341,495 and its 1-fluoro analog[10]: potent orthosteric antagonists
- MGS-0039[11], HYDIA[12] (both with bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane skeleton)
Allosteric modulators
- MNI-137[13]: inhibitior
- compound 7p[14]: non-competitive antagonist (presumably allosteric inhibitor)
Interactions
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 has been shown to interact with GRIP1,[15] PICK1[15] and PPM1A.[16]
See also
References
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<references />, or <references group="..." />External links
- "Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: mGlu3". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
Further reading
- Makoff A, Volpe F, Lelchuk R; et al. (1997). "Molecular characterization and localization of human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 3". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 40 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1016/0169-328X(96)00037-X. PMID 8840013.
- Emile L, Mercken L, Apiou F; et al. (1997). "Molecular cloning, functional expression, pharmacological characterization and chromosomal localization of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 3". Neuropharmacology. 35 (5): 523–30. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(96)84622-3. PMID 8887960.
- Corti C, Sala CF, Yang F; et al. (2001). "Genomic organization of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3". J. Neurogenet. 14 (4): 207–25, 271. doi:10.3109/01677060009084499. PMID 11342382.
- Corti C, Xuereb JH, Corsi M, Ferraguti F (2001). "Identification and characterization of the promoter region of the GRM3 gene". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 (2): 381–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5391. PMID 11500049.
- Tomiyama M, Kimura T, Maeda T; et al. (2001). "Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNAs in the human spinal cord: implications for selective vulnerability of spinal motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J. Neurol. Sci. 189 (1-2): 65–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-510X(01)00561-5. PMID 11535235.
- Rosemond E, Peltekova V, Naples M; et al. (2002). "Molecular determinants of high affinity binding to group III metabotropic glutamate receptors". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (9): 7333–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110476200. PMID 11744707.
- Martí SB, Cichon S, Propping P, Nöthen M (2002). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3) gene variation is not associated with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder in the German population". Am. J. Med. Genet. 114 (1): 46–50. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1624. PMID 11840505.
- Kitano J, Kimura K, Yamazaki Y; et al. (2002). "Tamalin, a PDZ domain-containing protein, links a protein complex formation of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor cytohesins". J. Neurosci. 22 (4): 1280–9. PMID 11850456.
- Hirbec H, Perestenko O, Nishimune A; et al. (2002). "The PDZ proteins PICK1, GRIP, and syntenin bind multiple glutamate receptor subtypes. Analysis of PDZ binding motifs". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (18): 15221–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200112200. PMID 11891216.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241 Freely accessible. PMID 12477932.
- Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR; et al. (2003). "Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology". Science. 300 (5620): 767–72. doi:10.1126/science.1083423. PMC 2882961 Freely accessible. PMID 12690205.
- Fujii Y, Shibata H, Kikuta R; et al. (2004). "Positive associations of polymorphisms in the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 3 gene (GRM3) with schizophrenia". Psychiatr. Genet. 13 (2): 71–6. doi:10.1097/01.ypg.0000056682.82896.b0. PMID 12782962.
- Aronica E, Gorter JA, IJlst-Keizers H; et al. (2003). "Expression and functional role of mGluR3 and mGluR5 in human astrocytes and glioma cells: opposite regulation of glutamate transporter proteins". Eur. J. Neurosci. 17 (10): 2106–18. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02657.x. PMID 12786977.
- Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA; et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7". Nature. 424 (6945): 157–64. doi:10.1038/nature01782. PMID 12853948.
- Flajolet M, Rakhilin S, Wang H; et al. (2004). "Protein phosphatase 2C binds selectively to and dephosphorylates metabotropic glutamate receptor 3". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (26): 16006–11. doi:10.1073/pnas.2136600100. PMC 307683 Freely accessible. PMID 14663150.
- Yao Y, Koo JC, Wells JW, Hampson DR (2004). "Expression of a truncated secreted form of the mGluR3 subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319 (2): 622–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.032. PMID 15178451.
- Tang FR, Chia SC, Chen PM; et al. (2004). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and of rats and mice after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus". Epilepsy Res. 59 (2-3): 167–80. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2004.04.002. PMID 15246118.
- Egan MF, Straub RE, Goldberg TE; et al. (2004). "Variation in GRM3 affects cognition, prefrontal glutamate, and risk for schizophrenia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (34): 12604–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405077101. PMC 515104 Freely accessible. PMID 15310849.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA; et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928 Freely accessible. PMID 15489334.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: GRM3 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 3".
