Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
| 150px | |
| 150px | |
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
|
1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine | |
| Clinical data | |
| Routes of administration | Oral |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 15532-75-9 |
| ATC code | none |
| PubChem | CID 4296 |
| ChemSpider | 4145 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C11H13F3N2 |
| Molar mass | 230.23 g/mol[[Script error: No such module "String".]] |
3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) is a recreational drug of the piperazine chemical class. Usually in combination with its analogue benzylpiperazine (BZP), it is sold as a legal alternative to the illicit drug MDMA ("Ecstasy") under the name "Legal X".[1].
Contents
Pharmacology
TFMPP has affinity for the 5-HT1A (Ki = 288 nM), 5-HT1B (Ki = 132 nM), 5-HT1D (Ki = 282 nM), 5-HT2A (Ki = 269 nM), and 5-HT2C (Ki = 62 nM) receptors, and functions as a full agonist at all sites except the 5-HT2A receptor, where it acts as a weak partial agonist or antagonist.[2] Unlike the related piperazine compound meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), TFMPP has insignificant affinity for the 5-HT3 receptor (IC50 = 2,373 nM).[3] TFMPP also binds to the SERT (EC50 = 121 nM) and evokes the release of serotonin.[2] It has no effects on dopamine or norepinephrine reuptake or efflux.[2]
Use and effects
TFMPP is rarely used by itself. In fact, TFMPP reduces locomotor activity and produces aversive effects in animals rather than self-administration, which probably explains the decision of the FDA not to permanently make TFMPP a controlled substance.[2] More commonly, TFMPP is co-administered with BZP, which acts as a norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent.[4] Due to the serotonin agonist effects and increase in serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels produced by the BZP/TFMPP combination, this mixture of drugs produces effects which crudely mimic those of MDMA.[5]
The dosage commonly used when combined with BZP for "ecstasy-like effects" is between 30 and 100 mg, while higher doses of TFMPP alone cause mildly hallucinogenic effects at around 100–250 mg; however, higher doses can cause a range of side effects including migraine headaches, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, as well as a come-down syndrome characterised by insomnia, loss of appetite, and headache (see below). These side effects tend to discourage use of TFMPP.
Side effects
The combination of BZP and TFMPP has been associated with a range of side effects, including insomnia, anxiety, nausea and vomiting, headaches and muscle aches which may resemble migraine, seizures, impotence, and rarely psychosis, as well as a prolonged and unpleasant hangover effect similar to that produced by alcohol. These side effects tend to be significantly worsened when the BZP/TFMPP mix is consumed alongside alcohol, especially the headache, nausea and hangover.
However it is difficult to say how many of these side effects are produced by TFMPP itself, as it has rarely been marketed without BZP also being present, and all of the side effects mentioned are also produced by BZP (which has been sold as a single drug). Studies into other related piperazine drugs such as mCPP suggest that certain side effects such as anxiety, headache and nausea are common to all drugs of this class, and pills containing TFMPP are reported by users to produce comparatively more severe hangover effects than those containing only BZP.The drug can also cause the body to tremble for a long period of time. [6]
Legal status
As of December 3rd 2005, TFMPP is illegal in Denmark. As of March 1 2006, TFMPP is scheduled as a "dangerous substance" in Sweden.[7]TFMPP is unscheduled in the Netherlands. TFMPP was briefly emergency scheduled in Schedule I in the USA, but the scheduling expired in April 2004 and has not been renewed.[8] Therefore, unlike its cousin benzylpiperazine, TFMPP is not currently an illicit drug under United States federal law. However, some states have banned the drug in their criminal statutes making its possession a felony.
Based on the recommendation of the EACD, the New Zealand government has passed legislation which placed BZP, along with the other piperazine derivatives TFMPP, mCPP, pFPP, MeOPP and MBZP, into Class C of the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. A ban was intended to come into effect in New Zealand on December 18th 2007, but the law change did not go through until the following year, and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines became illegal in New Zealand as of 1st of April 2008. An amnesty for possession and usage of these drugs remained until October 2008, at which point they became completely illegal.[9]
As of December 2009 TFMPP has been made a Class C drug in the UK along with BZP.
See also
- 1-Benzylpiperazine (BZP)
- 1-Methyl-4-benzylpiperazine (MBZP)
- 1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP)
- 3-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP)
- 3,4-Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine (MDBZP)
- 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine (2C-B-BZP)
- 4-Fluorophenylpiperazine (pFPP)
- 4-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (MeOPP)
References
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- ↑ erowid
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Robertson DW, Bloomquist W, Wong DT, Cohen ML (1992). "mCPP but not TFMPP is an antagonist at cardiac 5HT3 receptors". Life Sciences. 50 (8): 599–605. PMID 1736030.
- ↑ Partilla JS, Dempsey AG, Nagpal AS, Blough BE, Baumann MH, Rothman RB. Interaction of amphetamines and related compounds at the vesicular monoamine transporter. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2006 Oct;319(1):237-46.
- ↑ Yarosh HL, Katz EB, Coop A, Fantegrossi WE. MDMA-like behavioral effects of N-substituted piperazines in the mouse. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2007 Nov;88(1):18-27.
- ↑ Wilkins C, Girling M, Sweetsur P, Huckle T, Huakau J. "Legal party pill use in New Zealand: Prevalence of use, availability, health harms and 'gateway effects' of benzylpiperazine (BZP) and triflourophenylmethylpiperazine (TFMPP)" (PDF). Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE). Retrieved 2007-04-14.
- ↑ Erowid TFMPP Vault : Legal Status
- ↑ U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Scheduling Actions 2002
- ↑ Misuse of Drugs (Classification of BZP) Amendment Bill 2008
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