- ↑ Rorick-Kehn LM, Perkins EJ, Knitowski KM; et al. (2006). "Improved bioavailability of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 using a prodrug strategy: in vivo pharmacology of LY544344". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 316 (2): 905–13. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.091926. PMID 16223873.
- ↑ Nakazato A, Kumagai T, Sakagami K; et al. (2000). "Synthesis, SARs, and pharmacological characterization of 2-amino-3 or 6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives as potent, selective, and orally active group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists". J. Med. Chem. 43 (25): 4893–909. doi:10.1021/jm000346k. PMID 11123999.
- ↑ Monn JA, Massey SM, Valli MJ; et al. (2007). "Synthesis and metabotropic glutamate receptor activity of S-oxidized variants of (-)-4-amino-2-thiabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate: identification of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable agonists for mGlu2/3 receptors". J. Med. Chem. 50 (2): 233–40. doi:10.1021/jm060917u. PMID 17228865.
- ↑ Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM; et al. (1999). "Synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and molecular modeling of heterobicyclic amino acids related to (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0] hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): identification of two new potent, selective, and systemically active agonists for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors". J. Med. Chem. 42 (6): 1027–40. doi:10.1021/jm980616n. PMID 10090786.
- ↑ Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM; et al. (1997). "Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): a potent, selective, and orally active group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist possessing anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties". J. Med. Chem. 40 (4): 528–37. doi:10.1021/jm9606756. PMID 9046344.
- ↑ Dominguez C, Prieto L, Valli MJ; et al. (2005). "Methyl substitution of 2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 2,6-dicarboxylate (LY354740) determines functional activity at metabotropic glutamate receptors: identification of a subtype selective mGlu2 receptor agonist". J. Med. Chem. 48 (10): 3605–12. doi:10.1021/jm040222y. PMID 15887967.
- ↑ Clausen RP, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR; et al. (2002). "Selective agonists at group II metabotropic glutamate receptors: synthesis, stereochemistry, and molecular pharmacology of (S)- and (R)-2-amino-4-(4-hydroxy[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yl)butyric acid". J. Med. Chem. 45 (19): 4240–5. doi:10.1021/jm020122x. PMID 12213064.
- ↑ Sakagami K, Yasuhara A, Chaki S; et al. (2008). "Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, and pharmacokinetic profiles of 2-[1-amino-1-carboxy-2-(9H-xanthen-9-yl)-ethyl]-1-fluorocyclopropanecarboxylic acid and its 6-heptyl ester, a potent mGluR2 antagonist". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 16 (8): 4359–66. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.066. PMID 18348906.
- ↑ a) Nakazato A, Sakagami K, Yasuhara A; et al. (2004). "Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics of 3-alkoxy-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives as potent and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists". J. Med. Chem. 47 (18): 4570–87. doi:10.1021/jm0400294. PMID 15317467.,
b) Yasuhara A, Nakamura M, Sakagami K; et al. (2006). "Prodrugs of 3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (MGS0039): a potent and orally active group II mGluR antagonist with antidepressant-like potential". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (12): 4193–207. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.060. PMID 16487713.,
c) Yasuhara A, Sakagami K, Yoshikawa R, Chaki S, Nakamura M, Nakazato A (2006). "Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, and structure-activity relationships of 2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives as mGluR2 antagonists". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (10): 3405–20. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.061. PMID 16431115. - ↑ Woltering TJ, Adam G, Huguenin P; et al. (2008). "Asymmetric synthesis and receptor pharmacology of the group II mGlu receptor ligand (1S,2R,3R,5R,6S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid-HYDIA". ChemMedChem. 3 (2): 323–35. doi:10.1002/cmdc.200700226. PMID 18058780.
- ↑ Hemstapat K, Da Costa H, Nong Y; et al. (2007). "A novel family of potent negative allosteric modulators of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 322 (1): 254–64. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.117093. PMID 17416742.
- ↑ Woltering TJ, Wichmann J, Goetschi E; et al. (2008). "Synthesis and characterization of 1,3-dihydro-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2-one derivatives: Part 3. New potent non-competitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 antagonists". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18 (8): 2725–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.076. PMID 18374569.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
